温致变色木材的制备和机理研究
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摘要
温致变色木材是一种新型的木质功能材料,与普通的木材产品相比,该材料赋予了木材两项新的功能——温敏可逆变色和智能热能转换。研究温致变色木材,创新木质功能化新材料,开拓智能化家居材料新领域,促进木材科学的发展和木材工业产品的创新具有重要学术意义和实际意义。本研究以毛白杨木材为基体,通过隐色剂、显色剂、醇溶剂配制木材温致变色剂,利用超声波浸渍法将木材温致变色剂引入木材基体上,研制温致变色木材,筛选适合木材的温致变色剂、研究温致变色木材制备工艺、分析温致变色木材的光老化性能和表面性能、探索温致变色木材的变色机理和结合机理。主要的研究结果如下：
1木材温致变色剂成分研究
(1)根据温致变色木材颜色与目标色色差△E*1,深红色、橙黄色和蓝色木材温致变色剂的隐色剂分别选择隐色剂2、隐色剂8和结晶紫内酯；根据温致变色木材变色色差△E*2,三种颜色木材温致变色剂的显色剂选择双酚A；根据温致变色木材变色温度T及变色时间t,三种颜色木材温致变色剂的溶剂选择十四醇。
(2)根据温致变色木材变色色差△E*2,深红色、橙黄色和蓝色木材温致变色剂中隐色剂与显色剂的配比分别为1：8,1：12和1：6,但隐色剂与溶剂的配比均为1：40。
2温致变色木材的制备工艺研究
(1)对比热扩散法和超声波浸渍法,根据温致变色木材变色色差△E*2,温致变色木材的制备方法选择超声波浸渍法。
(2)深红色温致变色木材的制备工艺为浸渍温度55.0℃、浸渍时间4.0h、超声波功率140.0W,橙黄色和蓝色温致变色木材的制备工艺均为浸渍温度75.0℃、浸渍时间4.0h、超声波功率120.0W。
(3)研制成具有温致变色功能的木质新材料。该材料的起始变色温度约为26.0℃,终止温度约为32.0℃。温度从26.0℃升至32.0℃时,温致变色木材颜色逐渐由染色颜色(深红色、橙黄色和蓝色)变成木材本色；反之,温度从32.0℃降至26.0℃时,温致变色木材颜色逐渐由木材本色变成染色颜色(深红色、橙黄色和蓝色)。
3温致变色木材的光老化性能
(1)蓝色温致变色木材变色色差AE*2的损失率最小,其光老化性能最好；其次为深红色温致变色木材,最后为橙黄色温致变色木材。
(2)随着氙光辐射时间的延长,变色前深红色温致变色木材表面色度学参数中明度指数L*3、红绿指数a*3、黄蓝指数b*3和表面颜色损失△E*3逐渐增加；橙黄色温致变色木材表面色度学参数中明度指数L*3、红绿指数a*3和黄蓝指数b3逐渐降低,表面颜色损失AE*3逐渐增加；蓝色温致变色木材表面色度学参数中的明度指数L*3、黄蓝指数b*3和表面颜色损失AE*3逐渐增加,红绿指数a*3逐渐降低。
(3)随着氙光辐射时间的延长,变色后深红色、橙黄色和蓝色温致变色木材表面色度学参数中明度指数L*4逐渐降低；但红绿指数a*4、黄蓝指数b*4和表面颜色损失AE*4逐渐增加。
(4)红外光谱分析表明,温致变色木材表面分子结构中的羟基O-H经过氙光辐射后,部分被氧化成羧酸COOH;分子结构中的一些自由基经过氧化后,生成了羰基等发色基团,羰基C-O特征峰的强度增加；同时苯环和芳香醚发生光氧化降解,使得苯环结构受到破坏、醚键C-O-C特征峰强度降低；温致变色木材光降解和变色的内因是其表面官能团的变化。
4温致变色木材的表面性能
(1)深红色温致变色木材表面润湿性能最好,其次为蓝色温致变色木材,最后为橙黄色温致变色木材；其静态接触角分别为52.0、53.4和55.3,动态接触角衰减速率常数K值分别为0.2362、0.2221和0.2069。
(2)深红色温致变色木材表面自由能最大,其次为蓝色温致变色木材,最后为橙黄色温致变色木材；其值分别为29.85 mN/m,28.30 mN/m和21.05 mN/m。
(3)三种颜色温致变色木材表面的极性官能团数量不同,造成了其润湿性和表面自由能的差异。深红色温致变色木材表面羟基数量最多,其表面润湿性最好、表面自由能最高；其次为蓝色温致变色木材；最后为橙黄色温致变色木材。
5温致变色木材的变色机理
(1)木材温致变色剂变色前后分子结构的变化是细微的,说明木材温致变色剂整个分子结构在变色前后并未发生根本性的重组变化,其变色机理为电子得失机理。
(2)蓝色温致变色木材相变表观活化能最大,其次为橙黄色温致变色木材,最后为深红色温致变色木材；其值分别为13.58KJ/mol,12.37KJ/mol和11.72KJ/mol。
(3)深红色、橙黄色和蓝色温致变色木材相变反应级数均接近于1,说明三种颜色温致变色木材的相变机理是相同的。
(4)深红色、橙黄色和蓝色温致变色木材的热力学参数较与之对应颜色的木材温致变色剂低,说明木材降低温致变色剂相变最大值所需能量和由半结晶状态变成可溶状态所消耗的能量。
(5)十四醇对应的深红色、橙黄色和蓝色温致变色木材相变热力学参数最低,其次为十六醇,最后为十八醇。
(6)随着升温速度的增加,深红色、橙黄色和蓝色温致变色木材相变起始温度(T0)逐渐降低,但峰值温度(Tp)、相变终止温度(Tc)和相变热焓值(△H)均逐渐增加。
(7)深红色、橙黄色和蓝色温致变色木材的变色时间与环境温度呈线性负相关关系,关系式分别为y1=-12.321x+830.64、y2=-12.929x+876.71和y3=-8.1929x+578.5。
6温致变色木材的结合机理
(1)深红色、橙黄色和蓝色温致变色木材的纵向渗透量最大；其次为径向；最后为弦向。三种颜色温致变色木材纵向、径向和弦向的增重率分别为30.34%、16.66%、15.79%,18.67%、7.65%、7.01%和20.39%、13.13%、12.12%。
(2)红外光谱分析表明,温致变色剂与木材之间既形成化学结合又形成物理结合。化学结合主要表现在未处理木材的羟基O-H吸收频率区的强度降低,表示其分子结构中的羟基O-H被温致变色剂占据,形成了氢键结合；物理结合主要表现在未处理木材的甲基或亚甲基C-H吸收频率区的强度增加,表示温致变色剂与木材形成了机械吸附,产生了甲基或亚甲基C-H官能团叠加。
Thermochromic wood is a kind of new wood functional materials. Comparison with others wood products, thermochromic wood owns two new functions, that is, reversible color-change and thermal energy transformation with increasing or decreasing temperature. It is importantly academic and practical significance for exploring a new field of intelligent furnature material, promoting development of wood science and innovation of wood product to research and manufacture thermochromic wood, a new kind of wood functional material. Samples of Chinese white poplar were impregnated using wood thermochromic gent including thermochromic dye, chromogenic agent and 1-tetradecanol though method of ultrasonic impregnation. The ingredients of wood thermochromic agent were selected, its manufacturing process was investigated, its color-change and combining mechanism were studied and its photo-discoloration and surface properties were analyzed in the test. The main research conclusions were listed as follow:
1 Study on ingredients of wood thermochromic agent
(1) Research results showed that thermochromic dye 2, thermochromic dye 8 and crystal violet lactone were respectively selected in the black-red, orange-yellow and blue wood thermochromic agent according to color difference (△E*1) between thermochromic wood and objective. For all color wood thermochromic agent, biphenyl A was selected according to color-change value (△E*2) which means color difference before and after color-change of samples and 1-tetradecanol was selected according to color-change temperature (T) and time (t) of thermochromic wood.
(2) The optimum mixture ratio of thermochromic dye and chromogenic agent respectively was 1:8,1:12 and 1:6 for black-red, orange-yellow and blue wood thermochromic agent. That of all color wood thermochromic agent, however, was that mixture ratio of thermochromic dye and 1-tetradecanol was 1:40
2 Study on manufacturing process of thermochromic wood
(1) Comparison with method of thermal diffusivity and ultrasonic impregnation, the ultrasonic impregnation method was selected using to manufacture thermochromic wood according to color-change value (△E*2) in the test.
(2) The optimum manufacture process was impregnation temperature 55.0℃, impregnation time 4.0h, and power of ultrasonic 140.0W for black-red thermochromic wood. That of orange-yellow and blue thermochromic wood was impregnation temperature 75.0℃, impregnation time 4.Oh, and power of ultrasonic 120.0W.
(3) The new material, thermochromic wood, was finally made in the laboratory. Its initial color-change temperature was 26.0℃, the final one was 32.0℃. Its surface color respectively changed from black-red, orange-yellow and blue to wood color with temperature increasing form 26.0℃to 32.0℃. Otherwise, that respectively changed from wood color to black-red, orange-yellow and blue with temperature decreasing form 32.0℃to 26.0℃.
3 Study on phto-discoloration property of thermochromic wood
(1) The lost rate of color-change value (△E*2) was least to blue thermochromic wood, which indicated that phto-discoloration property of blue thermochromic wood was best. The next was orange-yellow thermochromic wood, and the last was black-red thermochromic wood.
(2) Before all thermochromic wood changed color, the brightness index (L*3), red-green index (a*3), yellow-blue index (b*3) and lost of surface color (△E*3) gradually increased with prolonging time of Xenon-light irradiation to black-red thermochromic wood. The brightness index (L*3), red-green index (a*3) and yellow-blue index (b*3) gradually decreased and lost of surface color (△E*3) gradually increased to orange-yellow thermochromic wood. The brightness index (L*3), yellow-blue index (b*3) and lost of surface color (△E*3) gradually increased and red-green index (a*3) gradually decreased to blue thermochromic wood.
(3) After all thermochromic wood changed color, brightness index (L*4), red-green index (a*4), yellow-blue index (b*4) and lost of surface color (△E*4) gradually increased with prolonging time of Xenon-light irradiation.
(4) The results of FTIR analysis showed that hydroxyl groups (O-H) of molecular structure were partly oxidized to carboxylic acid (COOH) on the surface of thermochromic wood when they were radiated by Xenon-light. Otherwise, some free radicals also were oxidized to carbonyl groups (C=O). At the same time, the pyridine ring and ether (C-O-C) structure were broken down during the process of Xenon-light irradiation. Phto-discoloration of thermochromic wood was closely correlated with the change of chemical function groups on their surface.
4 Study on surface property of thermochromic wood
(1) The wettability of black-red thermochromic wood was best, the next was blue thermochromic wood and the last was orange-yellow thermochromic wood. The value of static contact angle respectively was 52.0,53.4 and 55.3 and the K value, lost rate of dynamic contact angle, respectively was0.2362,0.2221 and 0.2069.
(2) The surface free energy of black-red thermochromic wood was highest, the next was blue thermochromic wood, and the last was orange-yellow thermochromic wood. The value of surface free energy respectively was 29.85 mN/m,28.30 mN/m and 21.05 mN/m.
(3) The numbers of polar functional groups was different on black-red, orange-yellow and blue thermochromic wood surfaces. For example, the numbers of hydroxyl groups were most on the black-red thermochromic wood surface, its wetability was best and surface free energy was biggest, the next was blue thermochromic wood and the last was orange-yellow thermochromic wood. So different numbers of function groups resulted in change of wettability and free energy for three color of thermochromic wood.
5 Study on color-change mechanism of thermochromic wood
(1) The molecular structure of wood thermochromic agent was slightly changed, that is, its molecular structure was not restructured before and after color-change, which indicated that color-change mechanism of thermochromic wood was because of gain and loss electron of molecular structure.
(2) The activation energy of blue thermochromic wood was biggest in the phase-transition. The next was orange-yellow thermochromic wood. The last was black-red thermochromic wood. The value of activation energy respectively was 13.58KJ/mol,12.37KJ/mol and 11.72KJ/mol.
(3) The reaction order of all thermochromic wood was nearly 1, which expressed that the phase-transition mechanism of all thermochromic wood is the same.
(4) The value of thermal property parameters of black-red, orange-yellow and blue thermochromic wood were lower than that of wood thermochromic agent, which showed that wood can reduce maximum energy of phase-transition and transition energy from semi-crystalline state to soluble state.
(5) The value of thermal property parameters was least to black-red, orange-yellow and blue thermochromic wood manufactured though 1-tetradecanol. The next was 1-hexadecanolare and the last was 1-octadecanol.
(6) With the increasing of heating rate, the initial temperature (To) of phase-transition gradually deceased, but peak temperature (Tp) and final temperature (Tc) of phase-transition and enthalpy (△H) gradually increased.
(7) The relationship between color-change time and environment temperature was remarkable negative linear correlation to black-red, orange-yellow and blue thermochromic wood. The formula of them respectively was y1=-12.321x+830.64, y2=-12.929x+876.71 and y3=-8.1929x+578.5.
6 Study on combinative mechanism of thermochromic wood
(1) The longitudinal growth rate was most for black-red, orange-yellow and blue thermochromic wood. The next was redial direction and the last was tangential direction. The value of longitudinal, radial and tangential growth rate respectively was 30.34%,16.66%, 15.79%; 18.67%,7.65%,7.01% and 20.39%,13.13%,12.12%.
(2) The FTIR result showed that there are chemical and physical combination between thermochromic agent and wood. The hydroxyl (O-H) absorption intensity decreasing indicated that hydrogen bonds between thermochromic agent and wood were formed, which expressed chemical combination. At the same time, methyl group (C-H) absorption intensity increasing indicated that mechanical adsorption came about between thermochromic agent and wood, which expressed physical combination.
1木材温致变色剂成分研究
(1)根据温致变色木材颜色与目标色色差△E*1,深红色、橙黄色和蓝色木材温致变色剂的隐色剂分别选择隐色剂2、隐色剂8和结晶紫内酯；根据温致变色木材变色色差△E*2,三种颜色木材温致变色剂的显色剂选择双酚A；根据温致变色木材变色温度T及变色时间t,三种颜色木材温致变色剂的溶剂选择十四醇。
(2)根据温致变色木材变色色差△E*2,深红色、橙黄色和蓝色木材温致变色剂中隐色剂与显色剂的配比分别为1：8,1：12和1：6,但隐色剂与溶剂的配比均为1：40。
2温致变色木材的制备工艺研究
(1)对比热扩散法和超声波浸渍法,根据温致变色木材变色色差△E*2,温致变色木材的制备方法选择超声波浸渍法。
(2)深红色温致变色木材的制备工艺为浸渍温度55.0℃、浸渍时间4.0h、超声波功率140.0W,橙黄色和蓝色温致变色木材的制备工艺均为浸渍温度75.0℃、浸渍时间4.0h、超声波功率120.0W。
(3)研制成具有温致变色功能的木质新材料。该材料的起始变色温度约为26.0℃,终止温度约为32.0℃。温度从26.0℃升至32.0℃时,温致变色木材颜色逐渐由染色颜色(深红色、橙黄色和蓝色)变成木材本色；反之,温度从32.0℃降至26.0℃时,温致变色木材颜色逐渐由木材本色变成染色颜色(深红色、橙黄色和蓝色)。
3温致变色木材的光老化性能
(1)蓝色温致变色木材变色色差AE*2的损失率最小,其光老化性能最好；其次为深红色温致变色木材,最后为橙黄色温致变色木材。
(2)随着氙光辐射时间的延长,变色前深红色温致变色木材表面色度学参数中明度指数L*3、红绿指数a*3、黄蓝指数b*3和表面颜色损失△E*3逐渐增加；橙黄色温致变色木材表面色度学参数中明度指数L*3、红绿指数a*3和黄蓝指数b3逐渐降低,表面颜色损失AE*3逐渐增加；蓝色温致变色木材表面色度学参数中的明度指数L*3、黄蓝指数b*3和表面颜色损失AE*3逐渐增加,红绿指数a*3逐渐降低。
(3)随着氙光辐射时间的延长,变色后深红色、橙黄色和蓝色温致变色木材表面色度学参数中明度指数L*4逐渐降低；但红绿指数a*4、黄蓝指数b*4和表面颜色损失AE*4逐渐增加。
(4)红外光谱分析表明,温致变色木材表面分子结构中的羟基O-H经过氙光辐射后,部分被氧化成羧酸COOH;分子结构中的一些自由基经过氧化后,生成了羰基等发色基团,羰基C-O特征峰的强度增加；同时苯环和芳香醚发生光氧化降解,使得苯环结构受到破坏、醚键C-O-C特征峰强度降低；温致变色木材光降解和变色的内因是其表面官能团的变化。
4温致变色木材的表面性能
(1)深红色温致变色木材表面润湿性能最好,其次为蓝色温致变色木材,最后为橙黄色温致变色木材；其静态接触角分别为52.0、53.4和55.3,动态接触角衰减速率常数K值分别为0.2362、0.2221和0.2069。
(2)深红色温致变色木材表面自由能最大,其次为蓝色温致变色木材,最后为橙黄色温致变色木材；其值分别为29.85 mN/m,28.30 mN/m和21.05 mN/m。
(3)三种颜色温致变色木材表面的极性官能团数量不同,造成了其润湿性和表面自由能的差异。深红色温致变色木材表面羟基数量最多,其表面润湿性最好、表面自由能最高；其次为蓝色温致变色木材；最后为橙黄色温致变色木材。
5温致变色木材的变色机理
(1)木材温致变色剂变色前后分子结构的变化是细微的,说明木材温致变色剂整个分子结构在变色前后并未发生根本性的重组变化,其变色机理为电子得失机理。
(2)蓝色温致变色木材相变表观活化能最大,其次为橙黄色温致变色木材,最后为深红色温致变色木材；其值分别为13.58KJ/mol,12.37KJ/mol和11.72KJ/mol。
(3)深红色、橙黄色和蓝色温致变色木材相变反应级数均接近于1,说明三种颜色温致变色木材的相变机理是相同的。
(4)深红色、橙黄色和蓝色温致变色木材的热力学参数较与之对应颜色的木材温致变色剂低,说明木材降低温致变色剂相变最大值所需能量和由半结晶状态变成可溶状态所消耗的能量。
(5)十四醇对应的深红色、橙黄色和蓝色温致变色木材相变热力学参数最低,其次为十六醇,最后为十八醇。
(6)随着升温速度的增加,深红色、橙黄色和蓝色温致变色木材相变起始温度(T0)逐渐降低,但峰值温度(Tp)、相变终止温度(Tc)和相变热焓值(△H)均逐渐增加。
(7)深红色、橙黄色和蓝色温致变色木材的变色时间与环境温度呈线性负相关关系,关系式分别为y1=-12.321x+830.64、y2=-12.929x+876.71和y3=-8.1929x+578.5。
6温致变色木材的结合机理
(1)深红色、橙黄色和蓝色温致变色木材的纵向渗透量最大；其次为径向；最后为弦向。三种颜色温致变色木材纵向、径向和弦向的增重率分别为30.34%、16.66%、15.79%,18.67%、7.65%、7.01%和20.39%、13.13%、12.12%。
(2)红外光谱分析表明,温致变色剂与木材之间既形成化学结合又形成物理结合。化学结合主要表现在未处理木材的羟基O-H吸收频率区的强度降低,表示其分子结构中的羟基O-H被温致变色剂占据,形成了氢键结合；物理结合主要表现在未处理木材的甲基或亚甲基C-H吸收频率区的强度增加,表示温致变色剂与木材形成了机械吸附,产生了甲基或亚甲基C-H官能团叠加。
Thermochromic wood is a kind of new wood functional materials. Comparison with others wood products, thermochromic wood owns two new functions, that is, reversible color-change and thermal energy transformation with increasing or decreasing temperature. It is importantly academic and practical significance for exploring a new field of intelligent furnature material, promoting development of wood science and innovation of wood product to research and manufacture thermochromic wood, a new kind of wood functional material. Samples of Chinese white poplar were impregnated using wood thermochromic gent including thermochromic dye, chromogenic agent and 1-tetradecanol though method of ultrasonic impregnation. The ingredients of wood thermochromic agent were selected, its manufacturing process was investigated, its color-change and combining mechanism were studied and its photo-discoloration and surface properties were analyzed in the test. The main research conclusions were listed as follow:
1 Study on ingredients of wood thermochromic agent
(1) Research results showed that thermochromic dye 2, thermochromic dye 8 and crystal violet lactone were respectively selected in the black-red, orange-yellow and blue wood thermochromic agent according to color difference (△E*1) between thermochromic wood and objective. For all color wood thermochromic agent, biphenyl A was selected according to color-change value (△E*2) which means color difference before and after color-change of samples and 1-tetradecanol was selected according to color-change temperature (T) and time (t) of thermochromic wood.
(2) The optimum mixture ratio of thermochromic dye and chromogenic agent respectively was 1:8,1:12 and 1:6 for black-red, orange-yellow and blue wood thermochromic agent. That of all color wood thermochromic agent, however, was that mixture ratio of thermochromic dye and 1-tetradecanol was 1:40
2 Study on manufacturing process of thermochromic wood
(1) Comparison with method of thermal diffusivity and ultrasonic impregnation, the ultrasonic impregnation method was selected using to manufacture thermochromic wood according to color-change value (△E*2) in the test.
(2) The optimum manufacture process was impregnation temperature 55.0℃, impregnation time 4.0h, and power of ultrasonic 140.0W for black-red thermochromic wood. That of orange-yellow and blue thermochromic wood was impregnation temperature 75.0℃, impregnation time 4.Oh, and power of ultrasonic 120.0W.
(3) The new material, thermochromic wood, was finally made in the laboratory. Its initial color-change temperature was 26.0℃, the final one was 32.0℃. Its surface color respectively changed from black-red, orange-yellow and blue to wood color with temperature increasing form 26.0℃to 32.0℃. Otherwise, that respectively changed from wood color to black-red, orange-yellow and blue with temperature decreasing form 32.0℃to 26.0℃.
3 Study on phto-discoloration property of thermochromic wood
(1) The lost rate of color-change value (△E*2) was least to blue thermochromic wood, which indicated that phto-discoloration property of blue thermochromic wood was best. The next was orange-yellow thermochromic wood, and the last was black-red thermochromic wood.
(2) Before all thermochromic wood changed color, the brightness index (L*3), red-green index (a*3), yellow-blue index (b*3) and lost of surface color (△E*3) gradually increased with prolonging time of Xenon-light irradiation to black-red thermochromic wood. The brightness index (L*3), red-green index (a*3) and yellow-blue index (b*3) gradually decreased and lost of surface color (△E*3) gradually increased to orange-yellow thermochromic wood. The brightness index (L*3), yellow-blue index (b*3) and lost of surface color (△E*3) gradually increased and red-green index (a*3) gradually decreased to blue thermochromic wood.
(3) After all thermochromic wood changed color, brightness index (L*4), red-green index (a*4), yellow-blue index (b*4) and lost of surface color (△E*4) gradually increased with prolonging time of Xenon-light irradiation.
(4) The results of FTIR analysis showed that hydroxyl groups (O-H) of molecular structure were partly oxidized to carboxylic acid (COOH) on the surface of thermochromic wood when they were radiated by Xenon-light. Otherwise, some free radicals also were oxidized to carbonyl groups (C=O). At the same time, the pyridine ring and ether (C-O-C) structure were broken down during the process of Xenon-light irradiation. Phto-discoloration of thermochromic wood was closely correlated with the change of chemical function groups on their surface.
4 Study on surface property of thermochromic wood
(1) The wettability of black-red thermochromic wood was best, the next was blue thermochromic wood and the last was orange-yellow thermochromic wood. The value of static contact angle respectively was 52.0,53.4 and 55.3 and the K value, lost rate of dynamic contact angle, respectively was0.2362,0.2221 and 0.2069.
(2) The surface free energy of black-red thermochromic wood was highest, the next was blue thermochromic wood, and the last was orange-yellow thermochromic wood. The value of surface free energy respectively was 29.85 mN/m,28.30 mN/m and 21.05 mN/m.
(3) The numbers of polar functional groups was different on black-red, orange-yellow and blue thermochromic wood surfaces. For example, the numbers of hydroxyl groups were most on the black-red thermochromic wood surface, its wetability was best and surface free energy was biggest, the next was blue thermochromic wood and the last was orange-yellow thermochromic wood. So different numbers of function groups resulted in change of wettability and free energy for three color of thermochromic wood.
5 Study on color-change mechanism of thermochromic wood
(1) The molecular structure of wood thermochromic agent was slightly changed, that is, its molecular structure was not restructured before and after color-change, which indicated that color-change mechanism of thermochromic wood was because of gain and loss electron of molecular structure.
(2) The activation energy of blue thermochromic wood was biggest in the phase-transition. The next was orange-yellow thermochromic wood. The last was black-red thermochromic wood. The value of activation energy respectively was 13.58KJ/mol,12.37KJ/mol and 11.72KJ/mol.
(3) The reaction order of all thermochromic wood was nearly 1, which expressed that the phase-transition mechanism of all thermochromic wood is the same.
(4) The value of thermal property parameters of black-red, orange-yellow and blue thermochromic wood were lower than that of wood thermochromic agent, which showed that wood can reduce maximum energy of phase-transition and transition energy from semi-crystalline state to soluble state.
(5) The value of thermal property parameters was least to black-red, orange-yellow and blue thermochromic wood manufactured though 1-tetradecanol. The next was 1-hexadecanolare and the last was 1-octadecanol.
(6) With the increasing of heating rate, the initial temperature (To) of phase-transition gradually deceased, but peak temperature (Tp) and final temperature (Tc) of phase-transition and enthalpy (△H) gradually increased.
(7) The relationship between color-change time and environment temperature was remarkable negative linear correlation to black-red, orange-yellow and blue thermochromic wood. The formula of them respectively was y1=-12.321x+830.64, y2=-12.929x+876.71 and y3=-8.1929x+578.5.
6 Study on combinative mechanism of thermochromic wood
(1) The longitudinal growth rate was most for black-red, orange-yellow and blue thermochromic wood. The next was redial direction and the last was tangential direction. The value of longitudinal, radial and tangential growth rate respectively was 30.34%,16.66%, 15.79%; 18.67%,7.65%,7.01% and 20.39%,13.13%,12.12%.
(2) The FTIR result showed that there are chemical and physical combination between thermochromic agent and wood. The hydroxyl (O-H) absorption intensity decreasing indicated that hydrogen bonds between thermochromic agent and wood were formed, which expressed chemical combination. At the same time, methyl group (C-H) absorption intensity increasing indicated that mechanical adsorption came about between thermochromic agent and wood, which expressed physical combination.
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