汶川地震重灾区多源影像处理及震害信息提取方法研究
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摘要
工大我国是一个自然灾害频发且种类繁多的国家,如何有效地监测灾情,及时有效地处理综合信息,并作出科学可行的救灾应急措施,这些都将成为政府日常管理的重要组成部分。以遥感技术为主要手段获取多时相、多分辨率、多类型的遥感影像及遥感图像处理技术一直以来被应用于各种自然灾害防治的各个环节之中。特别是近十多年以来,随着遥感技术的不断成熟和遥感图像处理手段的不断提高,遥感技术已成为开展灾害动态监测与预警和灾情实时调查与评估等方面中不可缺少的重要手段之一。以遥感图像处理为主体的遥感技术在自然灾害信息提取和灾后重建等方面正发挥越来越大和不可替代的作用。而震后信息的及时有效的处理,尤其是以遥感技术为主要手段获取的多源影像信息及时有效地处理还有待进一步深入,数据的综合分析利用还有待进一步拓展与完善。
5.12汶川特大地震发生突然,其破坏和强度超出我们想象。灾区路断,桥断,通信中断,重灾区陷入信息隔绝状态。在地震灾区通信、交通被严重破坏的情况下,卫星遥感和航空遥感技术成为快速获取灾情的最佳途径。事实上在5.12抗震救灾中,不仅是国内的多支科研力量,包括美国、欧盟和日本等国外也提供了大量遥感数据,因此灾区遥感影像来源丰富,类型多种,各自都有相应的特点。在汶川大地震这样的巨灾面前,如何有效的处理影像数据及震害信息提取,使其在灾后应急及灾情评估与灾后重建中发挥其应有的作用是突然发生的巨大灾难对遥感技术应用提出的挑战,也是值得深入研究和思考的问题。
本研究综合分析获取的灾区遥感影像数据,结合地震发生后实际情况及灾后应急救灾、灾害评估及重建的实际需要,在“救灾响应”前提下,按轻重缓急原则处理灾后多源遥感影像。在多源遥感影像处理过程中,综合前人研究成果,采用遥感图像处理和摄影测量技术,充分应用震前地形图等资料,有效地处理多类型、多时相和不同空间分辨率遥感图像,提出了分块局部校正、无控制影像快速拼接等遥感影像处理的关键技术和方法。根据研究区域实际情况提出震害信息提取的内容,归纳了震害信息提取的一般方法,并建立典型震害信息的遥感影像解译标志。在此基础上,利用目视解译、遥感图像分类、面向对象自动识别等信息提取技术对汶川地震灾区地质灾害等震害信息进行了有效地提取,准确确定滑坡、泥石流、倒塌城镇房屋、受损公路等各种灾情信息,研究成果为抗震救灾指挥部全面准确的掌握灾情,科学评估灾情,进而采取有效救灾防灾抢险措施和灾后重建提供科学依据,实现防灾减灾的科学直观有效指导具有重要的理论和实践意义。
本论文取得的主要研究成果与的创新认识如下:
(1)重点分析了IKONOS高空间分辨率卫星遥感影像的特点,在研究中采用矢量与影像自动匹配方法,根据震前矢量信息(如水系等)的空间分布及形态,辅助选择校正所需控制点,解决了校正过程中由于灾后局部地区地形及地貌相对震前发生改变在原有的地形图等资料上难以选取必要的控制点的难题。并利用IKONOS影像RPC参数采取有理多项式(Rational Polynomial Coefficients)模型校正方法,快速生成汶川地区高分辨率的灾后数字校正影像图,满足了震后应急的需要。
(2)本文针对获取的WorldView(WV)影像缺乏姿态位置参数信息,提出采用分块校正的方法,解决了WorldView卫星遥感影像全图校正后影像扭曲的弊端,提高了校正精度,为WorldView(WV)影像校正处理提供了新的思路。
(3)根据无人机航空影像特点及“救灾响应”原则,提出无控制影像快速拼接的应急处理模式。在缺乏影像参数的前提下,借助数字摄影测量和图像拼接软件,采用同名像点自动匹配的方法完成无人机影像的无控制镶嵌、拼接,快速制作响应需求的无控制影像镶嵌图,并采用多项式变换几何校正模型完成无控制影像镶嵌图的校正处理,得到的灾区宏观的校正镶嵌影像,满足应急救灾需求。
(4)运用坐标转换关系通过POS系统导航解(即每个曝光点的经纬度、高度和惯性导航坐标系统测量的姿态角(Ф,θ,Ψ))计算每一张影像的近似外方位元素,采取IMU/ DGPS辅助空中三角测量方法,以立体模型为基本单元,进行数字正射影像图的生产。
(5)根据相关资料,结合研究区的实际情况,分析研究区震害信息类型并确定震害信息提取内容。运用地学相关分析方法,结合影像的色调、形状、纹理等特征,综合前人研究的基础上确立了研究区典型震害信息(受损房屋建筑物、地质灾害等)的遥感解译标志。根据处理的多源遥感影像分辨率、光谱信息等特点,结合灾后应急灾害评估等实际需要,采用目视解译、计算机自动提取及面向对象等多种方法提取震害信息。初步形成了实用的基于多源遥感影像震害信息识别与提取的技术流程。
China is a country where various natural disasters happen frequently, natural disasters such as earthquakes are sudden, massive, frequent, and dangerous, it decides that the government must establish an effective disaster monitoring and integrated data processing system based on remote sensing, telemetry values recorded automatic transmission and bring emergency management into the daily management and operation, making it an important part of daily management of the government. Remote sensing technology as the primary means of access to multi-temporal, multi-resolution, multi-types of remote sensing images and remote sensing image processing technology has been applied to the segments of various natural disasters prevention and control. Particularly in the last 10 years, with the remote-sensing technology continues to mature and remote sensing image processing improves constantly, remote sensing technology has become one of important and indispensable means of dynamic monitoring in early warning for hazards and disasters,real-time survey and assessment. Remote sensing image processing as the main body of remote sensing technology is playing an increasingly large and irreplaceable role in natural disasters, information extraction and post-disaster reconstruction.The timely and effective treatment to post-disaster information, particularly in obtaining multi-source image information timely and processing effectively based on remote sensing technology should be further in-depth, and comprehensive analysis of the use of the data to be further expanded and improved.
5.12 Wenchuan earthquake happens unexpectedly; its destruction and intensity are beyond our imaging. The roads were cut, the bridges were destroyed, communications were interrupted, earthquake -stricken areas were in the status of information isolation. Telecommunications and transportations in the quake-hit areas have been severely damaged; satellite remote sensing and aerial remote sensing technology become the best ways to access the situation of a disaster quickly. In fact, in 5.12 earthquake relief, not only the multi-branch domestic scientific research strength, foreign countries including the United States, the European Union and Japan provided a large number of remote sensing data for the Wenchuan earthquake. Remote sensing images’sources were rich, types were various and each has a corresponding characteristics. In front of such a catastrophe risk, how to deal with image data and extract earthquake damage information effectively are the challenges that the sudden disaster give to application of remote sensing technology ,making it plays its proper role in post-disaster emergency and assessment and post-disaster reconstruction.It is also worthy of further study and reflection.
In this study ,we analysis of the actual situation after the earthquake, disaster emergency relief, disaster assessment and the actual needs of reconstruction comprehensively , put forward a theory based on "disaster response" according to the principle of sub-level priorities to process post-multi-source remote sensing image, and establish a set of practical multi-source image processing and analysis system initially. After specific analysis of the obtained data and comprehensive results of previous studies, we propose remote sensing image processing and other key technologies and methods such as region rectification, uncontrolled rapid mosaic images ,using topographic maps and other vector pre-disaster information to deal with many types, different spatial resolution multi-temporal remote sensing image effectively based on the use of remote sensing image processing and photogrammetry technology.On this basis,by use of remote sensing image classification,object-oriented automatic identification technologies ,we extract Wenchuan earthquake disaster information effectively, determine the disaster information of landslide, debris flow, earthquake lake, collapsed town houses, cottages and schools, damaged roads, railways, farms and other disasters. Research results provide a scientific basis for the earthquake relief headquarters to accurately grasp the situation of a disaster, scientifically assess the situation and then take effective measures for disaster prevention and rescue work and reconstruction.
This paper's main research and innovation are as follows:
(1) Through the analysis of the source, characteristics and relevant parameter information of the multi-type, multi-temporal and the different spatial resolution remote sensing images (TM, IKONOS, etc.) .This paper use remote sensing image enhancement, geometric correction, mosaic, integration and other methods to deal with satellite image data effectively.
Especially, some areas of the terrain and landscape in post-disaster is different from pre-disaster,the original topography such as topographic maps is not in accord with the objective situation, it is hard to select the necessary control points and using the conventional method of remote sensing image correction to correct local serious deformation,the study take IKONOS images as example, according to the actual situation after the earthquake, disaster emergency relief, disaster assessment and the actual needs of reconstruction, through a comprehensive analysis of previous studies results, based on the current status of remote sensing image data acquisition.
This paper put forward a theory based on "disaster response" according to the principle of sub-level priorities to process post-multi-source remote sensing image,and establish a set of practical multi-source image processing and analysis system framework.according to the spatial distribution of pre-disaster vector information (such as water, etc.) and morphology, this paper use auto-matching method of vector and image to selection control point correction needed, and take local "window" region rectification methods to generate a post-digital correction image maps.
(2) The image processing study of WorldView (WV) which a new high-resolution remote sensing data less eaborated. In this paper, proposed block correction method for the WorldView (WV) image processing. Because lacking of attitude parameter information of WV original image and having serious distortions problems such as distortion corrected image as a whole big. So the original image is divided into a number of small regional, after correction of sub-block image and other processing in order to improve the accuracy of image correction and provide a new way for the WorldView (WV) image correction.
(3) According to the characteristics of UAV aerial images and the "disaster response" principle, This paper put forward emergency measures against the lack of image parameter, use corresponding points automatic match method to complete the uncontrolled UAV image mosaic, mosaic, produce uncontrolled mosaic responsed to the needs rapidly , and get the macro-mosaic image of earthquake-striken area, meet emergency relief needs.
(4) Aerial images having orientation attitude elementary obtained by aerophotographical camera, aerial digital camera and IMU / DGPS system loaded in low-level platform. In the condition of lack ground calibration and the necessary calibration, this paper take of direct orientation method to produce digital elevation models and digital orthophoto map with three-dimensional model, regional or map sheet as the basic unit.
(5) For the earthquake damage information extraction, First, Using automatic extraction methods to extract post-disaster information such as geological disasters based on processing images in image-based correction. According to the differences between body information on the disaster and its surrounding features in different types of tone and texture after the color correction processing, This paper use high-precision color aerial edge detection algorithms combined single-band edge enhancement with multi-band color composite weighted to extract disasters body information automatically. Second, extract information of earthquake-damaged buildings, using object-oriented, high spatial resolution remote sensing image.
5.12汶川特大地震发生突然,其破坏和强度超出我们想象。灾区路断,桥断,通信中断,重灾区陷入信息隔绝状态。在地震灾区通信、交通被严重破坏的情况下,卫星遥感和航空遥感技术成为快速获取灾情的最佳途径。事实上在5.12抗震救灾中,不仅是国内的多支科研力量,包括美国、欧盟和日本等国外也提供了大量遥感数据,因此灾区遥感影像来源丰富,类型多种,各自都有相应的特点。在汶川大地震这样的巨灾面前,如何有效的处理影像数据及震害信息提取,使其在灾后应急及灾情评估与灾后重建中发挥其应有的作用是突然发生的巨大灾难对遥感技术应用提出的挑战,也是值得深入研究和思考的问题。
本研究综合分析获取的灾区遥感影像数据,结合地震发生后实际情况及灾后应急救灾、灾害评估及重建的实际需要,在“救灾响应”前提下,按轻重缓急原则处理灾后多源遥感影像。在多源遥感影像处理过程中,综合前人研究成果,采用遥感图像处理和摄影测量技术,充分应用震前地形图等资料,有效地处理多类型、多时相和不同空间分辨率遥感图像,提出了分块局部校正、无控制影像快速拼接等遥感影像处理的关键技术和方法。根据研究区域实际情况提出震害信息提取的内容,归纳了震害信息提取的一般方法,并建立典型震害信息的遥感影像解译标志。在此基础上,利用目视解译、遥感图像分类、面向对象自动识别等信息提取技术对汶川地震灾区地质灾害等震害信息进行了有效地提取,准确确定滑坡、泥石流、倒塌城镇房屋、受损公路等各种灾情信息,研究成果为抗震救灾指挥部全面准确的掌握灾情,科学评估灾情,进而采取有效救灾防灾抢险措施和灾后重建提供科学依据,实现防灾减灾的科学直观有效指导具有重要的理论和实践意义。
本论文取得的主要研究成果与的创新认识如下:
(1)重点分析了IKONOS高空间分辨率卫星遥感影像的特点,在研究中采用矢量与影像自动匹配方法,根据震前矢量信息(如水系等)的空间分布及形态,辅助选择校正所需控制点,解决了校正过程中由于灾后局部地区地形及地貌相对震前发生改变在原有的地形图等资料上难以选取必要的控制点的难题。并利用IKONOS影像RPC参数采取有理多项式(Rational Polynomial Coefficients)模型校正方法,快速生成汶川地区高分辨率的灾后数字校正影像图,满足了震后应急的需要。
(2)本文针对获取的WorldView(WV)影像缺乏姿态位置参数信息,提出采用分块校正的方法,解决了WorldView卫星遥感影像全图校正后影像扭曲的弊端,提高了校正精度,为WorldView(WV)影像校正处理提供了新的思路。
(3)根据无人机航空影像特点及“救灾响应”原则,提出无控制影像快速拼接的应急处理模式。在缺乏影像参数的前提下,借助数字摄影测量和图像拼接软件,采用同名像点自动匹配的方法完成无人机影像的无控制镶嵌、拼接,快速制作响应需求的无控制影像镶嵌图,并采用多项式变换几何校正模型完成无控制影像镶嵌图的校正处理,得到的灾区宏观的校正镶嵌影像,满足应急救灾需求。
(4)运用坐标转换关系通过POS系统导航解(即每个曝光点的经纬度、高度和惯性导航坐标系统测量的姿态角(Ф,θ,Ψ))计算每一张影像的近似外方位元素,采取IMU/ DGPS辅助空中三角测量方法,以立体模型为基本单元,进行数字正射影像图的生产。
(5)根据相关资料,结合研究区的实际情况,分析研究区震害信息类型并确定震害信息提取内容。运用地学相关分析方法,结合影像的色调、形状、纹理等特征,综合前人研究的基础上确立了研究区典型震害信息(受损房屋建筑物、地质灾害等)的遥感解译标志。根据处理的多源遥感影像分辨率、光谱信息等特点,结合灾后应急灾害评估等实际需要,采用目视解译、计算机自动提取及面向对象等多种方法提取震害信息。初步形成了实用的基于多源遥感影像震害信息识别与提取的技术流程。
China is a country where various natural disasters happen frequently, natural disasters such as earthquakes are sudden, massive, frequent, and dangerous, it decides that the government must establish an effective disaster monitoring and integrated data processing system based on remote sensing, telemetry values recorded automatic transmission and bring emergency management into the daily management and operation, making it an important part of daily management of the government. Remote sensing technology as the primary means of access to multi-temporal, multi-resolution, multi-types of remote sensing images and remote sensing image processing technology has been applied to the segments of various natural disasters prevention and control. Particularly in the last 10 years, with the remote-sensing technology continues to mature and remote sensing image processing improves constantly, remote sensing technology has become one of important and indispensable means of dynamic monitoring in early warning for hazards and disasters,real-time survey and assessment. Remote sensing image processing as the main body of remote sensing technology is playing an increasingly large and irreplaceable role in natural disasters, information extraction and post-disaster reconstruction.The timely and effective treatment to post-disaster information, particularly in obtaining multi-source image information timely and processing effectively based on remote sensing technology should be further in-depth, and comprehensive analysis of the use of the data to be further expanded and improved.
5.12 Wenchuan earthquake happens unexpectedly; its destruction and intensity are beyond our imaging. The roads were cut, the bridges were destroyed, communications were interrupted, earthquake -stricken areas were in the status of information isolation. Telecommunications and transportations in the quake-hit areas have been severely damaged; satellite remote sensing and aerial remote sensing technology become the best ways to access the situation of a disaster quickly. In fact, in 5.12 earthquake relief, not only the multi-branch domestic scientific research strength, foreign countries including the United States, the European Union and Japan provided a large number of remote sensing data for the Wenchuan earthquake. Remote sensing images’sources were rich, types were various and each has a corresponding characteristics. In front of such a catastrophe risk, how to deal with image data and extract earthquake damage information effectively are the challenges that the sudden disaster give to application of remote sensing technology ,making it plays its proper role in post-disaster emergency and assessment and post-disaster reconstruction.It is also worthy of further study and reflection.
In this study ,we analysis of the actual situation after the earthquake, disaster emergency relief, disaster assessment and the actual needs of reconstruction comprehensively , put forward a theory based on "disaster response" according to the principle of sub-level priorities to process post-multi-source remote sensing image, and establish a set of practical multi-source image processing and analysis system initially. After specific analysis of the obtained data and comprehensive results of previous studies, we propose remote sensing image processing and other key technologies and methods such as region rectification, uncontrolled rapid mosaic images ,using topographic maps and other vector pre-disaster information to deal with many types, different spatial resolution multi-temporal remote sensing image effectively based on the use of remote sensing image processing and photogrammetry technology.On this basis,by use of remote sensing image classification,object-oriented automatic identification technologies ,we extract Wenchuan earthquake disaster information effectively, determine the disaster information of landslide, debris flow, earthquake lake, collapsed town houses, cottages and schools, damaged roads, railways, farms and other disasters. Research results provide a scientific basis for the earthquake relief headquarters to accurately grasp the situation of a disaster, scientifically assess the situation and then take effective measures for disaster prevention and rescue work and reconstruction.
This paper's main research and innovation are as follows:
(1) Through the analysis of the source, characteristics and relevant parameter information of the multi-type, multi-temporal and the different spatial resolution remote sensing images (TM, IKONOS, etc.) .This paper use remote sensing image enhancement, geometric correction, mosaic, integration and other methods to deal with satellite image data effectively.
Especially, some areas of the terrain and landscape in post-disaster is different from pre-disaster,the original topography such as topographic maps is not in accord with the objective situation, it is hard to select the necessary control points and using the conventional method of remote sensing image correction to correct local serious deformation,the study take IKONOS images as example, according to the actual situation after the earthquake, disaster emergency relief, disaster assessment and the actual needs of reconstruction, through a comprehensive analysis of previous studies results, based on the current status of remote sensing image data acquisition.
This paper put forward a theory based on "disaster response" according to the principle of sub-level priorities to process post-multi-source remote sensing image,and establish a set of practical multi-source image processing and analysis system framework.according to the spatial distribution of pre-disaster vector information (such as water, etc.) and morphology, this paper use auto-matching method of vector and image to selection control point correction needed, and take local "window" region rectification methods to generate a post-digital correction image maps.
(2) The image processing study of WorldView (WV) which a new high-resolution remote sensing data less eaborated. In this paper, proposed block correction method for the WorldView (WV) image processing. Because lacking of attitude parameter information of WV original image and having serious distortions problems such as distortion corrected image as a whole big. So the original image is divided into a number of small regional, after correction of sub-block image and other processing in order to improve the accuracy of image correction and provide a new way for the WorldView (WV) image correction.
(3) According to the characteristics of UAV aerial images and the "disaster response" principle, This paper put forward emergency measures against the lack of image parameter, use corresponding points automatic match method to complete the uncontrolled UAV image mosaic, mosaic, produce uncontrolled mosaic responsed to the needs rapidly , and get the macro-mosaic image of earthquake-striken area, meet emergency relief needs.
(4) Aerial images having orientation attitude elementary obtained by aerophotographical camera, aerial digital camera and IMU / DGPS system loaded in low-level platform. In the condition of lack ground calibration and the necessary calibration, this paper take of direct orientation method to produce digital elevation models and digital orthophoto map with three-dimensional model, regional or map sheet as the basic unit.
(5) For the earthquake damage information extraction, First, Using automatic extraction methods to extract post-disaster information such as geological disasters based on processing images in image-based correction. According to the differences between body information on the disaster and its surrounding features in different types of tone and texture after the color correction processing, This paper use high-precision color aerial edge detection algorithms combined single-band edge enhancement with multi-band color composite weighted to extract disasters body information automatically. Second, extract information of earthquake-damaged buildings, using object-oriented, high spatial resolution remote sensing image.
引文
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