沁水盆地煤岩储层特征及压裂增产措施研究
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摘要
煤层气是一种由煤层生成并主要以吸附状态储集于煤层中的非常规天然气,加快煤层气资源开发,可以缓解未来我国天然气短缺的局势,提高国内能源自供能力。由于国内技术落后,煤层气大都直接排放到大气中,直接对大气环境造成严重的危害。同时煤层气也会在开采煤矿时发生瓦斯爆炸,对煤炭开采造成严重威胁。如何将这些严重污染环境的瓦斯变废为宝、有效利用起来,已经成为摆在人们面前的重要问题。本文以沁水盆地为研究对象,研究了该区煤岩储层地质特征及适合于该区的粘弹性表面活性剂压裂液,最后采用FracproPT软件进行压裂设计分析。
对沁水盆地构造特征及储层进行分析研究表明,沁水盆地3号煤层储层压力一般均小于10MPa,局部大于10MPa;区内孔隙度在5～10%之间,一般均>5%;区内(庄头断层以南,高庙山断层以西,寺头断层以东区域内)渗透率变化极大(变化范围为0.5～8md),但区域分布规律较为明显,显现出“南高北低”以及“翼部高、轴部低”的总体展布态势。
根据恒速压汞曲线的测试结果,将该地区煤储层曲线分为裂缝-孔隙型和微孔隙型并计算出压汞曲线的孔隙结构特征参数,结果表明煤样的k/Φ值增大,排驱压力减小,平均孔喉半径增大,中值压力基本呈减小的趋势,最大孔喉半径呈增大趋势。该地区特征值计算结果表明,该区分选系数σ为2.077~16.745,孔喉变异系数C为0.168~0.753,孔喉的歪度Sk为-1.644~1.662,分形维数在2.7~2.9之间。采用声波测试图计算煤样的弹性模量和泊松比等参数,并从声学特性来计算岩石的力学参数如抗压、抗拉强度等强度参数,计算结果表明,工区煤岩的杨氏模量相对较高、泊松比高、硬度低、易破碎的非常规储层,该地区煤层敏感性较强,属于强应力敏感性地层。研究出粘弹性表面活性剂体系并对配方性能评价表明:粘弹性表面活性剂具有很好的携砂性能,耐剪切能力;体系无残渣,初滤失量较大,滤失系数较小;体系破胶后粘度小于10 mPa.s,具有很好的返排性能。粘弹性表面活性剂对煤岩的伤害实验表明,煤岩的孔隙越小,渗透率恢复越慢。饱和液体后的煤样要比没有饱和液体的煤样更加抗压和抗剪切,饱和压裂液后煤样的抗压抗剪切强度要比饱和水的煤样要好。此外实验表明,粘弹性表面活性剂在煤粉上的吸附规律符合Langmuir吸附规律,其吸附焓变是负值,即吸附是自发的。
结合声波时差所测的力学地层参数和粘弹性表面活性剂的性能,运用FracproPT软件进行水力压裂设计及裂缝模拟,并对裂缝几何形态、压力拟合进行分析对比,拟合表明,所研究的粘弹性表面活性剂压裂液具有很好的性能,完全满足该地区的要求。
Coal-Bed Methane(CBM), unconventional natural gas, is generated and mainly adsorbed in the coal. Accelerate exploiting coal-bed methane resources can ease the situation of shortage natural gas in China and increase self-ability of domestic energy. For domestic technology delay, most of methane directly release into atmosphere and cause serious hazard for environment. methane gas maybe expose in the process of exploitation coal. The effective using of CBM becomes an important issue for people. Based on Qinshui Basin, the paper studies the geological characteristics of the coal reservoirs, viscoelastic surfactant fracturing fluid and finally design and analysis fracturing performance by FracproPT software.
Structure characteristics and reservoir of Qinshui basin shows that the reservoir pressure is generally less than 10MPa, some more than 10MPa, porosity rang from 5%to10%, and permeability varies greatly (range from 0.5 to 8md), Regional distribution is“high Southern and low northern”,“high wing and low axial”.
Based on intrusive mercury curve of the coal reservoir, the coal reservoir can divide into fractured– porous style and micro-pore style. The pore structure parameters show that the k /Φvalue increases, the displacement pressure decreases, the average pore throat radius, the value of pressure decrease, and the maximum pore radius increases. The area eigenvalues show that Selection sorting coefficient is 2.077~16.745, Pore throat variation coefficient C is 0.168~0.753, Skewness of pore and throat is -1.644~1.662, Fractal dimension between 2.7~ 2.9.
Calculated acoustic wave test pattern can show elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio and other parameters of coal samples, acoustic properties of rock can also calculate the parameters such as compression, tensile strength and other strength parameters. The results show that the area is unconventional reservoirs: relatively high Young's modulus, high Poisson and low hardness, easy to broken, highly sensitive and strong stress sensitivity of strata.
Research the viscoelastic surfactant system and evaluate the formula performance. The Viscoelastic surfactant shows good performance of sand carrying, resistance to shear capacity, large amount of the beginning filtration and small filtration coefficient. The systems have good performance of back row for gel viscosity less than 10mPa.s after breaking. Coal damage results show that the smaller pores of coal the slower permeability recovery. The coal after saturated liquid is more compression and shear, compressive and shear strength of saturated fracturing fluid coal sample coal are better than another of saturated water. In addition, experiments shows that discipline of viscoelastic surfactant adsorption in coal consistent with the law of Langmuir adsorption, the adsorption enthalpy change is negative means that adsorption is spontaneous.
Combination of formation parameters measured by acoustic time test chart and viscoelastic surfactant properties. Use FracproPT software design and simulate hydraulic fracturing, comparison crack geometry and stress fitting. Fitting show those viscoelastic surfactants fracturing fluid have good performance and fully meet requirements of the region.
对沁水盆地构造特征及储层进行分析研究表明,沁水盆地3号煤层储层压力一般均小于10MPa,局部大于10MPa;区内孔隙度在5～10%之间,一般均>5%;区内(庄头断层以南,高庙山断层以西,寺头断层以东区域内)渗透率变化极大(变化范围为0.5～8md),但区域分布规律较为明显,显现出“南高北低”以及“翼部高、轴部低”的总体展布态势。
根据恒速压汞曲线的测试结果,将该地区煤储层曲线分为裂缝-孔隙型和微孔隙型并计算出压汞曲线的孔隙结构特征参数,结果表明煤样的k/Φ值增大,排驱压力减小,平均孔喉半径增大,中值压力基本呈减小的趋势,最大孔喉半径呈增大趋势。该地区特征值计算结果表明,该区分选系数σ为2.077~16.745,孔喉变异系数C为0.168~0.753,孔喉的歪度Sk为-1.644~1.662,分形维数在2.7~2.9之间。采用声波测试图计算煤样的弹性模量和泊松比等参数,并从声学特性来计算岩石的力学参数如抗压、抗拉强度等强度参数,计算结果表明,工区煤岩的杨氏模量相对较高、泊松比高、硬度低、易破碎的非常规储层,该地区煤层敏感性较强,属于强应力敏感性地层。研究出粘弹性表面活性剂体系并对配方性能评价表明:粘弹性表面活性剂具有很好的携砂性能,耐剪切能力;体系无残渣,初滤失量较大,滤失系数较小;体系破胶后粘度小于10 mPa.s,具有很好的返排性能。粘弹性表面活性剂对煤岩的伤害实验表明,煤岩的孔隙越小,渗透率恢复越慢。饱和液体后的煤样要比没有饱和液体的煤样更加抗压和抗剪切,饱和压裂液后煤样的抗压抗剪切强度要比饱和水的煤样要好。此外实验表明,粘弹性表面活性剂在煤粉上的吸附规律符合Langmuir吸附规律,其吸附焓变是负值,即吸附是自发的。
结合声波时差所测的力学地层参数和粘弹性表面活性剂的性能,运用FracproPT软件进行水力压裂设计及裂缝模拟,并对裂缝几何形态、压力拟合进行分析对比,拟合表明,所研究的粘弹性表面活性剂压裂液具有很好的性能,完全满足该地区的要求。
Coal-Bed Methane(CBM), unconventional natural gas, is generated and mainly adsorbed in the coal. Accelerate exploiting coal-bed methane resources can ease the situation of shortage natural gas in China and increase self-ability of domestic energy. For domestic technology delay, most of methane directly release into atmosphere and cause serious hazard for environment. methane gas maybe expose in the process of exploitation coal. The effective using of CBM becomes an important issue for people. Based on Qinshui Basin, the paper studies the geological characteristics of the coal reservoirs, viscoelastic surfactant fracturing fluid and finally design and analysis fracturing performance by FracproPT software.
Structure characteristics and reservoir of Qinshui basin shows that the reservoir pressure is generally less than 10MPa, some more than 10MPa, porosity rang from 5%to10%, and permeability varies greatly (range from 0.5 to 8md), Regional distribution is“high Southern and low northern”,“high wing and low axial”.
Based on intrusive mercury curve of the coal reservoir, the coal reservoir can divide into fractured– porous style and micro-pore style. The pore structure parameters show that the k /Φvalue increases, the displacement pressure decreases, the average pore throat radius, the value of pressure decrease, and the maximum pore radius increases. The area eigenvalues show that Selection sorting coefficient is 2.077~16.745, Pore throat variation coefficient C is 0.168~0.753, Skewness of pore and throat is -1.644~1.662, Fractal dimension between 2.7~ 2.9.
Calculated acoustic wave test pattern can show elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio and other parameters of coal samples, acoustic properties of rock can also calculate the parameters such as compression, tensile strength and other strength parameters. The results show that the area is unconventional reservoirs: relatively high Young's modulus, high Poisson and low hardness, easy to broken, highly sensitive and strong stress sensitivity of strata.
Research the viscoelastic surfactant system and evaluate the formula performance. The Viscoelastic surfactant shows good performance of sand carrying, resistance to shear capacity, large amount of the beginning filtration and small filtration coefficient. The systems have good performance of back row for gel viscosity less than 10mPa.s after breaking. Coal damage results show that the smaller pores of coal the slower permeability recovery. The coal after saturated liquid is more compression and shear, compressive and shear strength of saturated fracturing fluid coal sample coal are better than another of saturated water. In addition, experiments shows that discipline of viscoelastic surfactant adsorption in coal consistent with the law of Langmuir adsorption, the adsorption enthalpy change is negative means that adsorption is spontaneous.
Combination of formation parameters measured by acoustic time test chart and viscoelastic surfactant properties. Use FracproPT software design and simulate hydraulic fracturing, comparison crack geometry and stress fitting. Fitting show those viscoelastic surfactants fracturing fluid have good performance and fully meet requirements of the region.
引文
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