技术创新网格的动因与治理以及熵的评价尺度
|
摘要
组织治理、资源共享、竞争升级等因素的影响,增加了技术创新活动的动态性和复杂性。本文正是在多学科专业融入技术创新研究的背景下,从网格技术、复杂性理论和经济学理论的现有成果中抽象出模型框架,构成技术创新网格这一全新理论概念,对技术创新系统的研究予以延伸扩展。
本文从复杂性科学与演化经济学的视角出发,对技术创新系统、演化经济学和复杂性等理论进行梳理,定义技术创新网格,描绘了其结构模型,指出在其演化过程中存在蜕变机制。然后围绕技术创新网格的三大主要问题展开研究:网格的动因,治理,创新力的熵评价尺度。
首先,针对网格动因列举了内部、外部、协同三个层面的驱动观,建立网格的“经济适用性”范式,探寻了创新与成本的双重竞争优势路径。分析显示技术创新网格存在降低企业长期成本的趋势,该趋势提高了企业对进入网格后获得高知识溢出的预期。在演化经济学研究范围内,将技术创新网格视作个体群,创新性的分析了积累倾向对技术创新网格进入选择问题的影响,揭示了竞争在技术创新网格动因中的重要地位。
其次,对网格的治理问题采用两条研究路径:一方面侧重于结构治理的考察,建立新的技术创新网格治理结构选择模型,模型包含环境的不确定性、创新任务需求、创新企业的能力要素等四个维度,与网格实践结合得更为紧密;另一方面分析和探讨关系治理策略,提出了关联资本与关联租金概念,将异质性分析的范围引入技术创新网格中,指出关联租金是技术创新网格经济性优势的具体体现。
最后,以复杂性科学为工具构造“力场”去衡量技术创新网格的熵尺度,将复杂的技术创新网格创新力评价的多维问题作降维处理,得出较贴近现实的简单维度创新力计算公式,凸显了技术创新网格的创新优势,为后续多角度的技术创新网格的测评工作奠定了基础。
The impact of organizational governance, resource sharing, competitive upgrade, increases the motivation and complex nature of the technological innovation activities. This article on the background of the multi-disciplinary assimilated to the technological innovation, abstract the model’s framework from the recent achievement of grid technology, Complexity Theory and Economic theory. The original theory of technological innovation grid was raised in this paper. It has extended the research field of technological innovation system.
In the dissertation, from Perspective of fundamental research of complexity science and Evolutionary Economics, the technological innovation system, Evolutionary Economics and complexity theory were summarized; the technological innovation grid was defined. With the framework of the model described, the mechanism of disintegration in its evolution was introduced. And then it is fully researched in relation to the three primary problem of technological innovation: the motivation of grid set up, grid management, the scale of entropy-evaluation in innovation of grid.
First aimed at the motivation of grid, the driving force in the levels of Internal, external and collaborative was inducted; the normal form of the grid’s‘Economic applicability’was established; the motivation of innovation and cost in technological innovation was analyzed. The result indicated that the existence of innovative grid reduced the cost of corporate long-term trend which improve the enterprise’s expectancy with a spill of high knowledge after dealing with the grid. In the field of Evolutionary Economics the technological innovation grid was viewed as individual group. The impact of accumulated tend on the selection of technological innovation grid was analyzed originally. And the Important position of competition in motivation of technological innovation grid was revealed.
Secondly, there are two ways of governing the grid: on the one hand, focusing on the structure governance inspection, the selection model of the technological innovation grid governance structure was established. This model which includes the uncertainty of the environment, the innovation mission requirements, the capacity of the innovative enterprises, and etc, is closely related to Grid Practice. On the other hand, the Governance strategy was analyzed and discussed in the dissertation. The concept of associated capital and associated rent was introduced. With the Heterogeneity Analysis induced to the technological innovation grid, the associated rent was found to be the concrete manifestation of the economic advantage of the technological innovation grid.
Finally the Entropy scale of technological innovation grid was measured with the tool of‘force field’constructed with the complexity science. The complex Multi-dimensional problem in evaluation of the Innovation of technological innovation grid was reduced. With the introduction of simple dimensional formula innovation calculation, the advantage of technological innovation grid was fully proved. It laid the foundation of the follow-up work of estimate of technological innovation grid.
本文从复杂性科学与演化经济学的视角出发,对技术创新系统、演化经济学和复杂性等理论进行梳理,定义技术创新网格,描绘了其结构模型,指出在其演化过程中存在蜕变机制。然后围绕技术创新网格的三大主要问题展开研究:网格的动因,治理,创新力的熵评价尺度。
首先,针对网格动因列举了内部、外部、协同三个层面的驱动观,建立网格的“经济适用性”范式,探寻了创新与成本的双重竞争优势路径。分析显示技术创新网格存在降低企业长期成本的趋势,该趋势提高了企业对进入网格后获得高知识溢出的预期。在演化经济学研究范围内,将技术创新网格视作个体群,创新性的分析了积累倾向对技术创新网格进入选择问题的影响,揭示了竞争在技术创新网格动因中的重要地位。
其次,对网格的治理问题采用两条研究路径:一方面侧重于结构治理的考察,建立新的技术创新网格治理结构选择模型,模型包含环境的不确定性、创新任务需求、创新企业的能力要素等四个维度,与网格实践结合得更为紧密;另一方面分析和探讨关系治理策略,提出了关联资本与关联租金概念,将异质性分析的范围引入技术创新网格中,指出关联租金是技术创新网格经济性优势的具体体现。
最后,以复杂性科学为工具构造“力场”去衡量技术创新网格的熵尺度,将复杂的技术创新网格创新力评价的多维问题作降维处理,得出较贴近现实的简单维度创新力计算公式,凸显了技术创新网格的创新优势,为后续多角度的技术创新网格的测评工作奠定了基础。
The impact of organizational governance, resource sharing, competitive upgrade, increases the motivation and complex nature of the technological innovation activities. This article on the background of the multi-disciplinary assimilated to the technological innovation, abstract the model’s framework from the recent achievement of grid technology, Complexity Theory and Economic theory. The original theory of technological innovation grid was raised in this paper. It has extended the research field of technological innovation system.
In the dissertation, from Perspective of fundamental research of complexity science and Evolutionary Economics, the technological innovation system, Evolutionary Economics and complexity theory were summarized; the technological innovation grid was defined. With the framework of the model described, the mechanism of disintegration in its evolution was introduced. And then it is fully researched in relation to the three primary problem of technological innovation: the motivation of grid set up, grid management, the scale of entropy-evaluation in innovation of grid.
First aimed at the motivation of grid, the driving force in the levels of Internal, external and collaborative was inducted; the normal form of the grid’s‘Economic applicability’was established; the motivation of innovation and cost in technological innovation was analyzed. The result indicated that the existence of innovative grid reduced the cost of corporate long-term trend which improve the enterprise’s expectancy with a spill of high knowledge after dealing with the grid. In the field of Evolutionary Economics the technological innovation grid was viewed as individual group. The impact of accumulated tend on the selection of technological innovation grid was analyzed originally. And the Important position of competition in motivation of technological innovation grid was revealed.
Secondly, there are two ways of governing the grid: on the one hand, focusing on the structure governance inspection, the selection model of the technological innovation grid governance structure was established. This model which includes the uncertainty of the environment, the innovation mission requirements, the capacity of the innovative enterprises, and etc, is closely related to Grid Practice. On the other hand, the Governance strategy was analyzed and discussed in the dissertation. The concept of associated capital and associated rent was introduced. With the Heterogeneity Analysis induced to the technological innovation grid, the associated rent was found to be the concrete manifestation of the economic advantage of the technological innovation grid.
Finally the Entropy scale of technological innovation grid was measured with the tool of‘force field’constructed with the complexity science. The complex Multi-dimensional problem in evaluation of the Innovation of technological innovation grid was reduced. With the introduction of simple dimensional formula innovation calculation, the advantage of technological innovation grid was fully proved. It laid the foundation of the follow-up work of estimate of technological innovation grid.
引文
[1] (美)J.A.Schumpeter,经济发展理论:对于利润、资本、信贷、利息和经济周期的考察(何畏,易家详,张军扩等译)[M],北京:商务印书馆,1990. 70~73.
[2]吴永忠,关士续,技术创新系统建构观:背景及其涵义[J],自然辩证法通讯,2002,24(5):32~39.
[3] G·Dosi,C·Freeman,Lundvall,Technical Change and Economic Theory (Research Series) [M],London and New York:Pinter Pub Ltd,1990.
[4] G·Silverberg,G·Dosi,Orsenigol,Innovation,Diversity and Diffusion:a Self-organizing Model[J],Economic Journal,1988,98(193):1032~1054.
[5]林德宏,超越熊彼特——对传统创新观的反思[J],南京财经大学学报,2006,(4):7~10.
[6]许庆瑞,研究、发展与技术创新管理[M],北京:高等教育出版社,2000. 395~398.
[7]胡俊成,侯峻,基于哲学视野的技术创新理论演进研究[J],东南大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2007,9(4):31~34.
[8]戴锦,程砚昆,技术生态化问题[J],科技管理研究,2007,27(2):21~22.
[9] Freeman C.,Networks of innovators:A Synthesis of research issues[J],Research Policy,1991,20:499~514.
[10] Link,A.N.and Bauer,L.L.,Cooperative Research in US Manufacturing:Assessing Policy Initiatives and Corporate Strategies[M],Lexington,M.A.:Lexington Books,1989. 27~32.
[11] Mowery,D.and Rosenberg,N.,Technology and the Pursuit of Economic Growth[M],London:Cambridge University Press,1989. 68~73.
[13]吴永忠,企业创新网络的形成及其演化,自然辩证法研究,2005,(9):69~72.
[14]李铁立,边界效应与跨边界次区域经济合作研究[M],北京:中国金融出版社,2005. 59~59.
[15] (英)G·多西,C·弗里曼,R·纳尔逊等,技术进步与经济理论(钟学义,沈利生,陈平等译)[M],北京:经济出版社,1992. 272~273.
[16] (美)W·L·希尔,G·R·琼斯著,战略管理(孙忠译)[M],北京:中国市场出版杜,2008. 116.
[17] Richard N·Foster,Innovation:the Attacker`S Advantage[M],USA New York:Summit Books,1986. 316~317.
[18] Clayton M·Christensen,the innovator`S Dilemma:When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail[M],USA MA Boston:Harvard Business School Press,1997. 189~190.
[19] Alfred D. Chandler,The Visible Hand:The Managerial Revolution in American Business[M],USA MA Cambridge:Harvard Belknap,1977.51~53.
[20] I·Nonaka,H·Takeuchi,The Knowledge-Creating Company:How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation[M],New York:Oxford University Press,1995. 23~25.
[21]谈毅,仝允桓,李雪凤,技术路线图的产业创新模式:一个选择性评述[J],研究与发展管理,2007,19(4):23~30.
[22] Saxberg·B , Slocum·J·W , The management of Scientific manpower[J] ,Management Sience,1968,14(9):473~489.
[23] Kahn·K·B,Interdepartmental integration:a definition with implications for product development performance[J] , Journal of Product Innovation Management,1996,13(2):137~151.
[24] Kahn·K·B,Market orientation,interdepartmental integration and product development performance[J],Journal of Product Innovation Management,2001,18(5):314~323.
[25]许庆瑞,郑刚,喻子达等,全面创新管理:21世纪创新管理的新趋势[J],科研管理,2003,(5):1~5.
[26]王大洲,企业创新网络进化与治理[M],北京:知识产权出版社,2006. 125~130.
[27] Alexander N.Gorban,Iliya V. Karlin,Andrei Yu.Zinovyev,Invariant grids for reaction kinetics[J],Physica A,2004,333:106~154.
[28] Paul T.Jaeger,Ben Shneiderman,Kenneth R.Fleischmann,Jennifer Preece,et al,Community response grids:E-government,social networks and effective emergency management[J],Tele- communications Policy,2007,31:592~604.
[29] Robert Barro,Xavier Sala-i-Martin,Convergence Across States and Regions[J],Journal of Political Economy,1991,100(2):223~251.
[30] Michael Gibbons , C·Limoges , H·Nowortny et.The New Production of Konwledge : The Dynamics of Science and Resaeach In Contemporary Society[M],London:Sage,1994. 39~43.
[31]吴贵生,王毅,关于北京区域技术战略的思考与建议[J],科学学研究,2002,(3):276~280.
[32] Porter,From competitive advantage to corporate strategy[J],Harvard Bus Rev,1987,65:43~59.
[33] Hamel·G,Y·L·Doz,C·K·Prahalad,Collaborate with your competitorsand win[J],Harvard Bus Rev,1989,(12):133~139.
[34] Parkhe A,The structuring of strategic alliances:A game theoretical and transaction-cost examination of interfirm cooperation [J],Acad Management,1993,36:794~829.
[35] Smith·K·G,S·carroll,S·J·Ashford,Intra-and interorganizational cooperation[J],Toward a research agenda Acad Management,1995,38(1):7~23.
[36]吴岱明,科学研究方法初探[J],武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1987,(3):41~46.
[37] Tuckman·B·W,Conducting Educational Research[M].New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc,1978. 16~18.
[38] I·Foster,C·Kesselman,J·Nick,The Physiology of the Grid:An Open Grid Services Architecture for Distributed Systems,Globus Project [DB/OL],http://www.globus.org/alliance/publications/papers.php,2002-06-22.
[39]贾根良,超越市场与企业两分法[J],经济社会体制比较,1998,(4):13~19.
[40]罗炜,企业合作创新理论研究[M],上海:复旦大学出版社,2002,37~38.
[41] Oliver E·Williamson,Markets and Hierarchies[M],New York:The Free Press,1975. 269~269.
[42]迈克尔·波特,竞争优势(陈小悦等译)[M],北京:华夏出版社,1997. 56.
[43]陈剑,冯蔚东,虚拟企业构建与管理[M],北京:清华出版社,2002. 14.
[44] Mansfield E.,Industrial research and technological innovation[M],New York:W.W.Norton,1968. 33~40.
[45] Mueser R.,Identifying technical innovations[J],IEEE Trans on EngManagement,1985,(11):98~101.
[46] Nathan Rosenberg,David·C,Mowery,Paths of Innovation:Technological Change in 20th-Century America[M],New York:Cambridge University Press,1998. 46~47.
[47]张文树,关于哲学视域下的技术创新[J],太原大学学报,2007, 8(1):13~15.
[48] James M·Utterback,Mastering the Dynamics of innovation[M], New York:Harvard Business School Press,1996,16~17.
[49]韩晓东,企业集成创新理论研究综述[J],科技创业月刊,2007,(6):157~158.
[50] B·Gille,Histoire des Techn`qugs[M],Paris,1977. 1398~1410.
[51] (美)理查德·R.纳尔逊,悉尼·G.温特,经济变迁的演化理论(胡世凯译)[M],北京:商务印书馆,1997. 24~31.
[52] M·A·Scheirer,Approaches to the study of implementation[J]. IEEE transactions on Engineering Management,1983,30(2):76~82.
[53] V·W·拉坦,诱致性制度变迁理论[A],(美)Coadse·R,Alchain·A,North·D,财产权利与制度变迁:产权学派与新制度学派译文集——当代经济学系列丛书(刘守英等译)[C],上海:上海人民出版社,2004. 225~230.
[54] North·Douglass·C , Institutions, Institutional Change , and EconomicsPerformance[M],New York:Combridge University Press,1990. 58~60.
[55] (美)凡勃伦,有闲阶级论(蔡受百译)[M],北京:商务印书馆,1964. 139~l42.
[56] (美)诺斯,托马斯,西方世界的兴起[M],北京:华夏出版社,1999. 5.
[57] Freeman·C,Technology and Policy and Economic Performance:Lesson from Japan[M],London:Printer Press,1987. 13~28.
[58] Lundvall·B,National Systems of Innovation:Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning[M],New York:ST.Martin`s Press,1992. 50~83.
[59] Nelson·R,National Innovation System:A Comparatives Analysis[M], New York:Oxford University Press,1993. 30~42.
[60] P·Patel,K·Pavitti,The Nature and Economic Importance of National Innovation System,OECD Science Technology Industry,1994. 14.
[61] Archibugi·D , Michie·J , The Globalisation of Technology : a New Taxonomy[J],Cambridge Journal of Economics,1995,(19):121~140.
[62]王海燕,张钢,国家创新系统理论研究的回顾与展望[J],经济学动态,2000,(11):66~71.
[63] Cooke P.,Morgan K.,The Associational Economy:Firms,Regional and Innovation[M],New York:Oxford University Press,1998. 321~370.
[64] Ohmae K.,The Rise of the Region State[J],Foreign Affairs,1993,(72):78~87.
[65] Cooke P.,Urange M.G.,EtxeBarria G.,Regional Innovation Systems:Institutional and Organizational Dimensions[J],Research Policy,1997,(26):475~491.
[66] Aydalot,Keeble D.,High Technology Industry and innovative Environments:The European Experience[M],London:Routeledge,1998. 332~340.
[67] Saxenian L.,The Origins and Dynamics of Product Networks in Silicon Valley[J],Research Policy,1991,20(5):423~438.
[68]聂鸣,蔡希贤,技术创新的主体环境及模式[J],软科学,1992,6(4):5~9.
[69]陈昌曙,陈凡,“高技术与社会”若干问题引论[J],自然辩证法研究,1991,(6):51~56.
[70]王伟强,吴晓波,技术创新的学习模式[J],科技管理研究,1993,(5):20~23.
[71]项保华,企业运行动力分析模式研究[J],系统工程理论方法应用,1993,2(3):9~13.
[72]洪后其,傅家骥,现行经济体制对技术创新扩散的影响[J],科学学与科学技术管理,1991,12(4):13~15.
[73]顾新一,技术创新与经济环境[J],软科学研究,1990,(3):29~31.
[74]贾蔚文,实行以技术创新为内在机制的发展模式[J],中国科技论坛,1989,(1):6~9.
[75]许志晋,冯丹纯,现代科技革命下的适应技术对社会可持发展的支撑与协生规律研究论纲[J],中国软科学,1998,(6):58~60.
[76]王大洲,关士续,科学、技术与经济间关系的制度分析[J],自然辩证法研究,2001,17(1):29~32,42.
[77]刘洪涛,汪应洛,中国创新模式及其演进的实证研究[J],科学学与科学技术管理,1999,20(6):6~9.
[78]翁君奕,竞争、不确定性与企业间技术创新合作[J],经济研究,2002,(3):53~60.
[79]马名驹,知识经济与企业创新方式的变革[J],中国科技论坛,1999,(6):29~31.
[80]池仁勇,企业技术创新效率及其影响因素研究[J],2003(6):105~108.
[81]陈劲,张朋伟,中国企业技术创新评估体系模型[J],软科学,2002,16(4):80~83.
[82]刘顺忠,官建成,区域创新系统创新绩效的评价[J],中国管理科学,2002,10(1):75~78.
[83]毕克新,朱娟,中小企业产品创新测度指标体系研究[J],中国软科学,2002,(9):55~58.
[84]向刚,企业技术创新过程的效益定量评价:思路,方法及其应用[J],经济问题探索,1997,(9):14~16.
[85]杨建君,李垣,刘景安,市场结构、治理结构和企业技术创新[J],科学学与科学技术管理,2003,24(6):52~55.
[86]陈劲,龚焱,技术创新高标准定位研究:新理论模型构建与分析[J],管理工程学报,2002,16(4):28~32.
[87]邢小强,仝允桓创新视角下的企业网络能力与技术能力关系研究[J],科学学与科学技术管理,2007,28(12):182~186.
[88]蒋军锋,党兴华,王晶晶,基于拓扑结构的技术创新网络社会资本测度及其应用研究[J],管理学报,2008,5(1):25~32.
[89]陈功玉,企业技术创新行为非线性系统的动力学分析[J],系统工程,2005,23(12):74~78.
[90]陈功玉,钟祖昌,邓晓岚,企业技术创新行为非线性系统演化的博弈分析[J],南方经济,2006,(4):110~118.
[91]蔡虹,张永林,我国区域间外溢技术知识存量的测度及其经济效果研究[J],管理学报,2008,5(4):568-575,590.
[92]吴晓波,聂品,技术系统演化与相应的知识演化理论综述[J],科研管理,2008,29(2):103~114.
[93]杨建君,吴春鹏,公司治理结构对企业技术创新选择的影响[J],西安交通大学学报:社会科学版,2007,27(1):34~38.
[94]蒋春燕,技术资产与配置能力的绩效影响研究:基于中国新兴企业的实证分析[J],南开管理评论,2008,(2):92~100.
[95]孙锐,王乃静,石金涛,中国背景下不同类型企业组织创新气氛差异实证研究[J],南开管理评论,2008,(2):42~49.
[96]郑梅莲,宝贡敏,技术战略影响企业绩效的机理研究——以浙江省制造业企业为例[J],科学学研究,2007,25(4):691~696.
[97]李随成,肖鸿,技术不确定条件下供应商参与程度对产品开发绩效的影响分析[J],科技进步与对策,2007,24(9):32~35.
[98]李随成,杨婷,研发合作企业间知识共享与合作绩效的关系[J],科技进步与对策,2007,24(10):180~184.
[99]于成永,施建军,研发模式选择及其对创新绩效的影响——一个研究综述[J],经济管理,2006,(19):6~11.
[100]张鸿萍,苏文胜,企业创新战略中的技术选择[J],统计与决策,2007,(6):147~149.
[101] Mark Dodgson,RoyRothwell,The Handbook of Industrial Innovation[M],Cheltenham:Edward Elgar. 1994. 126~137.
[102]马克·达吉森,罗伊·罗斯韦尔,创新聚集——产业创新手册(陈劲等译)[M],北京:清华大学出版社,2000. 48~53.
[103] Assis J A B,External linkages and technological innovation:(some)topical issues[J],Int.J.Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management,2003,3(2/3):151~175.
[104]过聚荣,茅宁,基于进入权理论的技术创新网络治理分析[J],中国软科学,2005,(2):73~79.
[105] Lundvall,Bengt-Ake.National Innovation System of Economic Lerning:Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. [M],London:Printer Publishers.1988. 47.
[106] Imai,K&Y.Baba,Systemic innovation and cross-border networks:Transcending markets and hierarehies to create a new techno-econo-mic system[R],1989,OECD , Technology and productivity : the Challenger for Economic Policy.OECD,Paris 1991.
[107]高洁,糜仲春,魏久檗,企业技术创新网络的形成模式、结构及交互关系研究[J],价值工程,2007,26(8):30~33.
[108] Spekman R.E,Lynn.A.L,MacAvoy T.C et al,Creating strategic alliances which endure[J],Long Range Planning,1996,(29):3.
[109] Kok G,Wildeman L,Succesvolle Alliances[J],Nijenrode Management Review,1997,(4):12~13.
[110] Dacin M.T,Hitt M.A,Levitas.E,Selecting partners for successful international allaiances:examination of US and Korean firms[J],Journal of world Bussiness,1997,(32):1.
[111] Pekar P. and Allio R,Marking alliances work-guidelines for success[J],Long Range Planning,1994,(27):3~5.
[112] Lorange P. and Roos J,Strategic Alliances-Formation ,Implementation and Evolution[M],Oxford:Blackwell,1993. 68.
[113] Hamel G,Competition for competence and interpartner learningwithwin international strategic alliance[J],Strategic Management,1991,(12):83~103.
[114] Seung·Ho·Park , Gerardo·R·Ungson , Interfirm Rivalry and Managerial Complexity:A Conceptual Framework of Alliance Failure[J].Organization Scienve,2001,(8):23~26.
[115]高展军,李垣,战略网络结构对企业技术创新的影响研究[J].科学学研究,2006,24(3):474~479.
[116]丁云龙,远德玉,试析演化观中的技术创新问题[J],中国软科学, 2001,(9):79~82.
[117] Koschatzky·K,Kulicke·M ,Zenker·A,Innovation networks-concep- ts and challenges in the European perspective[M] . New York : Physica-Verlag Heidelberg,2001.
[118] Berninghaus·S,Guth·W,Kliemt·H,From teleology to evolution:bridging the gap between rationality and adaptation in social explanation[J],J Evol Econ,2003,(13):385~410.
[119] Gulati·R,N·Nohria,A·Zaheer,Strategic networks[J],Strategic Management Journal,2000,21(3):203~215.
[120] Winter·S·G,Kaniovski·Y·M,Dosi·G,A baseline model of industry evolution[J],J Evol Econ,2003,(13):355~383.
[121]吴贵生,李纪珍,孙议政,技术创新网络和技术外包[J],科研管理,2000,(7):33~43.
[122] Warren weaver,Science and Complexity[J], American Scientist,1948:(36):536.
[123]钱学森,于景元,戴汝为等,开放的复杂巨系统[M],杭州:浙江科学技术出版社,1996. 20~22.
[124]张东风,基于复杂性理论的企业集群成长与创新系统研究[D],博士学位论文,天津,天津大学,2005.
[125] Zadeh,L.A,Fuzzy sets[J],Information and Control,1995,3(8):338~353.
[126] Monge,P.R.,theoretical and analytical issues in studies organization process[J],Academic of Management Science,1990,1:406~490.
[127] Sutardi,C.R.,Multiobjective water resources investment planning under budgetary uncertainty and fuzzy environment[J],European Journal of Operational Research,Amsterdam,1995,82(3):556~591.
[130] Pearson,A.W.,Planning and control in research and development[J],OMEGA,1999,118(6):573~581.
[129]黄欣荣,复杂性科学的方法论研究[M],重庆:重庆大学出版社,2006. 103~104.
[130]郭贵春,安军,隐喻的语境分析[J],江海学刊,2002,(5):36~43.
[131] Carroll·G·R,Ecological Models of Organization[M], Cambridge:MA Ballinge,1988. 65~66.
[132] Hannan.M.T.,Freeman.J.H.,The population ecology of organization [J],The American Journal of Sociology,1977,82(5):929~964.
[133]孙圣兰,夏恩君,技术系统演化的耗散结构观[J],北京理工大学学报:社会科学版,2006,8(2):42~45.
[134]陈昌曙,远德玉,论技术[M],沈阳:辽宁科技出版社,1985.53.
[135]秦书生,复杂性技术观[M],北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004.84.
[136]秦书生,陈凡,“三个代表”系统观与中国社会复杂系统自组织进化[J],系统辩证学学报,2003,(1):71~73.
[137] Rosenberg·N,Inside the Black-Box:Technology and the Pursuit of Economic Growth[M],London:Cambridge University Press,1982.35~37.
[138] (美)乔治·巴萨拉,技术发展简史(周光发译)[M],上海:复旦大学出版社.2000.32.
[139]杨礼银,朱松峰,30年来的马克思主义“历史决定论”研究[J],学术论坛,2008,(10):37~40.
[140]贾根良,进化经济学:开创新的研究程序[J],经济社会体制比较,1999,(3):67~72.
[141] (美)沃勒斯坦,开放的社会科学(刘锋译)[M],北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1997.68.
[142]杨勇华,从技术知识观到技术演化观:一种新的分析范式[J],科技进步与对策,2007,24(10):106~109.
[143] Thorstein·Veblen , Why is Economics Not an Evolutionary Science [EB/OL]. http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/veblen/econevol.txt ,2008-06-01/2008-11-10.
[144] (德)卡尔·马克思著,资本论:第1卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1975.270~278.
[145]任力,技术进步与经济增长的理论变迁[D],博士学位论文,厦门,厦门大学,2005.
[146] Marshall·A,The principles of economics[M](8th ed),London:Macmillan,1949. 16.
[147] Armen·A·Alchian,Uncertainty, Evolution, and Economic Theory[J],The Journal of Political Economy,1950,58(3):211~221.
[148] (美)贝克尔,人类行为的经济分析(王业宇,陈琪译)[M],上海:格致出版社,2008. 363~364.
[149] (美)米尔顿·弗里德曼,米尔顿·弗里德曼文萃(上)(胡雪峰,武玉宁译)[M],北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2001. 33~34.
[150] Joseph A. Schumpeter,Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy[M],London:Harper Perennial,1962. 271~272.
[151]刘志高,尹贻梅,演化经济学的理论知识体系分析[J],外国经济与管理,2007,29(6):1~6,13.
[152] Jan Fagerberg , The dynamics of technology , growth and trade : a Schumpeterian[EB/OL] , http://ideas.repec.org/p/tik/wpaper/25. html ,2003-11-12/2008-11-07.
[153] Richard R.Nelson,Sidney G.Winter,An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change[M],MA Cambridge:Belknap Press,2006. 165~167.
[154] (瑞士)库尔特·多普菲,演化经济学:纲领与范围(贾根良等译)[M],北京:高等教育出版社,2004. 23~24.
[155] Witt U,Evolutionary Economics[M],Cheltenham UK:Edward Elgar,1993. 56~58.
[156] Witt U,Evolutionary Economics:An Interpretative Survey[A],Dopfer.K,Evolutionary Economics : Program and Scope[C] , Amsterdam : Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001. 49.
[157] (英)杰弗里·M·霍奇逊,制度与演化经济学现代文选——关键性概念(贾根良等译)[M],北京:高等教育出版社,2005. 49.
[158] Potts G D,The new evolutionary microeconomics:complexity,competence,and adaptive behavior[M],Cheltenham:Edward Elgar,2000. 55~56.
[159] Richard L. Daft,Organization Theory and Design(9 edition)[M],Cincinnati,Ohio:South-Western College Pub,2006. 52.
[160] Foss N J,An evolutionary theory of firm:reconstruction and its relation with the theory of contract[A],Dopfer.K,Evolutionary Economics:Program and Scope[C],Amsterdam:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001. 319~328.
[161] Witt U,Evolutionary in Markets and Institutions[M],Physica:Verlag Heidelberg,1993. 5.
[162]王焕祥,演化微观经济学的传统、发展及其综合[A],陈劲,演化与创新经济学评论[M],北京:科学出版社,2008. 49~60.
[163] John Foster,J.S. Metcalfe,Frontiers of Evolutionary Economics: Competition,Self-organization and Innovation Policy[M],Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd,2001. 1.
[164]贾根良,演化经济学——经济学革命的策源地[M],太原:山西人民出版社,2004. 24~28.
[165] Foster.J,The Analytical foundations of Evolutionary Economics:From Biological Analogy to Economic Self-Organisation[J],Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,1997,(8):427~451.
[166] Hodgson.G.M,Darwinism in Economics:From Analogy to Ontology[J],Journal of Evolutionary Economics,2002,(6):259~281.
[167] Witt.U,Self-organisation and Economics——What Is New?[J],Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,1997,(8):489~507.
[168] Brook.D.,Wiley.E,Evolution as Entropy:Towards a Unified Theory of Biology[M],Chicago:Chicago University Press,1986. 77~83.
[169] Foster.J,Competitive Selection,Self-Organisation and Joseph A.Schumpeter[J],Journal of Evolutionary Economics,2000,(6):311～312,325.
[170] (美)卡尔·夏皮罗,哈尔·瓦里安,信息规则——网络经济的策略指导(张帆译)[M],北京:中国人民出版社,2000. 62.
[171] Arthur W.B.,Competing Technologies,Increasing Returns,and Lock-in by Historical Events[J],Economic Journal,1989,(3):33~41.
[172] Katz M,Shapiro C.,Network externalities,competition and compatibility[J],The American Economic Review,1985,(75):424~441.
[173] Bertrand Quélin , Tamym Abdessemed , Jean-Philippe Bonardietal ,Standardization of Network Technologies:Market Processes or the Result of Inter-Firm Co-operation[J],Journal of Economic Surveys 2002,15(4):543~569.
[174]周鹏,技术进步与经济增长的理论变迁[D],博士学位论文,大连,东北财经大学,2003.
[175] Utterback,James M.,Mastering the Dynamic of Innovation[M], Boston,Mass:Harvard Business School press,1994. 173~191.
[176] J.S.Metcalfe and M. Gibbons,Structural Change and the Evolution of Technology[A],L. Pasinetti and P. Lloyd,Structural Change,Economic Interdependence and World Development[C],London:Macmillan (for the International Economic Association),1988. 81~86.
[177] J.S.Metcalfe,Competition and Collaboration in the Innovation Process[A],W.Eltis (ed.) Simulating Industrial Innovation,London:Basil Blackwell[C],1992. 12~16.
[178] J.S.Metcalfe and I. Miles,Standards,Selection and Variety:an evolutionary approach[J],Information Economics and Policy,1994,(6):243~268.
[179] David.P,D.Foray,Accessing and Expanding the Science and Technology Knowledge Base[R],STI Review16,Paris:OECD,1995.
[180] David.P.A,Steinmuller.W.E,Economics of Compatibility and Competition in Telecommunication Networks[J],Information Economics and Policy,1994,(6):217~242.
[181] Hemenway D,Industry wide Voluntray Product Standards[M], Cambridge,MA:Ballinger Publishing Company,1975. 42~52.
[182]张伟峰,创新联结——企业创新网络与技术创新方式研究[M],北京:经济管理出版社,2006. 90-95.
[183] Hill E.,Brennan J.,A Methodology for Identifying the Drivers of Industrial Clusters:The Foundation of Regional Competitive Advantage[J],Economic Development Quarterly,2000,14:65~96.
[184] Hanson G.,Increasing Returns,Trade and the Regional Structure of Wages[J],Economics Journal,1997,(7):113~133.
[185] Cook P.,Introduction:Origins of the Concept,in Braczyk H.J.[A],Cook P.,Hdidenreich M.(eds)Regional Innovation Systems,The Role of Governances in a Globalized World[C],London:UCL Press,1998,225~301.
[186] Radosevic,Regional Innovation Systems in Central and Eastern Europe[J],Journal of Technology Transfer,2002,27:87~96.
[187] (美)Francine Berman,Geoffrey C.Fox,Tony Hey,网格计算:支持全球化资源共享与协作的关键技术(都志辉等译)[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2005. 305-312.
[188] Geringert J M,L Hebert,Control and performance of international joint venture[J],Internat Bus Stud,1989,18:235-254.
[189] Jack Swan,Sue Newell,Harry Scarbrough,Knowledge management and innovaton : networks and networking[J] , Journal of Knowledge Management,1999,3(4):262-275.
[190] Timmis J,Mark Neal,John Hunt,An artificial immune system for data analysis[J],BioSystems,2000,(55):143~150.
[191]陈慰峰,医学免疫学[M],北京:人民卫生出版社,2001. 21~23.
[192]刘巨钦,陈应龙.对波特竞争战略理论的理性反思及其启示[J].科研管理,2004,25(5):35~40.
[193]尚荣华,焦李成,公茂果等.免疫克隆算法求解动态多目标优化[J],软件学报,2007,18(11):2700~2711.
[194] De castro L N,Von Zuben F J. The Clonal Selection Algorithm with Engineering Applications [R],Las Vegas,USA:GECCO2000,2000.
[195]冯丽珠,汤光宋,含参数λ的Euler型微分方程的求解公式[J],长沙大学学报,2006,20(5):5~7.
[196] Feigenbam M J,Kadanoff L P,Shenker S J,Quasiperiodicity in dissipative systems:a renormalisation group analysis[J],Physica D:Nonlinear Phenomena,1982,5(2-3):370~386.
[197] Li F T,Long T,Lu Y,Ouyang Q,etc,The yeast cell-cycle network is robustly designed[J],PNAS,2004,101:4781~4786.
[198]王以华,吕萍,徐波等,组织免疫研究初探[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2006,27(6):133~139.
[199]曾广容,系统开放性原理[J],系统辩证学学报,2005,13(3):43~46.
[200] (美)内森?罗森伯格,小伯泽尔,西方致富之路——工业化国家的经济演变(刘赛力等译)[M],北京:三联书店,1989,30~30.
[201]吴永忠,技术创新的信息过程论[M],沈阳:东北大学出版社,2002. 92~93.
[202]经济合作发展组织(OECD),以知识为基础的经济[M],北京:机械工业出版社,1997,10~11.
[203]苗东升,分形与复杂性[J],系统辩证学学报,2003,11(2):7~13.
[204] Holland J?H,Emergence:from chaos to order[M],Boston:Addsion-WeSley Company,1998,122~122.
[206]陈佳贵.关于企业生命周期与企业蜕变的探讨[J].中国工业经济,1995,(11):5~13.
[207]高哈特,凯利(美)著,宋伟航译.企业蜕变[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006. 67~72.
[208]谢应齐,曹杰.非线性动力学数学方法[M].北京:气象出版社,2001. 53.
[209] Nielsen M A,Chuang I L,Quantum computation and quantum information[M],London:Cambridge University Press,2000. 33~34.
[210]俞洋,殷志锋,田亚菲,混合量子进化算法及其应用[J],计算机工程与应用,2006,28:72~76.
[211]杨淑媛,刘芳,焦李成,一种基于量子染色体的遗传算法[J],西安电子科技大学学报,2004,31(1):76~81.
[212]任林源,李永明,量子态转化的一些数学性质[J],西北大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(5):711~714.
[213]陈士俊,赖迪辉,技术创新网格及其演进研究[J],科学学与科学技术管理,2009,30(1):71~76.
[214]祝庚,遗传算法及轮盘赌选择的C++实现[J],东莞理工学院学报, 2007,14(5):70~74.
[215] Khan S,Kin F.Li,Eric G Manning,Solving the knapsack Problem for Adaptive Multimedia Systems[J],Studia Informatica Universalis,2002,2(1):157~178.
[216] M.Hifi , M.Michrafy and A.Sbihi , A Reactive Local Search-based algorithm for the Multiple-choice Mulit-Dimensional Knapsack problem[J],Computer Optimization and applictions,2006,33: 271~285.
[217] Moser M , Jokanovie DP and Shiratori N , An algorithm for the Multidimensional multiple-choice knapsack problem[J],IEICE Traps Fundamentals Electron,1997,80:582~589.
[218] William D. Bygrave , The entrepreneurship Paradigm(2) : Chaos and Catastrophes among Quantum Jumps[J],Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1989,14:7~30.
[219] Stuckey J.A , Vertical Integration and Joint Ventures in th Aluminum Industry[M],Cambridge:Hardvard University Press,1983. 66~75.
[220] Kougt B,Joint ventures:Theoretical and Emperical Perspectives[J],Strategic Management Journal,1988,9(4):319~332.
[221] Berg S,Friedman P,Joint Ventures in American Industry:An Overview[J],Mergers and Acquisitions,1978,(13):28~41.
[222]邵昶,李健,基于创新成本的企业边界问题研究[J],科技管理研究,2008,28(10):181~183.
[223]邵昶,李健,产业链“波粒二象性”研究——论产业链的特性、结构及其整合[J],中国工业经济,2007,(9):5~l3.
[224] Alchian.A,Woodward.S,Refflections on the Theory of the Firm[J],Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics,1987,(7):110~136.
[225] Khanna T.,Gulati R&Nohria N,The Dynamic of learning Alliances:Cpmpetition,Cooperation,and Relative Scope[J],Strategic Management Journal,1998,19(3):193~210.
[226]陈海秋,基于资源和管理的技术创新能力的定义和统计分析[J],北京航空航天大学学报:社会科学版,2003,16(1):63~66.
[227]陈劲,陈钰芬,开放创新体系与企业技术创新资源配置[J],科研管理,2006,27(3):1~8.
[228] David E. Bowen,Caren Siehl,The future of human resource management:March and Simon(1958)revisited[J],Human Resource Management,1998,36(1):57~63.
[229] Cyert.Richard M,March.James G.,A behavioral theory of the firm[M],Englewood Cliffs:Prentice-Hall,1963. 112~113.
[230] Loasby.B. J,Choice, Complexity and Ignorance[M],Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1976. 72~73.
[231] Chesborough,H.and Teece,D.,When is Virtual Virtuous?Organizing for Innovation[J],Harvard Business Review,1996,(2):86~88.
[232] Levinthal D.A.,March.James G.,The Myopia of Learning[J],Strategic Management Journal,1994,(14):95~112.
[233] Hamel G.& Prahalad C.K,Strategic Intent[J],Harvard Business Review,1989,12:63~76.
[234] Johnson J.L & Sohi R.S,The Influence of firm Predispositions on Interfirm Relationship Formation in Business Markets[J] , International Journal of Research in Marketing,2001,(18):299~318.
[235] Eisenhardt K. & Schoonhoven C.B,Resource-based View of Strategic Alliance Formation:Strategic and Social Effects in Entrpreneurial Firms[J],Organization Science,1996,7(2):136~150.
[236] Madhavan R.,Koka B.R.& Prescott J.E,Networks in Transition:How Industry Events(re)Shape Interfirm Relationships[J],Strategic Management Journal,1998,19(5):439~459.
[237] Burgers W.P.,Hill L. & Kim W.C,A Theory of Global Strategic Alliances:The Case of the Global auto Industry[J],Strategic Management Journal,1993,14(6):419~432.
[238] Halinen A.,Salmi A.,& Havila V.,From Dynadic Change to Changing Business Networks:An Analytical Framework[J],Journal of Management Studies,1999,36(6):779~794.
[239] Levinthal D.A.,Myatt J.,Co-evolution of Capabilities and Industry:The Evolution of Mutual Fund[J],Strategic Management Journal,1994,15:45~62.
[240] KozaM.P. & LewinA.Y , TheCo-Evolution of Strategic Alliances[J] ,Organization Science,1998,9(3):255~264.
[241] KozaM.P. & LewinA.Y,TheCo-Evolution of Network Alliances:A longitudinal,Analysis of an International Professional Service Network[J],Organization Science,1999,10(5):638~653.
[242] Mayr,E.,Typological versus Population Thinking[M],MA Cambridge:Belknap Press,1959. 27~44.
[243] Darden ,L. and Cain,J.A,Selection Type Theories[J],Philosophy of Science,1989,56:106~129.
[244] Sober,E.,The Nature Selection[M],New York:MIT Press,1984. 80~101.
[245] Brandon,B.N,Adaptation and Environment[M],MA:Princeton University Press,1990. 179~185.
[246] DeLiso,N.and Metcalfe,J.S,On Technological Systems and Technological Paradigms:Some Recent Developments in the Understanding of Technological Change[A].Helmstader,E. and Perlman,M et al,Behavioural Norms,Technical Progress,and Economic Dynamics[C],Nichigan University Press,1996. 237~256.
[247] Dawkins,R.,The Blind Watchmaker[M],London:Longman,1986. 66~83.
[248] Plotkin,H.,The Nature of Knowledge[M],London:Allan Lane,1994. 130~150
[249] Hannah,M.T. and Freeman,J.,Organizational Ecology[M],Cambridge,Harvard University Press,1989. 232~270.
[250] Klepper,S.,Entry,Exit,Growth and Innovation over the Product Life Cycle[J],American Economic Review,1996,86:562~583.
[251] Metcalfe,J.S.,Technology Syetems and Technology Policy in an Evolutionary Framework[J],Cambridge Journal of Economics,1995,19:25~46.
[252] Baldwin,J.R,The Dynamics of Industrial Competition:A North American perspective[M],Cambridge University Press,1995. 89~120.
[253] Granovetter M , Economic Action and Structure : the Problem of Embeddedness[J],American Journal of Sociology,1985,(91):137~153.
[254] Podolny J,Market Uncertainty the Social Character of Economic Exchange[J],Administerative Science Quarterly,1994,(39):76~91.
[255]杨瑞龙,胡琴,从技术创新透视外部网络化对企业治理结构的影响[J],学习与探索,2000,(6):16~20.
[256]迈克尔·迪屈奇,交易成本经济学[M],北京:科学出版社,1999. 202~210
[257] Wernerfelt B.,A resource-based view of the firm [J],Strategic Management Journal,1984,5:171~180.
[258] Das T K,Teng B S,A Resource-Based Theory of Strategic Alliances [J],Journal of Management,2000,26(1):31~61.
[259] Jones C,Hesterly S. W. & Borgatti P. S,A General Theory of Network Governance Exchange Conditions and Social Mechanisms[J],Academy of Management Review,1997,22(4): 911-945.
[260] Candace Jones,Hesterly and Stephen P.Borgatti,A general theory of network governance:Exchange conditions and social mechanisms[J],Academy of Management Journal,1997,22(4):911~945
[261] Helfat E. and David J.Teece,Vertical Integration and Risk Reduction[J],Journal of Law,Economics,and Organization,1987,2(1):47~67.
[262]彭正银,网络治理理论探析,中国软科学,2002,(3):37~41.
[263] Pearson A,Management innovation:an uncertainty reduction process[M],in Managing Innovation. London:Henry J. and Walker D. (eds) Sage/OU Press,1991. 18~27.
[264] Henry W , Chesbrough and David J.Teece , When Is Virtual Virtuous?--Organising for Innovation[J],Harvard Business Review,1996,1/2:65~73.
[265]杨瑞龙,冯健.企业间的效率边界:经济组织逻辑的重新审视[J],中国工业经济,2003,(11):27~30.
[266] Sakakibara M,Heterogeneity of firm capabilities and cooperative research and development:and empirical of motives[J],Strategic Management Journal,1997,18:143~164.
[267] Powell W W,Koput K W,Smith–Doerr L,Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation : Networks of learning in biotechnology[J] ,Administrative Science(Quarterly),1996, 41:116-145.
[268] Ian R.Macneil,The New Social Contract:An inquiry into modern contractual relations[M],New Haven,Connecticut:Yale University Press,1980. 325~370.
[269] Buono Anthony F,James L,Bowditch,The human side of mergers and acquisitions[M],Sanfrancisco:Jossey-Bass,1989. 96~119.
[270] Parkhe,Arvind,Strategic alliance structure a game theoretic and transaction cost examination of interfirm cooperation[J],Academy of Management Journal,1993,36:794~829.
[271] Paul J.H,Schoemaker,Strategy,Complexity and Economic Rent[J],Management Science,1990,36:10~15.
[272]杨瑞龙,杨其静,专用性、专用与企业制度[J],经济研究,2001(3):36~40.
[273] Richard Makdadok , Toward a Synthesis of the Resource-Based and Dynamic-Capability Views of rent Creation[J],Strategic Management Journal,2001,22(5):387~401.
[274] Joan Robinson,Economics of Imperfect Competition[M],London:Macmillan,1993. 206~212.
[275]罗珉,企业商业模式创新:基于租金理论的解释[J],中国工业经济,2005,(7):19~21.
[276] Bo Eriksen & Raphael Amit,Strategic Implications of Business Process Re-engineering[A],Nicolai J Foss and Christian Knusen(eds),Towards a Competence Theory of the Firm[M],London:Routledge,1996. 97~110.
[277]张小军,社会场论[M],北京:团结出版社,1991,157~160.
[278]宋华岭,广义与狭义管理熵理论——管理学的新理论[J],中国煤炭经济学院学报,2002,(1):45~50.
[279]贾春峰,文化力启示经济——21世纪企业战略新思维[M],北京:中国经济出版社,2002. 308~309.
[280] Renato R,A unified Metric of Software Complexity:Measuring Productivity,Quality and Value[J],Journal of Systems Software,1995,(29):17~37.
[281]张恭庆,林源渠,泛函分析讲义[M],北京:北京大学出版社,1999. 171~190.
[2]吴永忠,关士续,技术创新系统建构观:背景及其涵义[J],自然辩证法通讯,2002,24(5):32~39.
[3] G·Dosi,C·Freeman,Lundvall,Technical Change and Economic Theory (Research Series) [M],London and New York:Pinter Pub Ltd,1990.
[4] G·Silverberg,G·Dosi,Orsenigol,Innovation,Diversity and Diffusion:a Self-organizing Model[J],Economic Journal,1988,98(193):1032~1054.
[5]林德宏,超越熊彼特——对传统创新观的反思[J],南京财经大学学报,2006,(4):7~10.
[6]许庆瑞,研究、发展与技术创新管理[M],北京:高等教育出版社,2000. 395~398.
[7]胡俊成,侯峻,基于哲学视野的技术创新理论演进研究[J],东南大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2007,9(4):31~34.
[8]戴锦,程砚昆,技术生态化问题[J],科技管理研究,2007,27(2):21~22.
[9] Freeman C.,Networks of innovators:A Synthesis of research issues[J],Research Policy,1991,20:499~514.
[10] Link,A.N.and Bauer,L.L.,Cooperative Research in US Manufacturing:Assessing Policy Initiatives and Corporate Strategies[M],Lexington,M.A.:Lexington Books,1989. 27~32.
[11] Mowery,D.and Rosenberg,N.,Technology and the Pursuit of Economic Growth[M],London:Cambridge University Press,1989. 68~73.
[13]吴永忠,企业创新网络的形成及其演化,自然辩证法研究,2005,(9):69~72.
[14]李铁立,边界效应与跨边界次区域经济合作研究[M],北京:中国金融出版社,2005. 59~59.
[15] (英)G·多西,C·弗里曼,R·纳尔逊等,技术进步与经济理论(钟学义,沈利生,陈平等译)[M],北京:经济出版社,1992. 272~273.
[16] (美)W·L·希尔,G·R·琼斯著,战略管理(孙忠译)[M],北京:中国市场出版杜,2008. 116.
[17] Richard N·Foster,Innovation:the Attacker`S Advantage[M],USA New York:Summit Books,1986. 316~317.
[18] Clayton M·Christensen,the innovator`S Dilemma:When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail[M],USA MA Boston:Harvard Business School Press,1997. 189~190.
[19] Alfred D. Chandler,The Visible Hand:The Managerial Revolution in American Business[M],USA MA Cambridge:Harvard Belknap,1977.51~53.
[20] I·Nonaka,H·Takeuchi,The Knowledge-Creating Company:How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation[M],New York:Oxford University Press,1995. 23~25.
[21]谈毅,仝允桓,李雪凤,技术路线图的产业创新模式:一个选择性评述[J],研究与发展管理,2007,19(4):23~30.
[22] Saxberg·B , Slocum·J·W , The management of Scientific manpower[J] ,Management Sience,1968,14(9):473~489.
[23] Kahn·K·B,Interdepartmental integration:a definition with implications for product development performance[J] , Journal of Product Innovation Management,1996,13(2):137~151.
[24] Kahn·K·B,Market orientation,interdepartmental integration and product development performance[J],Journal of Product Innovation Management,2001,18(5):314~323.
[25]许庆瑞,郑刚,喻子达等,全面创新管理:21世纪创新管理的新趋势[J],科研管理,2003,(5):1~5.
[26]王大洲,企业创新网络进化与治理[M],北京:知识产权出版社,2006. 125~130.
[27] Alexander N.Gorban,Iliya V. Karlin,Andrei Yu.Zinovyev,Invariant grids for reaction kinetics[J],Physica A,2004,333:106~154.
[28] Paul T.Jaeger,Ben Shneiderman,Kenneth R.Fleischmann,Jennifer Preece,et al,Community response grids:E-government,social networks and effective emergency management[J],Tele- communications Policy,2007,31:592~604.
[29] Robert Barro,Xavier Sala-i-Martin,Convergence Across States and Regions[J],Journal of Political Economy,1991,100(2):223~251.
[30] Michael Gibbons , C·Limoges , H·Nowortny et.The New Production of Konwledge : The Dynamics of Science and Resaeach In Contemporary Society[M],London:Sage,1994. 39~43.
[31]吴贵生,王毅,关于北京区域技术战略的思考与建议[J],科学学研究,2002,(3):276~280.
[32] Porter,From competitive advantage to corporate strategy[J],Harvard Bus Rev,1987,65:43~59.
[33] Hamel·G,Y·L·Doz,C·K·Prahalad,Collaborate with your competitorsand win[J],Harvard Bus Rev,1989,(12):133~139.
[34] Parkhe A,The structuring of strategic alliances:A game theoretical and transaction-cost examination of interfirm cooperation [J],Acad Management,1993,36:794~829.
[35] Smith·K·G,S·carroll,S·J·Ashford,Intra-and interorganizational cooperation[J],Toward a research agenda Acad Management,1995,38(1):7~23.
[36]吴岱明,科学研究方法初探[J],武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1987,(3):41~46.
[37] Tuckman·B·W,Conducting Educational Research[M].New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc,1978. 16~18.
[38] I·Foster,C·Kesselman,J·Nick,The Physiology of the Grid:An Open Grid Services Architecture for Distributed Systems,Globus Project [DB/OL],http://www.globus.org/alliance/publications/papers.php,2002-06-22.
[39]贾根良,超越市场与企业两分法[J],经济社会体制比较,1998,(4):13~19.
[40]罗炜,企业合作创新理论研究[M],上海:复旦大学出版社,2002,37~38.
[41] Oliver E·Williamson,Markets and Hierarchies[M],New York:The Free Press,1975. 269~269.
[42]迈克尔·波特,竞争优势(陈小悦等译)[M],北京:华夏出版社,1997. 56.
[43]陈剑,冯蔚东,虚拟企业构建与管理[M],北京:清华出版社,2002. 14.
[44] Mansfield E.,Industrial research and technological innovation[M],New York:W.W.Norton,1968. 33~40.
[45] Mueser R.,Identifying technical innovations[J],IEEE Trans on EngManagement,1985,(11):98~101.
[46] Nathan Rosenberg,David·C,Mowery,Paths of Innovation:Technological Change in 20th-Century America[M],New York:Cambridge University Press,1998. 46~47.
[47]张文树,关于哲学视域下的技术创新[J],太原大学学报,2007, 8(1):13~15.
[48] James M·Utterback,Mastering the Dynamics of innovation[M], New York:Harvard Business School Press,1996,16~17.
[49]韩晓东,企业集成创新理论研究综述[J],科技创业月刊,2007,(6):157~158.
[50] B·Gille,Histoire des Techn`qugs[M],Paris,1977. 1398~1410.
[51] (美)理查德·R.纳尔逊,悉尼·G.温特,经济变迁的演化理论(胡世凯译)[M],北京:商务印书馆,1997. 24~31.
[52] M·A·Scheirer,Approaches to the study of implementation[J]. IEEE transactions on Engineering Management,1983,30(2):76~82.
[53] V·W·拉坦,诱致性制度变迁理论[A],(美)Coadse·R,Alchain·A,North·D,财产权利与制度变迁:产权学派与新制度学派译文集——当代经济学系列丛书(刘守英等译)[C],上海:上海人民出版社,2004. 225~230.
[54] North·Douglass·C , Institutions, Institutional Change , and EconomicsPerformance[M],New York:Combridge University Press,1990. 58~60.
[55] (美)凡勃伦,有闲阶级论(蔡受百译)[M],北京:商务印书馆,1964. 139~l42.
[56] (美)诺斯,托马斯,西方世界的兴起[M],北京:华夏出版社,1999. 5.
[57] Freeman·C,Technology and Policy and Economic Performance:Lesson from Japan[M],London:Printer Press,1987. 13~28.
[58] Lundvall·B,National Systems of Innovation:Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning[M],New York:ST.Martin`s Press,1992. 50~83.
[59] Nelson·R,National Innovation System:A Comparatives Analysis[M], New York:Oxford University Press,1993. 30~42.
[60] P·Patel,K·Pavitti,The Nature and Economic Importance of National Innovation System,OECD Science Technology Industry,1994. 14.
[61] Archibugi·D , Michie·J , The Globalisation of Technology : a New Taxonomy[J],Cambridge Journal of Economics,1995,(19):121~140.
[62]王海燕,张钢,国家创新系统理论研究的回顾与展望[J],经济学动态,2000,(11):66~71.
[63] Cooke P.,Morgan K.,The Associational Economy:Firms,Regional and Innovation[M],New York:Oxford University Press,1998. 321~370.
[64] Ohmae K.,The Rise of the Region State[J],Foreign Affairs,1993,(72):78~87.
[65] Cooke P.,Urange M.G.,EtxeBarria G.,Regional Innovation Systems:Institutional and Organizational Dimensions[J],Research Policy,1997,(26):475~491.
[66] Aydalot,Keeble D.,High Technology Industry and innovative Environments:The European Experience[M],London:Routeledge,1998. 332~340.
[67] Saxenian L.,The Origins and Dynamics of Product Networks in Silicon Valley[J],Research Policy,1991,20(5):423~438.
[68]聂鸣,蔡希贤,技术创新的主体环境及模式[J],软科学,1992,6(4):5~9.
[69]陈昌曙,陈凡,“高技术与社会”若干问题引论[J],自然辩证法研究,1991,(6):51~56.
[70]王伟强,吴晓波,技术创新的学习模式[J],科技管理研究,1993,(5):20~23.
[71]项保华,企业运行动力分析模式研究[J],系统工程理论方法应用,1993,2(3):9~13.
[72]洪后其,傅家骥,现行经济体制对技术创新扩散的影响[J],科学学与科学技术管理,1991,12(4):13~15.
[73]顾新一,技术创新与经济环境[J],软科学研究,1990,(3):29~31.
[74]贾蔚文,实行以技术创新为内在机制的发展模式[J],中国科技论坛,1989,(1):6~9.
[75]许志晋,冯丹纯,现代科技革命下的适应技术对社会可持发展的支撑与协生规律研究论纲[J],中国软科学,1998,(6):58~60.
[76]王大洲,关士续,科学、技术与经济间关系的制度分析[J],自然辩证法研究,2001,17(1):29~32,42.
[77]刘洪涛,汪应洛,中国创新模式及其演进的实证研究[J],科学学与科学技术管理,1999,20(6):6~9.
[78]翁君奕,竞争、不确定性与企业间技术创新合作[J],经济研究,2002,(3):53~60.
[79]马名驹,知识经济与企业创新方式的变革[J],中国科技论坛,1999,(6):29~31.
[80]池仁勇,企业技术创新效率及其影响因素研究[J],2003(6):105~108.
[81]陈劲,张朋伟,中国企业技术创新评估体系模型[J],软科学,2002,16(4):80~83.
[82]刘顺忠,官建成,区域创新系统创新绩效的评价[J],中国管理科学,2002,10(1):75~78.
[83]毕克新,朱娟,中小企业产品创新测度指标体系研究[J],中国软科学,2002,(9):55~58.
[84]向刚,企业技术创新过程的效益定量评价:思路,方法及其应用[J],经济问题探索,1997,(9):14~16.
[85]杨建君,李垣,刘景安,市场结构、治理结构和企业技术创新[J],科学学与科学技术管理,2003,24(6):52~55.
[86]陈劲,龚焱,技术创新高标准定位研究:新理论模型构建与分析[J],管理工程学报,2002,16(4):28~32.
[87]邢小强,仝允桓创新视角下的企业网络能力与技术能力关系研究[J],科学学与科学技术管理,2007,28(12):182~186.
[88]蒋军锋,党兴华,王晶晶,基于拓扑结构的技术创新网络社会资本测度及其应用研究[J],管理学报,2008,5(1):25~32.
[89]陈功玉,企业技术创新行为非线性系统的动力学分析[J],系统工程,2005,23(12):74~78.
[90]陈功玉,钟祖昌,邓晓岚,企业技术创新行为非线性系统演化的博弈分析[J],南方经济,2006,(4):110~118.
[91]蔡虹,张永林,我国区域间外溢技术知识存量的测度及其经济效果研究[J],管理学报,2008,5(4):568-575,590.
[92]吴晓波,聂品,技术系统演化与相应的知识演化理论综述[J],科研管理,2008,29(2):103~114.
[93]杨建君,吴春鹏,公司治理结构对企业技术创新选择的影响[J],西安交通大学学报:社会科学版,2007,27(1):34~38.
[94]蒋春燕,技术资产与配置能力的绩效影响研究:基于中国新兴企业的实证分析[J],南开管理评论,2008,(2):92~100.
[95]孙锐,王乃静,石金涛,中国背景下不同类型企业组织创新气氛差异实证研究[J],南开管理评论,2008,(2):42~49.
[96]郑梅莲,宝贡敏,技术战略影响企业绩效的机理研究——以浙江省制造业企业为例[J],科学学研究,2007,25(4):691~696.
[97]李随成,肖鸿,技术不确定条件下供应商参与程度对产品开发绩效的影响分析[J],科技进步与对策,2007,24(9):32~35.
[98]李随成,杨婷,研发合作企业间知识共享与合作绩效的关系[J],科技进步与对策,2007,24(10):180~184.
[99]于成永,施建军,研发模式选择及其对创新绩效的影响——一个研究综述[J],经济管理,2006,(19):6~11.
[100]张鸿萍,苏文胜,企业创新战略中的技术选择[J],统计与决策,2007,(6):147~149.
[101] Mark Dodgson,RoyRothwell,The Handbook of Industrial Innovation[M],Cheltenham:Edward Elgar. 1994. 126~137.
[102]马克·达吉森,罗伊·罗斯韦尔,创新聚集——产业创新手册(陈劲等译)[M],北京:清华大学出版社,2000. 48~53.
[103] Assis J A B,External linkages and technological innovation:(some)topical issues[J],Int.J.Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management,2003,3(2/3):151~175.
[104]过聚荣,茅宁,基于进入权理论的技术创新网络治理分析[J],中国软科学,2005,(2):73~79.
[105] Lundvall,Bengt-Ake.National Innovation System of Economic Lerning:Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. [M],London:Printer Publishers.1988. 47.
[106] Imai,K&Y.Baba,Systemic innovation and cross-border networks:Transcending markets and hierarehies to create a new techno-econo-mic system[R],1989,OECD , Technology and productivity : the Challenger for Economic Policy.OECD,Paris 1991.
[107]高洁,糜仲春,魏久檗,企业技术创新网络的形成模式、结构及交互关系研究[J],价值工程,2007,26(8):30~33.
[108] Spekman R.E,Lynn.A.L,MacAvoy T.C et al,Creating strategic alliances which endure[J],Long Range Planning,1996,(29):3.
[109] Kok G,Wildeman L,Succesvolle Alliances[J],Nijenrode Management Review,1997,(4):12~13.
[110] Dacin M.T,Hitt M.A,Levitas.E,Selecting partners for successful international allaiances:examination of US and Korean firms[J],Journal of world Bussiness,1997,(32):1.
[111] Pekar P. and Allio R,Marking alliances work-guidelines for success[J],Long Range Planning,1994,(27):3~5.
[112] Lorange P. and Roos J,Strategic Alliances-Formation ,Implementation and Evolution[M],Oxford:Blackwell,1993. 68.
[113] Hamel G,Competition for competence and interpartner learningwithwin international strategic alliance[J],Strategic Management,1991,(12):83~103.
[114] Seung·Ho·Park , Gerardo·R·Ungson , Interfirm Rivalry and Managerial Complexity:A Conceptual Framework of Alliance Failure[J].Organization Scienve,2001,(8):23~26.
[115]高展军,李垣,战略网络结构对企业技术创新的影响研究[J].科学学研究,2006,24(3):474~479.
[116]丁云龙,远德玉,试析演化观中的技术创新问题[J],中国软科学, 2001,(9):79~82.
[117] Koschatzky·K,Kulicke·M ,Zenker·A,Innovation networks-concep- ts and challenges in the European perspective[M] . New York : Physica-Verlag Heidelberg,2001.
[118] Berninghaus·S,Guth·W,Kliemt·H,From teleology to evolution:bridging the gap between rationality and adaptation in social explanation[J],J Evol Econ,2003,(13):385~410.
[119] Gulati·R,N·Nohria,A·Zaheer,Strategic networks[J],Strategic Management Journal,2000,21(3):203~215.
[120] Winter·S·G,Kaniovski·Y·M,Dosi·G,A baseline model of industry evolution[J],J Evol Econ,2003,(13):355~383.
[121]吴贵生,李纪珍,孙议政,技术创新网络和技术外包[J],科研管理,2000,(7):33~43.
[122] Warren weaver,Science and Complexity[J], American Scientist,1948:(36):536.
[123]钱学森,于景元,戴汝为等,开放的复杂巨系统[M],杭州:浙江科学技术出版社,1996. 20~22.
[124]张东风,基于复杂性理论的企业集群成长与创新系统研究[D],博士学位论文,天津,天津大学,2005.
[125] Zadeh,L.A,Fuzzy sets[J],Information and Control,1995,3(8):338~353.
[126] Monge,P.R.,theoretical and analytical issues in studies organization process[J],Academic of Management Science,1990,1:406~490.
[127] Sutardi,C.R.,Multiobjective water resources investment planning under budgetary uncertainty and fuzzy environment[J],European Journal of Operational Research,Amsterdam,1995,82(3):556~591.
[130] Pearson,A.W.,Planning and control in research and development[J],OMEGA,1999,118(6):573~581.
[129]黄欣荣,复杂性科学的方法论研究[M],重庆:重庆大学出版社,2006. 103~104.
[130]郭贵春,安军,隐喻的语境分析[J],江海学刊,2002,(5):36~43.
[131] Carroll·G·R,Ecological Models of Organization[M], Cambridge:MA Ballinge,1988. 65~66.
[132] Hannan.M.T.,Freeman.J.H.,The population ecology of organization [J],The American Journal of Sociology,1977,82(5):929~964.
[133]孙圣兰,夏恩君,技术系统演化的耗散结构观[J],北京理工大学学报:社会科学版,2006,8(2):42~45.
[134]陈昌曙,远德玉,论技术[M],沈阳:辽宁科技出版社,1985.53.
[135]秦书生,复杂性技术观[M],北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004.84.
[136]秦书生,陈凡,“三个代表”系统观与中国社会复杂系统自组织进化[J],系统辩证学学报,2003,(1):71~73.
[137] Rosenberg·N,Inside the Black-Box:Technology and the Pursuit of Economic Growth[M],London:Cambridge University Press,1982.35~37.
[138] (美)乔治·巴萨拉,技术发展简史(周光发译)[M],上海:复旦大学出版社.2000.32.
[139]杨礼银,朱松峰,30年来的马克思主义“历史决定论”研究[J],学术论坛,2008,(10):37~40.
[140]贾根良,进化经济学:开创新的研究程序[J],经济社会体制比较,1999,(3):67~72.
[141] (美)沃勒斯坦,开放的社会科学(刘锋译)[M],北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1997.68.
[142]杨勇华,从技术知识观到技术演化观:一种新的分析范式[J],科技进步与对策,2007,24(10):106~109.
[143] Thorstein·Veblen , Why is Economics Not an Evolutionary Science [EB/OL]. http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/veblen/econevol.txt ,2008-06-01/2008-11-10.
[144] (德)卡尔·马克思著,资本论:第1卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1975.270~278.
[145]任力,技术进步与经济增长的理论变迁[D],博士学位论文,厦门,厦门大学,2005.
[146] Marshall·A,The principles of economics[M](8th ed),London:Macmillan,1949. 16.
[147] Armen·A·Alchian,Uncertainty, Evolution, and Economic Theory[J],The Journal of Political Economy,1950,58(3):211~221.
[148] (美)贝克尔,人类行为的经济分析(王业宇,陈琪译)[M],上海:格致出版社,2008. 363~364.
[149] (美)米尔顿·弗里德曼,米尔顿·弗里德曼文萃(上)(胡雪峰,武玉宁译)[M],北京:首都经济贸易大学出版社,2001. 33~34.
[150] Joseph A. Schumpeter,Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy[M],London:Harper Perennial,1962. 271~272.
[151]刘志高,尹贻梅,演化经济学的理论知识体系分析[J],外国经济与管理,2007,29(6):1~6,13.
[152] Jan Fagerberg , The dynamics of technology , growth and trade : a Schumpeterian[EB/OL] , http://ideas.repec.org/p/tik/wpaper/25. html ,2003-11-12/2008-11-07.
[153] Richard R.Nelson,Sidney G.Winter,An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change[M],MA Cambridge:Belknap Press,2006. 165~167.
[154] (瑞士)库尔特·多普菲,演化经济学:纲领与范围(贾根良等译)[M],北京:高等教育出版社,2004. 23~24.
[155] Witt U,Evolutionary Economics[M],Cheltenham UK:Edward Elgar,1993. 56~58.
[156] Witt U,Evolutionary Economics:An Interpretative Survey[A],Dopfer.K,Evolutionary Economics : Program and Scope[C] , Amsterdam : Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001. 49.
[157] (英)杰弗里·M·霍奇逊,制度与演化经济学现代文选——关键性概念(贾根良等译)[M],北京:高等教育出版社,2005. 49.
[158] Potts G D,The new evolutionary microeconomics:complexity,competence,and adaptive behavior[M],Cheltenham:Edward Elgar,2000. 55~56.
[159] Richard L. Daft,Organization Theory and Design(9 edition)[M],Cincinnati,Ohio:South-Western College Pub,2006. 52.
[160] Foss N J,An evolutionary theory of firm:reconstruction and its relation with the theory of contract[A],Dopfer.K,Evolutionary Economics:Program and Scope[C],Amsterdam:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001. 319~328.
[161] Witt U,Evolutionary in Markets and Institutions[M],Physica:Verlag Heidelberg,1993. 5.
[162]王焕祥,演化微观经济学的传统、发展及其综合[A],陈劲,演化与创新经济学评论[M],北京:科学出版社,2008. 49~60.
[163] John Foster,J.S. Metcalfe,Frontiers of Evolutionary Economics: Competition,Self-organization and Innovation Policy[M],Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd,2001. 1.
[164]贾根良,演化经济学——经济学革命的策源地[M],太原:山西人民出版社,2004. 24~28.
[165] Foster.J,The Analytical foundations of Evolutionary Economics:From Biological Analogy to Economic Self-Organisation[J],Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,1997,(8):427~451.
[166] Hodgson.G.M,Darwinism in Economics:From Analogy to Ontology[J],Journal of Evolutionary Economics,2002,(6):259~281.
[167] Witt.U,Self-organisation and Economics——What Is New?[J],Structural Change and Economic Dynamics,1997,(8):489~507.
[168] Brook.D.,Wiley.E,Evolution as Entropy:Towards a Unified Theory of Biology[M],Chicago:Chicago University Press,1986. 77~83.
[169] Foster.J,Competitive Selection,Self-Organisation and Joseph A.Schumpeter[J],Journal of Evolutionary Economics,2000,(6):311～312,325.
[170] (美)卡尔·夏皮罗,哈尔·瓦里安,信息规则——网络经济的策略指导(张帆译)[M],北京:中国人民出版社,2000. 62.
[171] Arthur W.B.,Competing Technologies,Increasing Returns,and Lock-in by Historical Events[J],Economic Journal,1989,(3):33~41.
[172] Katz M,Shapiro C.,Network externalities,competition and compatibility[J],The American Economic Review,1985,(75):424~441.
[173] Bertrand Quélin , Tamym Abdessemed , Jean-Philippe Bonardietal ,Standardization of Network Technologies:Market Processes or the Result of Inter-Firm Co-operation[J],Journal of Economic Surveys 2002,15(4):543~569.
[174]周鹏,技术进步与经济增长的理论变迁[D],博士学位论文,大连,东北财经大学,2003.
[175] Utterback,James M.,Mastering the Dynamic of Innovation[M], Boston,Mass:Harvard Business School press,1994. 173~191.
[176] J.S.Metcalfe and M. Gibbons,Structural Change and the Evolution of Technology[A],L. Pasinetti and P. Lloyd,Structural Change,Economic Interdependence and World Development[C],London:Macmillan (for the International Economic Association),1988. 81~86.
[177] J.S.Metcalfe,Competition and Collaboration in the Innovation Process[A],W.Eltis (ed.) Simulating Industrial Innovation,London:Basil Blackwell[C],1992. 12~16.
[178] J.S.Metcalfe and I. Miles,Standards,Selection and Variety:an evolutionary approach[J],Information Economics and Policy,1994,(6):243~268.
[179] David.P,D.Foray,Accessing and Expanding the Science and Technology Knowledge Base[R],STI Review16,Paris:OECD,1995.
[180] David.P.A,Steinmuller.W.E,Economics of Compatibility and Competition in Telecommunication Networks[J],Information Economics and Policy,1994,(6):217~242.
[181] Hemenway D,Industry wide Voluntray Product Standards[M], Cambridge,MA:Ballinger Publishing Company,1975. 42~52.
[182]张伟峰,创新联结——企业创新网络与技术创新方式研究[M],北京:经济管理出版社,2006. 90-95.
[183] Hill E.,Brennan J.,A Methodology for Identifying the Drivers of Industrial Clusters:The Foundation of Regional Competitive Advantage[J],Economic Development Quarterly,2000,14:65~96.
[184] Hanson G.,Increasing Returns,Trade and the Regional Structure of Wages[J],Economics Journal,1997,(7):113~133.
[185] Cook P.,Introduction:Origins of the Concept,in Braczyk H.J.[A],Cook P.,Hdidenreich M.(eds)Regional Innovation Systems,The Role of Governances in a Globalized World[C],London:UCL Press,1998,225~301.
[186] Radosevic,Regional Innovation Systems in Central and Eastern Europe[J],Journal of Technology Transfer,2002,27:87~96.
[187] (美)Francine Berman,Geoffrey C.Fox,Tony Hey,网格计算:支持全球化资源共享与协作的关键技术(都志辉等译)[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2005. 305-312.
[188] Geringert J M,L Hebert,Control and performance of international joint venture[J],Internat Bus Stud,1989,18:235-254.
[189] Jack Swan,Sue Newell,Harry Scarbrough,Knowledge management and innovaton : networks and networking[J] , Journal of Knowledge Management,1999,3(4):262-275.
[190] Timmis J,Mark Neal,John Hunt,An artificial immune system for data analysis[J],BioSystems,2000,(55):143~150.
[191]陈慰峰,医学免疫学[M],北京:人民卫生出版社,2001. 21~23.
[192]刘巨钦,陈应龙.对波特竞争战略理论的理性反思及其启示[J].科研管理,2004,25(5):35~40.
[193]尚荣华,焦李成,公茂果等.免疫克隆算法求解动态多目标优化[J],软件学报,2007,18(11):2700~2711.
[194] De castro L N,Von Zuben F J. The Clonal Selection Algorithm with Engineering Applications [R],Las Vegas,USA:GECCO2000,2000.
[195]冯丽珠,汤光宋,含参数λ的Euler型微分方程的求解公式[J],长沙大学学报,2006,20(5):5~7.
[196] Feigenbam M J,Kadanoff L P,Shenker S J,Quasiperiodicity in dissipative systems:a renormalisation group analysis[J],Physica D:Nonlinear Phenomena,1982,5(2-3):370~386.
[197] Li F T,Long T,Lu Y,Ouyang Q,etc,The yeast cell-cycle network is robustly designed[J],PNAS,2004,101:4781~4786.
[198]王以华,吕萍,徐波等,组织免疫研究初探[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2006,27(6):133~139.
[199]曾广容,系统开放性原理[J],系统辩证学学报,2005,13(3):43~46.
[200] (美)内森?罗森伯格,小伯泽尔,西方致富之路——工业化国家的经济演变(刘赛力等译)[M],北京:三联书店,1989,30~30.
[201]吴永忠,技术创新的信息过程论[M],沈阳:东北大学出版社,2002. 92~93.
[202]经济合作发展组织(OECD),以知识为基础的经济[M],北京:机械工业出版社,1997,10~11.
[203]苗东升,分形与复杂性[J],系统辩证学学报,2003,11(2):7~13.
[204] Holland J?H,Emergence:from chaos to order[M],Boston:Addsion-WeSley Company,1998,122~122.
[206]陈佳贵.关于企业生命周期与企业蜕变的探讨[J].中国工业经济,1995,(11):5~13.
[207]高哈特,凯利(美)著,宋伟航译.企业蜕变[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006. 67~72.
[208]谢应齐,曹杰.非线性动力学数学方法[M].北京:气象出版社,2001. 53.
[209] Nielsen M A,Chuang I L,Quantum computation and quantum information[M],London:Cambridge University Press,2000. 33~34.
[210]俞洋,殷志锋,田亚菲,混合量子进化算法及其应用[J],计算机工程与应用,2006,28:72~76.
[211]杨淑媛,刘芳,焦李成,一种基于量子染色体的遗传算法[J],西安电子科技大学学报,2004,31(1):76~81.
[212]任林源,李永明,量子态转化的一些数学性质[J],西北大学学报(自然科学版),2007,37(5):711~714.
[213]陈士俊,赖迪辉,技术创新网格及其演进研究[J],科学学与科学技术管理,2009,30(1):71~76.
[214]祝庚,遗传算法及轮盘赌选择的C++实现[J],东莞理工学院学报, 2007,14(5):70~74.
[215] Khan S,Kin F.Li,Eric G Manning,Solving the knapsack Problem for Adaptive Multimedia Systems[J],Studia Informatica Universalis,2002,2(1):157~178.
[216] M.Hifi , M.Michrafy and A.Sbihi , A Reactive Local Search-based algorithm for the Multiple-choice Mulit-Dimensional Knapsack problem[J],Computer Optimization and applictions,2006,33: 271~285.
[217] Moser M , Jokanovie DP and Shiratori N , An algorithm for the Multidimensional multiple-choice knapsack problem[J],IEICE Traps Fundamentals Electron,1997,80:582~589.
[218] William D. Bygrave , The entrepreneurship Paradigm(2) : Chaos and Catastrophes among Quantum Jumps[J],Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1989,14:7~30.
[219] Stuckey J.A , Vertical Integration and Joint Ventures in th Aluminum Industry[M],Cambridge:Hardvard University Press,1983. 66~75.
[220] Kougt B,Joint ventures:Theoretical and Emperical Perspectives[J],Strategic Management Journal,1988,9(4):319~332.
[221] Berg S,Friedman P,Joint Ventures in American Industry:An Overview[J],Mergers and Acquisitions,1978,(13):28~41.
[222]邵昶,李健,基于创新成本的企业边界问题研究[J],科技管理研究,2008,28(10):181~183.
[223]邵昶,李健,产业链“波粒二象性”研究——论产业链的特性、结构及其整合[J],中国工业经济,2007,(9):5~l3.
[224] Alchian.A,Woodward.S,Refflections on the Theory of the Firm[J],Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics,1987,(7):110~136.
[225] Khanna T.,Gulati R&Nohria N,The Dynamic of learning Alliances:Cpmpetition,Cooperation,and Relative Scope[J],Strategic Management Journal,1998,19(3):193~210.
[226]陈海秋,基于资源和管理的技术创新能力的定义和统计分析[J],北京航空航天大学学报:社会科学版,2003,16(1):63~66.
[227]陈劲,陈钰芬,开放创新体系与企业技术创新资源配置[J],科研管理,2006,27(3):1~8.
[228] David E. Bowen,Caren Siehl,The future of human resource management:March and Simon(1958)revisited[J],Human Resource Management,1998,36(1):57~63.
[229] Cyert.Richard M,March.James G.,A behavioral theory of the firm[M],Englewood Cliffs:Prentice-Hall,1963. 112~113.
[230] Loasby.B. J,Choice, Complexity and Ignorance[M],Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1976. 72~73.
[231] Chesborough,H.and Teece,D.,When is Virtual Virtuous?Organizing for Innovation[J],Harvard Business Review,1996,(2):86~88.
[232] Levinthal D.A.,March.James G.,The Myopia of Learning[J],Strategic Management Journal,1994,(14):95~112.
[233] Hamel G.& Prahalad C.K,Strategic Intent[J],Harvard Business Review,1989,12:63~76.
[234] Johnson J.L & Sohi R.S,The Influence of firm Predispositions on Interfirm Relationship Formation in Business Markets[J] , International Journal of Research in Marketing,2001,(18):299~318.
[235] Eisenhardt K. & Schoonhoven C.B,Resource-based View of Strategic Alliance Formation:Strategic and Social Effects in Entrpreneurial Firms[J],Organization Science,1996,7(2):136~150.
[236] Madhavan R.,Koka B.R.& Prescott J.E,Networks in Transition:How Industry Events(re)Shape Interfirm Relationships[J],Strategic Management Journal,1998,19(5):439~459.
[237] Burgers W.P.,Hill L. & Kim W.C,A Theory of Global Strategic Alliances:The Case of the Global auto Industry[J],Strategic Management Journal,1993,14(6):419~432.
[238] Halinen A.,Salmi A.,& Havila V.,From Dynadic Change to Changing Business Networks:An Analytical Framework[J],Journal of Management Studies,1999,36(6):779~794.
[239] Levinthal D.A.,Myatt J.,Co-evolution of Capabilities and Industry:The Evolution of Mutual Fund[J],Strategic Management Journal,1994,15:45~62.
[240] KozaM.P. & LewinA.Y , TheCo-Evolution of Strategic Alliances[J] ,Organization Science,1998,9(3):255~264.
[241] KozaM.P. & LewinA.Y,TheCo-Evolution of Network Alliances:A longitudinal,Analysis of an International Professional Service Network[J],Organization Science,1999,10(5):638~653.
[242] Mayr,E.,Typological versus Population Thinking[M],MA Cambridge:Belknap Press,1959. 27~44.
[243] Darden ,L. and Cain,J.A,Selection Type Theories[J],Philosophy of Science,1989,56:106~129.
[244] Sober,E.,The Nature Selection[M],New York:MIT Press,1984. 80~101.
[245] Brandon,B.N,Adaptation and Environment[M],MA:Princeton University Press,1990. 179~185.
[246] DeLiso,N.and Metcalfe,J.S,On Technological Systems and Technological Paradigms:Some Recent Developments in the Understanding of Technological Change[A].Helmstader,E. and Perlman,M et al,Behavioural Norms,Technical Progress,and Economic Dynamics[C],Nichigan University Press,1996. 237~256.
[247] Dawkins,R.,The Blind Watchmaker[M],London:Longman,1986. 66~83.
[248] Plotkin,H.,The Nature of Knowledge[M],London:Allan Lane,1994. 130~150
[249] Hannah,M.T. and Freeman,J.,Organizational Ecology[M],Cambridge,Harvard University Press,1989. 232~270.
[250] Klepper,S.,Entry,Exit,Growth and Innovation over the Product Life Cycle[J],American Economic Review,1996,86:562~583.
[251] Metcalfe,J.S.,Technology Syetems and Technology Policy in an Evolutionary Framework[J],Cambridge Journal of Economics,1995,19:25~46.
[252] Baldwin,J.R,The Dynamics of Industrial Competition:A North American perspective[M],Cambridge University Press,1995. 89~120.
[253] Granovetter M , Economic Action and Structure : the Problem of Embeddedness[J],American Journal of Sociology,1985,(91):137~153.
[254] Podolny J,Market Uncertainty the Social Character of Economic Exchange[J],Administerative Science Quarterly,1994,(39):76~91.
[255]杨瑞龙,胡琴,从技术创新透视外部网络化对企业治理结构的影响[J],学习与探索,2000,(6):16~20.
[256]迈克尔·迪屈奇,交易成本经济学[M],北京:科学出版社,1999. 202~210
[257] Wernerfelt B.,A resource-based view of the firm [J],Strategic Management Journal,1984,5:171~180.
[258] Das T K,Teng B S,A Resource-Based Theory of Strategic Alliances [J],Journal of Management,2000,26(1):31~61.
[259] Jones C,Hesterly S. W. & Borgatti P. S,A General Theory of Network Governance Exchange Conditions and Social Mechanisms[J],Academy of Management Review,1997,22(4): 911-945.
[260] Candace Jones,Hesterly and Stephen P.Borgatti,A general theory of network governance:Exchange conditions and social mechanisms[J],Academy of Management Journal,1997,22(4):911~945
[261] Helfat E. and David J.Teece,Vertical Integration and Risk Reduction[J],Journal of Law,Economics,and Organization,1987,2(1):47~67.
[262]彭正银,网络治理理论探析,中国软科学,2002,(3):37~41.
[263] Pearson A,Management innovation:an uncertainty reduction process[M],in Managing Innovation. London:Henry J. and Walker D. (eds) Sage/OU Press,1991. 18~27.
[264] Henry W , Chesbrough and David J.Teece , When Is Virtual Virtuous?--Organising for Innovation[J],Harvard Business Review,1996,1/2:65~73.
[265]杨瑞龙,冯健.企业间的效率边界:经济组织逻辑的重新审视[J],中国工业经济,2003,(11):27~30.
[266] Sakakibara M,Heterogeneity of firm capabilities and cooperative research and development:and empirical of motives[J],Strategic Management Journal,1997,18:143~164.
[267] Powell W W,Koput K W,Smith–Doerr L,Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation : Networks of learning in biotechnology[J] ,Administrative Science(Quarterly),1996, 41:116-145.
[268] Ian R.Macneil,The New Social Contract:An inquiry into modern contractual relations[M],New Haven,Connecticut:Yale University Press,1980. 325~370.
[269] Buono Anthony F,James L,Bowditch,The human side of mergers and acquisitions[M],Sanfrancisco:Jossey-Bass,1989. 96~119.
[270] Parkhe,Arvind,Strategic alliance structure a game theoretic and transaction cost examination of interfirm cooperation[J],Academy of Management Journal,1993,36:794~829.
[271] Paul J.H,Schoemaker,Strategy,Complexity and Economic Rent[J],Management Science,1990,36:10~15.
[272]杨瑞龙,杨其静,专用性、专用与企业制度[J],经济研究,2001(3):36~40.
[273] Richard Makdadok , Toward a Synthesis of the Resource-Based and Dynamic-Capability Views of rent Creation[J],Strategic Management Journal,2001,22(5):387~401.
[274] Joan Robinson,Economics of Imperfect Competition[M],London:Macmillan,1993. 206~212.
[275]罗珉,企业商业模式创新:基于租金理论的解释[J],中国工业经济,2005,(7):19~21.
[276] Bo Eriksen & Raphael Amit,Strategic Implications of Business Process Re-engineering[A],Nicolai J Foss and Christian Knusen(eds),Towards a Competence Theory of the Firm[M],London:Routledge,1996. 97~110.
[277]张小军,社会场论[M],北京:团结出版社,1991,157~160.
[278]宋华岭,广义与狭义管理熵理论——管理学的新理论[J],中国煤炭经济学院学报,2002,(1):45~50.
[279]贾春峰,文化力启示经济——21世纪企业战略新思维[M],北京:中国经济出版社,2002. 308~309.
[280] Renato R,A unified Metric of Software Complexity:Measuring Productivity,Quality and Value[J],Journal of Systems Software,1995,(29):17~37.
[281]张恭庆,林源渠,泛函分析讲义[M],北京:北京大学出版社,1999. 171~190.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |