月球资源探测小型质谱仪关键技术研究
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摘要
质谱技术是一种靠获得未知物的分子量信息和分子结构信息对物质进行鉴别的方法,是和分析化学领域中的光谱技术、核磁共振并列的一种重要谱学方法。大型质谱仪目前已经广泛应用于食品安全、生命科学、药物、化工、军事和国防等各种微量或痕量物质检测领域。随着人类航天技术的发展,该技术又被小型化后装备到地外星球探测器上,目前小型质谱仪是国外航天探测的标配仪器。随着我国综合国力的提高,载人航天、探月工程等项目的逐步实施,对质谱仪的小型化技术提出了迫切的需求。论文以“月球资源探测小型质谱仪”项目为背景,对质谱仪的小型化关键技术进行研究。
首先,对离子阱质谱仪进行了理论研究,从离子能量角度、赝势两个角度解释了怎样才能提高仪器灵敏度的问题。在此基础上针对离子阱分析小质量分子很困难的问题进行研究,发现离子阱内的非谐振势对二十以下小质量离子的影响是导致该问题的根本原因,而离子阱尺寸偏小是导致非谐振势很大的重要原因,从而提出了离子阱的设计思路:适当增大离子阱尺寸、提高射频频率。
其次,讨论了离子阱优化设计的基本原则。在保证信号灵敏度的前提下保证体积小、低功耗、低质量。并利用该准则结合前期的实验结果,对CIT离子阱进行优化设计。针对离子阱尺寸参数较多,而仿真又非常耗时的特点,结合cooks教授优化理论和实际工程需要,得出仅对参数z0进行优化设计的结论,从而大大减少优化参数,节省了计算时间。在优化准则上,众多文献根据由经验得到的“高极场占四极场-10%”作为离子阱设计的优化准则,理由是可以提高系统分辨力。针对具体实验结果,和分析物质分子量偏小的特点,本文提出了高极场最小的优化准则。最后,结合目前实际工艺水平,给出了实用的优化方法。
之后,针对传统商业质谱仪的电路体积、功耗比较大,重量较高的问题,结合小型质谱仪的性能指标,采用各种替代技术方案,在电路设计上,降低其体积、功耗和质量并保证其高可靠性,主要包括:利用磁环变压器损耗小的特点,对商业质谱仪的空心变压器进行替代,在功耗和体积上达到令人满意的效果;采用频率合成技术产生任意参数可调的射频调幅小信号,取带功耗较大的NI卡生成信号的方案;同时针对频率合成的压缩技术进行研究,在理论上提出了新的压缩方法,并在FPGA中实现,解决了目前没有航天级频率合成芯片的问题;在实验的基础上,对微弱电流放大电路进行优化设计,将其体积和功耗减小;通过合理的优化设计,将质谱仪的整个控制系统综合到一块电路板上,实现了数据采集、数据传输、信号产生、功率放大等功能,使得系统控制电路的体积、功耗和重量大大减小。
最后,对实验平台进行了构建。利用本文设计的离子阱和电路结合相关设备,在该平台上进行水杨酸甲酯、甲烷、氢气、氦气以及氢气和氦气的混合气进行测量,并解释了相关实验现象。针对前面相关理论中讨论的赝势大小和qz对仪器灵敏度影响问题,用氦气进行了验证,为工程应用提供了较好的实验参数。
Mass spectrometry is an approach to identify unknown substance by obtaining the information of molecular weight and molecular structure. It is a major spectroscopic method in analytical chemistry and parallels with optical spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance. Large-scale mass spectrometer is now widely used in food safety, life science, pharmaceutical, chemical industry, military affairs, national defense, and other trace or trace substance detection applications. With the development of space technology, it has been miniaturized and used in the extraterrestrial planets detector. Miniaturized mass spectrometer is now the standard instrument in foreign aerospace detector. With the increase of China’s overall strength and the gradual implementation of man-made space flight and lunar exploration projects, the need for miniaturized mass spectrometers is extremely urgent. This paper is based on the project‘The Miniaturized Lunar resource exploration mass spectrometry’and will research on the key techniques of mass spectrometer’s miniaturization.
First, the basic theory of ion trap mass spectrometer has been studied. How to improve the instrument sensitivity is explained from perspectives of ion energy and pseudo-potential. On this basis, the research on the problem of the difficulty to analyse the small molecule in the trap has found that the root problem is the impact of anharmonicity oscillator potential within the ion trap on the instability of low mass ions below 20. It is the smaller ion trap size that causes the stronger anharmonicity oscillator potential. Therefore, a view to design ion trap is put forward.that is, to increase the size of the ion trap and improve radio frequency.
Second, the basic principle of ion trap design has been discussed. Under the premise of ensuring the signal sensitivity, small size, low power and low weight are needed. Following this guidelines, the design of CIT ion trap is optimized along with previous experimental results. Ion trap has six size parameters, which leads to a time consuming simulation. Combined with Prof. COOKs’optimization theory and practical engineering needs, conclusion of optimizing parameters z0 is arrived. This can significantly reduce computing time. Many documents take‘the percentage of four pole field in high-pole field is -10%’as the optimization criterion by experience, because it can improve the system resolution. Combined with experimental results and the characteristics that the molecular analysed is too small, the optimization criterion of minimizing high pole field is proposed. Finally, combined with the current technological level, a practical optimization method is given.
Later, as the circuit size and power consumption of the traditional commercial mass spectrometer are relatively large and the weight is also relatively high, a variety of alternative technical solutions combineds with performance index of miniature mass spectrometer used for lunar exploration are used to reduce the size, power consumption and weight in the design of circuits, which include the following methods: As the magnetic ring transformer is of small transformer loss, the air core transformer of commercial mass spectrometers could be replaced by it to achieve satisfactory results in power dissipation and size. Using the frequency synthesis technology produces the arbitrary adjustable parameters of the RF small signal to replace the method of generating signal by NI card with high power consumption. At the same time, research on ROM table’s compression method in frequency synthesis provides a better compression method in theory and this new method is implemented in the FPGA to solve the problem of no space-level frequency synthesizer chip. According to the experiment, the micro-current amplification circuit is optimized to reduce the size and power consumption. By the rational optimization design, the whole control system of the mass spectrometer are integrated in a circuit board, which includes data acquisition, data transmission, signal generation, power amplification and other functions, and substantially reduces the volume, power consumption and weight of the whole system.
Finally, the experimental platform is built with pre-designed circuit, ion trap and associated with relevant equipment. Methyl salicylate, methane, hydro- gen, helium and the mixture of hydrogen and helium gas have been measured on the platform, and the relevant experimental phenomena have been explained. The related theories are verified by helium that pseudo-potential and q z have impact to the sensitivity of the apparatus. And this experiment provides a set of good experimental parameters for engineering applications.
首先,对离子阱质谱仪进行了理论研究,从离子能量角度、赝势两个角度解释了怎样才能提高仪器灵敏度的问题。在此基础上针对离子阱分析小质量分子很困难的问题进行研究,发现离子阱内的非谐振势对二十以下小质量离子的影响是导致该问题的根本原因,而离子阱尺寸偏小是导致非谐振势很大的重要原因,从而提出了离子阱的设计思路:适当增大离子阱尺寸、提高射频频率。
其次,讨论了离子阱优化设计的基本原则。在保证信号灵敏度的前提下保证体积小、低功耗、低质量。并利用该准则结合前期的实验结果,对CIT离子阱进行优化设计。针对离子阱尺寸参数较多,而仿真又非常耗时的特点,结合cooks教授优化理论和实际工程需要,得出仅对参数z0进行优化设计的结论,从而大大减少优化参数,节省了计算时间。在优化准则上,众多文献根据由经验得到的“高极场占四极场-10%”作为离子阱设计的优化准则,理由是可以提高系统分辨力。针对具体实验结果,和分析物质分子量偏小的特点,本文提出了高极场最小的优化准则。最后,结合目前实际工艺水平,给出了实用的优化方法。
之后,针对传统商业质谱仪的电路体积、功耗比较大,重量较高的问题,结合小型质谱仪的性能指标,采用各种替代技术方案,在电路设计上,降低其体积、功耗和质量并保证其高可靠性,主要包括:利用磁环变压器损耗小的特点,对商业质谱仪的空心变压器进行替代,在功耗和体积上达到令人满意的效果;采用频率合成技术产生任意参数可调的射频调幅小信号,取带功耗较大的NI卡生成信号的方案;同时针对频率合成的压缩技术进行研究,在理论上提出了新的压缩方法,并在FPGA中实现,解决了目前没有航天级频率合成芯片的问题;在实验的基础上,对微弱电流放大电路进行优化设计,将其体积和功耗减小;通过合理的优化设计,将质谱仪的整个控制系统综合到一块电路板上,实现了数据采集、数据传输、信号产生、功率放大等功能,使得系统控制电路的体积、功耗和重量大大减小。
最后,对实验平台进行了构建。利用本文设计的离子阱和电路结合相关设备,在该平台上进行水杨酸甲酯、甲烷、氢气、氦气以及氢气和氦气的混合气进行测量,并解释了相关实验现象。针对前面相关理论中讨论的赝势大小和qz对仪器灵敏度影响问题,用氦气进行了验证,为工程应用提供了较好的实验参数。
Mass spectrometry is an approach to identify unknown substance by obtaining the information of molecular weight and molecular structure. It is a major spectroscopic method in analytical chemistry and parallels with optical spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance. Large-scale mass spectrometer is now widely used in food safety, life science, pharmaceutical, chemical industry, military affairs, national defense, and other trace or trace substance detection applications. With the development of space technology, it has been miniaturized and used in the extraterrestrial planets detector. Miniaturized mass spectrometer is now the standard instrument in foreign aerospace detector. With the increase of China’s overall strength and the gradual implementation of man-made space flight and lunar exploration projects, the need for miniaturized mass spectrometers is extremely urgent. This paper is based on the project‘The Miniaturized Lunar resource exploration mass spectrometry’and will research on the key techniques of mass spectrometer’s miniaturization.
First, the basic theory of ion trap mass spectrometer has been studied. How to improve the instrument sensitivity is explained from perspectives of ion energy and pseudo-potential. On this basis, the research on the problem of the difficulty to analyse the small molecule in the trap has found that the root problem is the impact of anharmonicity oscillator potential within the ion trap on the instability of low mass ions below 20. It is the smaller ion trap size that causes the stronger anharmonicity oscillator potential. Therefore, a view to design ion trap is put forward.that is, to increase the size of the ion trap and improve radio frequency.
Second, the basic principle of ion trap design has been discussed. Under the premise of ensuring the signal sensitivity, small size, low power and low weight are needed. Following this guidelines, the design of CIT ion trap is optimized along with previous experimental results. Ion trap has six size parameters, which leads to a time consuming simulation. Combined with Prof. COOKs’optimization theory and practical engineering needs, conclusion of optimizing parameters z0 is arrived. This can significantly reduce computing time. Many documents take‘the percentage of four pole field in high-pole field is -10%’as the optimization criterion by experience, because it can improve the system resolution. Combined with experimental results and the characteristics that the molecular analysed is too small, the optimization criterion of minimizing high pole field is proposed. Finally, combined with the current technological level, a practical optimization method is given.
Later, as the circuit size and power consumption of the traditional commercial mass spectrometer are relatively large and the weight is also relatively high, a variety of alternative technical solutions combineds with performance index of miniature mass spectrometer used for lunar exploration are used to reduce the size, power consumption and weight in the design of circuits, which include the following methods: As the magnetic ring transformer is of small transformer loss, the air core transformer of commercial mass spectrometers could be replaced by it to achieve satisfactory results in power dissipation and size. Using the frequency synthesis technology produces the arbitrary adjustable parameters of the RF small signal to replace the method of generating signal by NI card with high power consumption. At the same time, research on ROM table’s compression method in frequency synthesis provides a better compression method in theory and this new method is implemented in the FPGA to solve the problem of no space-level frequency synthesizer chip. According to the experiment, the micro-current amplification circuit is optimized to reduce the size and power consumption. By the rational optimization design, the whole control system of the mass spectrometer are integrated in a circuit board, which includes data acquisition, data transmission, signal generation, power amplification and other functions, and substantially reduces the volume, power consumption and weight of the whole system.
Finally, the experimental platform is built with pre-designed circuit, ion trap and associated with relevant equipment. Methyl salicylate, methane, hydro- gen, helium and the mixture of hydrogen and helium gas have been measured on the platform, and the relevant experimental phenomena have been explained. The related theories are verified by helium that pseudo-potential and q z have impact to the sensitivity of the apparatus. And this experiment provides a set of good experimental parameters for engineering applications.
引文
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