软硬相间层状岩体工程地质特性及作为高混凝土重力坝坝基岩体的适宜性研究
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摘要
软硬相间层状岩体作为一种复杂的复合岩体,在岩体结构、岩体综合力学参数等方面具有特殊性和复杂性。当以这类岩体作为高混凝土重力坝坝基岩体时,按照现行的岩体结构分类方案、岩体力学参数取值方法及岩体质量评价体系来评价软硬相间层状岩体的工程地质特性就具有一定的局限性。如何准确地获得能反映软硬相间层状岩体工程地质特性的评价指标并对岩体质量作出准确的评价是解决软硬相间层状岩体作为高混凝土重力坝坝基岩体的关键所在。
在读攻博士学位期间,随着对软硬相间层状岩体研究的深入,逐渐认识到软硬相间层状岩体应该包含软硬相间沉积层状岩体、软硬相间副变质层状岩体和各类软硬相间似层状岩体等,且软硬相间层状岩体的综合力学参数也应包含综合变形参数和综合强度参数,只有获得了各类软硬相间层状岩体的结构特征、综合力学参数才能全面、准确地评价软硬相间层状岩体的综合工程地质特性,因此对软硬相间层状岩体进行更深入的研究是有必要的。本论文以金沙江观音岩水电站和阿海水电站坝基软硬相间层状岩体为研究原型,通过对软硬相间沉积层状岩体和软硬相间副变质层状岩体结构特征的研究,完善了层状岩体结构类型的划分方案,提出对层状岩体进行结构划分时应该分析岩层面与其余结构面的发育情况,应以更发育者为分类依据;对于副变质层状岩体,应该考虑变质作用对层状岩体原结构的改造行为,当后期的变质作用强化或弱化了软硬相间层状岩体原有结构时,采用结构面发育情况来划分岩体结构具有局限性,应当纳入能反映岩体内在工程属性的指标,如岩体纵波速、钻孔岩芯RQD值等综合划分副变质层状岩体的结构类型,并针对阿海水电站坝基岩体提出了“有粘结的层状结构”这一新的岩体结构类型。
各向异性是软硬相间层状岩体的一个显著特征,岩体的综合力学参数包含综合变形参数和综合强度参数。在对研究原型进行合理概化的情况下,推导出了软硬相间层状岩体在任意倾角下综合变形参数的理论解。对软硬相间层状岩体在不同受力情况下的综合强度参数进行了研究,完善了软硬相间层状岩体综合强度参数的计算方法。对于单层厚度较大的软硬相间层状岩体(如观音岩水电站坝基岩体),常规的岩体原位力学试验只能获得单一岩层的力学参数,为了获得软硬相间层状岩体的综合变形参数试验值,设计了软硬相间多层岩体综合变形模量原位试验,承压板为200×50cm的矩形板。通过对多层岩体大尺寸、高荷载原位变形试验直接获得了软硬相间层状岩体的综合变形模量。对于薄层状的软硬相间层状岩体(如阿海水电站坝基岩体),则比较了常规变形试验和大尺寸、高荷载变形试验结果的异同。在软硬相间层状岩体综合强度参数方面,首先获得各单层岩体的强度参数,然后根据坝基岩体的产状及未来的受力情况采用软硬相间层状岩体综合强度参数计算公式获取其综合强度参数。
通过对软硬相间层状岩体工程地质特性的分析确定了岩体结构和岩体综合力学参数是评价其工程地质特性优劣的两个核心内容。原位试验是获得软硬相间层状岩体综合力学参数的最佳途径,但对于软硬相间层状岩体综合力学参数的原位变形试验规模庞大,对综合强度参数试验目前尚不能开展,因此建立软硬相间层状岩体其他易于大量获得指标跟综合力学参数之间的关系是全面获得坝基岩体力学参数的较好途径。最后本论文对软硬相间层状岩体综合力学参数的取值方法进行了一定的研究。应用本文对软硬相间层状岩体结构、综合力学参数及岩体质量评价的研究成果成功地选择了观音岩水电站的最佳建基面,优化了阿海水电站河床坝基建基面位置。因此本文对软硬相间层状岩体的研究是符合其工程地质特性的,既具有理论意义又具有实用价值。
Soft-hard-alternated layered rock is a complex composite dike featured by its specificity and complexity in its rock mass structure, mechanical parameters of rock, etc. When such a kind of rock is used as the dam foundation rock for high concrete gravity dam, the applying of existing rock structure classification schemes, dereferencing parameters of rock mass mechanics and rock mass quality evaluation system would present a certain number of limitations on the evaluation of engineering geological characteristics of soft-hard-alternated layered rock. Therefore, it would be critical when the evaluation indicators can be obtained to accurately reflect the engineering geological characteristics of soft-hard-alternated layered rock, which can be used to accurately assess the rock mass to address the dam foundation rock for high concrete gravity dam.
While I studied for my doctor degree, along with my in-depth research on soft-hard-alternated layered rock, I came to realize that soft-hard-alternated layered rock should include soft-hard-alternated deposition-stratified rock, soft-hard-alternated stratified parablastesis and a variety of soft-hard-alternated deposition-like rock mass and so on. Besides, the comprehensive deformation parameters of soft-hard-alternated layered rock could be one aspect of the mechanical parameters only, which would be far from enough for the comprehensive and accurate evaluation of integrated engineering geological characteristics of soft-hard-alternated layered rock. So, the deeper research on soft-hard-alternated layered rock is quite necessary. Applying the soft-hard-alternated layered rock of the Jinsha River Guanyinyan Hydropower Station and Ahai Hydropower Station as the prototype for the said research, the present thesis has studied the structural features of soft-hard-alternated deposition-stratified rock and soft-hard-alternated stratified parablastesis, improved the layered rock structure classification schemes and proposed that the developmental situation of the bedding level and other structural profiles should be analyzed when holding the layered rock structure classification which should be considered based on the further more developmental conditions. For the stratified parablastesis, the metamorphism reforming the original structure of layered rock should be considered, i.e., when the late metamorphism strengthens or weakens the original structure of soft-hard-alternated layered rock, the use of structural development for the classification of rock structure would be presented with limitations and those indicators that can reflect the inherent engineering properties of rock should be included, such as longitudinal velocity of rock mass, boring-core RQD value and other structure types for comprehensive classification of stratified parablastesis.
Anisotropy is a prominent feature of soft-hard-alternated layered rock whose comprehensive mechanical parameters include comprehensive deformation parameters and integrated intensity parameters. In the circumstances having the researched prototype reasonably generalized, the theoretical solution of the comprehensive deformation parameters for soft-hard-alternated layered rock at any angle have been derived, the integrated intensity parameters for soft-hard-alternated layered rock under different strength of stress have been studied and the method for calculating comprehensive strength parameters of soft-hard-alternated layered rock has been improve. For the soft-hard-alternated layered rock having thicker single stratum (such as the Dam Foundation Rock of Guanyinyan Hydropower Station), the conventional rock situ testing of mechanical parameters can only provide mechanical parameters for a single stratum. In order to obtain the experimental values of the comprehensive deformation parameters for the soft-hard-alternated layered rock, the situ testing of comprehensive deformation modulus for soft-hard-alternated layered rock has been designed whose pressure plate is a rectangular plate of 200cm×50cm. The comprehensive deformation modulus for soft-hard-alternated layered rock has been obtained directly by the situ deformation testing of large size and high load in respect to multi- stratum rock. For the soft-hard-alternated layered rock having thin stratum (such as the Dam Foundation Rock of Ahai Hydropower Station), the differences and similarities between the conventional deformation experiments and the large size and high load deformation testing results have been compared. Regarding the integrated intensity parameters for soft-hard-alternated layered rock, those intensity parameters for the rock mass of each single layer has been obtained firstly and then, under the occurrence of rock mass of the dam foundation and its future load-carrying capability, the design formulas for the integrated intensity parameters of the soft-hard-alternated layered rock have been used to calculate out the related comprehensive intensity parameters.
The analysis of engineering geological characteristics of soft-hard-alternated layered rock has determined that the rock structure and the comprehensive mechanical parameters of rock are two core elements for the evaluation of the merits of the related engineering geological characteristics. The situ testing is the best way for obtaining comprehensive mechanical parameters of soft-hard-alternated layered rock, but the experiment on comprehensive intensity parameters can not be carried out currently because the situ deformation testing of comprehensive mechanical parameters for soft-hard-alternated layered rock is too large a scale. Therefore, for soft-hard-alternated layered rock, the establishment of other relationships is the better way for fully obtaining mechanical parameters of rock mass of dam foundation. Finally, the present thesis has studied to some certain extent the dereferencing method for comprehensive mechanical parameters of soft-hard-alternated layered rock. Using the present research findings in relation to the rock structure of soft-hard-alternated layered rock, the comprehensive mechanical parameters and the evaluation of rock mass, the best construction base surfaces of Guanyinyan Hydropower Station have been successfully chosen and the positions of construction base surfaces of Ahai Hydropower Station riverbed dam foundation has been optimized. Therefore, the present research on the soft-hard-alternated layered rock is in line with the related engineering geological characteristics, providing not only theoretical significance but also practical value.
在读攻博士学位期间,随着对软硬相间层状岩体研究的深入,逐渐认识到软硬相间层状岩体应该包含软硬相间沉积层状岩体、软硬相间副变质层状岩体和各类软硬相间似层状岩体等,且软硬相间层状岩体的综合力学参数也应包含综合变形参数和综合强度参数,只有获得了各类软硬相间层状岩体的结构特征、综合力学参数才能全面、准确地评价软硬相间层状岩体的综合工程地质特性,因此对软硬相间层状岩体进行更深入的研究是有必要的。本论文以金沙江观音岩水电站和阿海水电站坝基软硬相间层状岩体为研究原型,通过对软硬相间沉积层状岩体和软硬相间副变质层状岩体结构特征的研究,完善了层状岩体结构类型的划分方案,提出对层状岩体进行结构划分时应该分析岩层面与其余结构面的发育情况,应以更发育者为分类依据;对于副变质层状岩体,应该考虑变质作用对层状岩体原结构的改造行为,当后期的变质作用强化或弱化了软硬相间层状岩体原有结构时,采用结构面发育情况来划分岩体结构具有局限性,应当纳入能反映岩体内在工程属性的指标,如岩体纵波速、钻孔岩芯RQD值等综合划分副变质层状岩体的结构类型,并针对阿海水电站坝基岩体提出了“有粘结的层状结构”这一新的岩体结构类型。
各向异性是软硬相间层状岩体的一个显著特征,岩体的综合力学参数包含综合变形参数和综合强度参数。在对研究原型进行合理概化的情况下,推导出了软硬相间层状岩体在任意倾角下综合变形参数的理论解。对软硬相间层状岩体在不同受力情况下的综合强度参数进行了研究,完善了软硬相间层状岩体综合强度参数的计算方法。对于单层厚度较大的软硬相间层状岩体(如观音岩水电站坝基岩体),常规的岩体原位力学试验只能获得单一岩层的力学参数,为了获得软硬相间层状岩体的综合变形参数试验值,设计了软硬相间多层岩体综合变形模量原位试验,承压板为200×50cm的矩形板。通过对多层岩体大尺寸、高荷载原位变形试验直接获得了软硬相间层状岩体的综合变形模量。对于薄层状的软硬相间层状岩体(如阿海水电站坝基岩体),则比较了常规变形试验和大尺寸、高荷载变形试验结果的异同。在软硬相间层状岩体综合强度参数方面,首先获得各单层岩体的强度参数,然后根据坝基岩体的产状及未来的受力情况采用软硬相间层状岩体综合强度参数计算公式获取其综合强度参数。
通过对软硬相间层状岩体工程地质特性的分析确定了岩体结构和岩体综合力学参数是评价其工程地质特性优劣的两个核心内容。原位试验是获得软硬相间层状岩体综合力学参数的最佳途径,但对于软硬相间层状岩体综合力学参数的原位变形试验规模庞大,对综合强度参数试验目前尚不能开展,因此建立软硬相间层状岩体其他易于大量获得指标跟综合力学参数之间的关系是全面获得坝基岩体力学参数的较好途径。最后本论文对软硬相间层状岩体综合力学参数的取值方法进行了一定的研究。应用本文对软硬相间层状岩体结构、综合力学参数及岩体质量评价的研究成果成功地选择了观音岩水电站的最佳建基面,优化了阿海水电站河床坝基建基面位置。因此本文对软硬相间层状岩体的研究是符合其工程地质特性的,既具有理论意义又具有实用价值。
Soft-hard-alternated layered rock is a complex composite dike featured by its specificity and complexity in its rock mass structure, mechanical parameters of rock, etc. When such a kind of rock is used as the dam foundation rock for high concrete gravity dam, the applying of existing rock structure classification schemes, dereferencing parameters of rock mass mechanics and rock mass quality evaluation system would present a certain number of limitations on the evaluation of engineering geological characteristics of soft-hard-alternated layered rock. Therefore, it would be critical when the evaluation indicators can be obtained to accurately reflect the engineering geological characteristics of soft-hard-alternated layered rock, which can be used to accurately assess the rock mass to address the dam foundation rock for high concrete gravity dam.
While I studied for my doctor degree, along with my in-depth research on soft-hard-alternated layered rock, I came to realize that soft-hard-alternated layered rock should include soft-hard-alternated deposition-stratified rock, soft-hard-alternated stratified parablastesis and a variety of soft-hard-alternated deposition-like rock mass and so on. Besides, the comprehensive deformation parameters of soft-hard-alternated layered rock could be one aspect of the mechanical parameters only, which would be far from enough for the comprehensive and accurate evaluation of integrated engineering geological characteristics of soft-hard-alternated layered rock. So, the deeper research on soft-hard-alternated layered rock is quite necessary. Applying the soft-hard-alternated layered rock of the Jinsha River Guanyinyan Hydropower Station and Ahai Hydropower Station as the prototype for the said research, the present thesis has studied the structural features of soft-hard-alternated deposition-stratified rock and soft-hard-alternated stratified parablastesis, improved the layered rock structure classification schemes and proposed that the developmental situation of the bedding level and other structural profiles should be analyzed when holding the layered rock structure classification which should be considered based on the further more developmental conditions. For the stratified parablastesis, the metamorphism reforming the original structure of layered rock should be considered, i.e., when the late metamorphism strengthens or weakens the original structure of soft-hard-alternated layered rock, the use of structural development for the classification of rock structure would be presented with limitations and those indicators that can reflect the inherent engineering properties of rock should be included, such as longitudinal velocity of rock mass, boring-core RQD value and other structure types for comprehensive classification of stratified parablastesis.
Anisotropy is a prominent feature of soft-hard-alternated layered rock whose comprehensive mechanical parameters include comprehensive deformation parameters and integrated intensity parameters. In the circumstances having the researched prototype reasonably generalized, the theoretical solution of the comprehensive deformation parameters for soft-hard-alternated layered rock at any angle have been derived, the integrated intensity parameters for soft-hard-alternated layered rock under different strength of stress have been studied and the method for calculating comprehensive strength parameters of soft-hard-alternated layered rock has been improve. For the soft-hard-alternated layered rock having thicker single stratum (such as the Dam Foundation Rock of Guanyinyan Hydropower Station), the conventional rock situ testing of mechanical parameters can only provide mechanical parameters for a single stratum. In order to obtain the experimental values of the comprehensive deformation parameters for the soft-hard-alternated layered rock, the situ testing of comprehensive deformation modulus for soft-hard-alternated layered rock has been designed whose pressure plate is a rectangular plate of 200cm×50cm. The comprehensive deformation modulus for soft-hard-alternated layered rock has been obtained directly by the situ deformation testing of large size and high load in respect to multi- stratum rock. For the soft-hard-alternated layered rock having thin stratum (such as the Dam Foundation Rock of Ahai Hydropower Station), the differences and similarities between the conventional deformation experiments and the large size and high load deformation testing results have been compared. Regarding the integrated intensity parameters for soft-hard-alternated layered rock, those intensity parameters for the rock mass of each single layer has been obtained firstly and then, under the occurrence of rock mass of the dam foundation and its future load-carrying capability, the design formulas for the integrated intensity parameters of the soft-hard-alternated layered rock have been used to calculate out the related comprehensive intensity parameters.
The analysis of engineering geological characteristics of soft-hard-alternated layered rock has determined that the rock structure and the comprehensive mechanical parameters of rock are two core elements for the evaluation of the merits of the related engineering geological characteristics. The situ testing is the best way for obtaining comprehensive mechanical parameters of soft-hard-alternated layered rock, but the experiment on comprehensive intensity parameters can not be carried out currently because the situ deformation testing of comprehensive mechanical parameters for soft-hard-alternated layered rock is too large a scale. Therefore, for soft-hard-alternated layered rock, the establishment of other relationships is the better way for fully obtaining mechanical parameters of rock mass of dam foundation. Finally, the present thesis has studied to some certain extent the dereferencing method for comprehensive mechanical parameters of soft-hard-alternated layered rock. Using the present research findings in relation to the rock structure of soft-hard-alternated layered rock, the comprehensive mechanical parameters and the evaluation of rock mass, the best construction base surfaces of Guanyinyan Hydropower Station have been successfully chosen and the positions of construction base surfaces of Ahai Hydropower Station riverbed dam foundation has been optimized. Therefore, the present research on the soft-hard-alternated layered rock is in line with the related engineering geological characteristics, providing not only theoretical significance but also practical value.
引文
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