强风作用下高层建筑风场实测及模态参数识别研究
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摘要
随着世界经济和建筑技术的发展,世界各地不断兴建大量高层建筑。轻质高强材料的应用使得现代高层建筑呈现出高柔和低阻尼特性,从而增加了高层建筑的风敏感性。结构风敏感性的增加使得结构风荷载的设计取值和风致振动响应的估计与控制变得更加重要。
强(台)风是引起高层特别是超高层建筑损伤破坏和振动响应的主要因素。高层建筑风场实测结果是掌握结构风荷载作用机理和结构动力响应及破坏机理最直接的资料,也是修正现有试验方法和理论模型最为权威的依据。风洞研究表明,土木工程研究中假定风速或风压为高斯平稳过程可能与实际不符,高斯风压模型不能准确地描述高层建筑的风压场。特殊地形条件下的风速脉动不完全符合典型的风速谱,且其概率密度函数有可能不符合高斯分布。此外,结构的模态参数尤其模态阻尼参数的准确识别对于高层建筑适用性和安全性设计变得越来越重要。然而,国内对于高层建筑的风场实测尤其风压实测少为鲜见,高层建筑的阻尼数据库较为缺乏,基于环境风激励的模态参数识别也需要更准确的识别方法。
论文以国家自然科学基金项目“台风作用下超高层建筑非高斯风压的数值模拟研究”(批准号50578092)为依托。对强风作用下处于特殊地形条件的超高层建筑的风场进行了实测研究,基于环境激励下的实测动力响应研究了仅输出模态参数识别的解析小波方法。论文主要内容及研究成果如下:
1.论文对风场实测及模态参数识别的研究进展进行了综述,详细阐述了近地强风特性,分析了强风作用下高层建筑的风压特征。
2.提出了利用单尺度小波能量的突变确定时变均值分解的准确层次的方法,利用该层次近似系数的离散正交小波逆变换可得到准确的时变均值。
3.为了获取在强风作用下高层建筑的风场特性,基于风压测试基本原理,发明了新型风压传感器,设计了高层建筑风场实测及动力响应的实施方案。基于高空风速风压同步实测结果,分别对实测场地的风速风向特征及墙面风压特征进行了分析研究。
4.基于小波变换分别进行了风压间小波相干和考虑伪相干的小波相干分析,对各测点之间风压的相关性与经验公式计算的风速相关性进行了比较。
5.基于Gabor小波函数的解析小波变换(AWT),是通过小波函数与复值信号的匹配机制揭示信号的幅频和相频信息以实现结构模态阻尼参数的识别。基于小波变换(WT)理论,探讨了Gabor小波函数的特性及解析小波变换的时频分辨率和端点效应问题;为实现结构模态阻尼参数的准确识别,提出了Gabor小波函数参数选取和有效信号长度确定的依据。
Many tall buildings have been or are being built with the development of world economic and construction technologies in the world. Modern tall buildings has manifested more flexible and lightly damped characteristics due to adopting high strength and lighter-weight materials with respect to those in the past. As a consequence, the sensitivity of these tall buildings to dynamic excitations, such as strong wind, has increasingly increased. On account of the increased sensitivity of tall buildings to wind, the design of wind loads as well as the estimation and control of wind-induced responses have become more important。
The strong wind, such astyphoon, is a significant factor which gives rise to damage and vibration response of tall buildings or super tall buildings. The results of wind field full-scale measurements on tall buildings are the most direct information to afford insight into wind load effects, wind-induced dynamic responses, and wind-induced breakage on structures. Likewise, they are the most authoritative database used for revising both the present test methods and theoretical analysis models. The wind tunnel researches have showed that the assumption of Gaussian distribution and stationary process of the wind speed or wind pressure may not be consistent with the practicality in the civil engineering. The Gaussian model of wind pressure is unable to accurately describe wind pressure field of tall buildings. The wind velocity fluctuations may be not consistent with the typical velocity spectrum and the probability density functions also may be not accord with the Gaussian distribution under the special terrain conditions. On the other hand, accurate identification of structural dynamic parameters, especially for damping parameters, is becoming more and more importance for both serviceability design and safety design. However, there are serious scarcities of wind field full-scale measurement, especially wind pressure, and of damping data base for tall buildings. Naturally, modal parameters identification based on the excitation of environmental wind also requires an accurate identification method.
The dissertation is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Numerical simulation study on non-gaussian wind pressure of super high-rise building under the typhoon, Grant No. 50578092). Investigations on the wind field full-scale measurements of tall buildings in the special terrain conditions under the strong wind have been carried out. The analytic wavelet method applied to output-only model parameters identifications is explored by uese of the measured dynamic responses. Main works and results about the dissertation can be summarized as follows:
1.Development in both the full-scale measurements of wind fields and modal parameters identification are firstly reviewed. Then, the dissertation elaborates the characteristics of the strong winds in the Earth’s atmospheric boundary layer and analyzes the characteristics of the wind pressures on tall buildings.
2.An approach has been proposed that the accurate levels of decomposing the time-varying mean wind speed are quantitatively determined by the saltation of simple scale wavelet energy. The accurate time-varying mean wind speed can then be gained by the inverse discrete orthogonal wavelet transforms of approximate coefficients in this level.
3.Based on the basic principle of the wind pressure testing, a new type of wind pressure sensor has been invented in order to obtain the wind field characteristics of tall buildings under strong wind loads. An implementation scheme of wind field full-scale measurements on a super tall building is decvised. The wind velocity and pressure data measured synchronously are then analyzed in this dissertation to gain an insight into the characters of wind velocity, directions, and wind pressure.
4.The coherence between wind pressures, with and without considerations of spurious coherence, respectively, has been analyzed by resorting to the wavelet transform. Likewise the coherence of wind-induced pressure fluctuations is compared with that of wind velocity fluctuations derived in accordance with an experiential formula.
5.With resorting to matching mechanism between the wavelet function and complex-valued signal, both the amplitude and phase frequency information can be revealed by the analytic wavelet transformation (AWT) based on the Gabor wavelet function to achieve the modal damping ratios identification of structures. In accordance with the wavelet transform (WT) theory, the characters of Gabor wavelet function, the time-frequency resolutions, and end effects of the AWT are discussed. In order to effectively carry out the modal damping ratios identification of structures, the method selecting the parameters of Gabor wavelet function and the formula determining the usable lengths of signal are thus proposed.
强(台)风是引起高层特别是超高层建筑损伤破坏和振动响应的主要因素。高层建筑风场实测结果是掌握结构风荷载作用机理和结构动力响应及破坏机理最直接的资料,也是修正现有试验方法和理论模型最为权威的依据。风洞研究表明,土木工程研究中假定风速或风压为高斯平稳过程可能与实际不符,高斯风压模型不能准确地描述高层建筑的风压场。特殊地形条件下的风速脉动不完全符合典型的风速谱,且其概率密度函数有可能不符合高斯分布。此外,结构的模态参数尤其模态阻尼参数的准确识别对于高层建筑适用性和安全性设计变得越来越重要。然而,国内对于高层建筑的风场实测尤其风压实测少为鲜见,高层建筑的阻尼数据库较为缺乏,基于环境风激励的模态参数识别也需要更准确的识别方法。
论文以国家自然科学基金项目“台风作用下超高层建筑非高斯风压的数值模拟研究”(批准号50578092)为依托。对强风作用下处于特殊地形条件的超高层建筑的风场进行了实测研究,基于环境激励下的实测动力响应研究了仅输出模态参数识别的解析小波方法。论文主要内容及研究成果如下:
1.论文对风场实测及模态参数识别的研究进展进行了综述,详细阐述了近地强风特性,分析了强风作用下高层建筑的风压特征。
2.提出了利用单尺度小波能量的突变确定时变均值分解的准确层次的方法,利用该层次近似系数的离散正交小波逆变换可得到准确的时变均值。
3.为了获取在强风作用下高层建筑的风场特性,基于风压测试基本原理,发明了新型风压传感器,设计了高层建筑风场实测及动力响应的实施方案。基于高空风速风压同步实测结果,分别对实测场地的风速风向特征及墙面风压特征进行了分析研究。
4.基于小波变换分别进行了风压间小波相干和考虑伪相干的小波相干分析,对各测点之间风压的相关性与经验公式计算的风速相关性进行了比较。
5.基于Gabor小波函数的解析小波变换(AWT),是通过小波函数与复值信号的匹配机制揭示信号的幅频和相频信息以实现结构模态阻尼参数的识别。基于小波变换(WT)理论,探讨了Gabor小波函数的特性及解析小波变换的时频分辨率和端点效应问题;为实现结构模态阻尼参数的准确识别,提出了Gabor小波函数参数选取和有效信号长度确定的依据。
Many tall buildings have been or are being built with the development of world economic and construction technologies in the world. Modern tall buildings has manifested more flexible and lightly damped characteristics due to adopting high strength and lighter-weight materials with respect to those in the past. As a consequence, the sensitivity of these tall buildings to dynamic excitations, such as strong wind, has increasingly increased. On account of the increased sensitivity of tall buildings to wind, the design of wind loads as well as the estimation and control of wind-induced responses have become more important。
The strong wind, such astyphoon, is a significant factor which gives rise to damage and vibration response of tall buildings or super tall buildings. The results of wind field full-scale measurements on tall buildings are the most direct information to afford insight into wind load effects, wind-induced dynamic responses, and wind-induced breakage on structures. Likewise, they are the most authoritative database used for revising both the present test methods and theoretical analysis models. The wind tunnel researches have showed that the assumption of Gaussian distribution and stationary process of the wind speed or wind pressure may not be consistent with the practicality in the civil engineering. The Gaussian model of wind pressure is unable to accurately describe wind pressure field of tall buildings. The wind velocity fluctuations may be not consistent with the typical velocity spectrum and the probability density functions also may be not accord with the Gaussian distribution under the special terrain conditions. On the other hand, accurate identification of structural dynamic parameters, especially for damping parameters, is becoming more and more importance for both serviceability design and safety design. However, there are serious scarcities of wind field full-scale measurement, especially wind pressure, and of damping data base for tall buildings. Naturally, modal parameters identification based on the excitation of environmental wind also requires an accurate identification method.
The dissertation is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Numerical simulation study on non-gaussian wind pressure of super high-rise building under the typhoon, Grant No. 50578092). Investigations on the wind field full-scale measurements of tall buildings in the special terrain conditions under the strong wind have been carried out. The analytic wavelet method applied to output-only model parameters identifications is explored by uese of the measured dynamic responses. Main works and results about the dissertation can be summarized as follows:
1.Development in both the full-scale measurements of wind fields and modal parameters identification are firstly reviewed. Then, the dissertation elaborates the characteristics of the strong winds in the Earth’s atmospheric boundary layer and analyzes the characteristics of the wind pressures on tall buildings.
2.An approach has been proposed that the accurate levels of decomposing the time-varying mean wind speed are quantitatively determined by the saltation of simple scale wavelet energy. The accurate time-varying mean wind speed can then be gained by the inverse discrete orthogonal wavelet transforms of approximate coefficients in this level.
3.Based on the basic principle of the wind pressure testing, a new type of wind pressure sensor has been invented in order to obtain the wind field characteristics of tall buildings under strong wind loads. An implementation scheme of wind field full-scale measurements on a super tall building is decvised. The wind velocity and pressure data measured synchronously are then analyzed in this dissertation to gain an insight into the characters of wind velocity, directions, and wind pressure.
4.The coherence between wind pressures, with and without considerations of spurious coherence, respectively, has been analyzed by resorting to the wavelet transform. Likewise the coherence of wind-induced pressure fluctuations is compared with that of wind velocity fluctuations derived in accordance with an experiential formula.
5.With resorting to matching mechanism between the wavelet function and complex-valued signal, both the amplitude and phase frequency information can be revealed by the analytic wavelet transformation (AWT) based on the Gabor wavelet function to achieve the modal damping ratios identification of structures. In accordance with the wavelet transform (WT) theory, the characters of Gabor wavelet function, the time-frequency resolutions, and end effects of the AWT are discussed. In order to effectively carry out the modal damping ratios identification of structures, the method selecting the parameters of Gabor wavelet function and the formula determining the usable lengths of signal are thus proposed.
引文
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