基于人工震源的区域尺度介质波速探测研究
摘要
地震波是照亮地球内部的一盏明灯,人们对于地球内部的结构、组成、状态和演化的了解几乎都是基于对地震波的研究。随着地震学的发展,人们获得地表和地球内部图像的能力和意愿越来越强,这一方面表现为观测范围的扩大和观测精度的增加,一方面表现为人们越来越多的利用人工震源向地下发射地震波进行积极的主动的探测。根据研究尺度的不同,地震学可以分为全球尺度、区域尺度和局部尺度。区域尺度的地震学研究在横向范围上达到上百公里,纵向深度深达莫霍面,覆盖面积可以达到10万平方公里。进行区域尺度的主动探测是研究岩石圈演化、大陆动力学和探索地震物理预报手段的的重要途径。
地下介质的波速是反映介质物性的重要物理量。对介质的波速结构和演化的测量有助于我们了解地球内部物质的组成和演化,其结果有助于我们了解地震的空间分布和孕育孕育机理,加深对地震物理过程的认识。
本文从主动探测的角度出发,揭示了区域尺度主动探测在地震学研究中的重要意义,讨论了用于区域尺度主动探测的人工震源的选择和应用。利用主动震源探测实验的结果,我们讨论了地下波速的结构特征同地震孕育和发生的关系以及利用主动震源进行地下介质波速4D监测的方法和意义,并结合实例进行了分析。
全球尺度的地震学研究往往是基于天然地震展开的,这是由于天然地震所释放的地震波能量大,足以穿透整个地球内部。而局部尺度的研究,主要集中在勘探地震学对矿产和油气资源的勘察,使用的一般是小当量的炸药震源和传统人工震源。而在区域尺度的地震学研究中,天然地震在空间和时间上的局限以及天然地震震源本身的复杂性使得它不适合用于区域尺度的探测,传统的人工震源也达不到区域探测对探测尺度和精度的要求。我们通过对多种人工震源的对比和实验研究,发现大容量气枪震源在区域尺度探测中具有得天独厚的优势:大容量气枪震源具有较高的激发能量和极好的重复特性。大容量气枪震源富含10Hz以下的低频信号,可以探测185Km的距离,探测深度深达Moho面。
气枪震源的高度重复特性使得它尤其适合作为4D地震学的探测震源来实现对地下介质波速变化的实时监测。气枪震源在激发效率和环保方面也具有明显的优势,是一种绿色环保的高效震源。
地下介质的波速结构是大陆活动块体划分的重要依据之一,而板内地震往往发生在大陆活动块体的边界,深度分布上集中在一定的范围内,且同地壳中的低速层有密切关系。地下波速结构的主动探测,有助于我们了解地震的分布规律和孕育机理。我们利用大容量气枪震源在水库中激发,通过分析在185Km测线上的记录,进行了华北地区岩石圈中的主要震相的识别和解释。
进而我们反演了该区域内P波的速度结构,发现在华北地壳中存在低速层。进一步我们研究了地震深度同低速层的关系,利用远震P波和pP的走时差精确测定了2006年文安地震的深度。结果表明文安地震发生在低速层和高速层的转换带,偏向高速层一边。之后我们讨论了华北地区低速层的成因及其同地震孕育的关系。
地下介质波速的变化可以反映介质中应力状态的变化,通过人工震源进行波速变化的4D监测有助于我们了解地震孕育的物理过程。我们讨论了实现地下介质波速变化实时精确监测对震源、记录仪器和处理手段的要求并进行了实验研究。2008年汶川地震之后,我们利用电动落锤震源在汶川地震断裂带北端进行了地下介质波速变化的监测,实验结果表明我们的系统可以实现地震波走时10?6s精度的测量,对波速相对变化测量的精度可以达到10?5。通过分析,我们发现波速变化同大气压变化具有一定的相关性。在实验过程中我们检测到了两次最高达到2%的面波波速变化,经过理论和数据分析,我们认为这是汶川地震的两次余震的同震效应造成的。
地下介质的波速是反映介质物性的重要物理量。对介质的波速结构和演化的测量有助于我们了解地球内部物质的组成和演化,其结果有助于我们了解地震的空间分布和孕育孕育机理,加深对地震物理过程的认识。
本文从主动探测的角度出发,揭示了区域尺度主动探测在地震学研究中的重要意义,讨论了用于区域尺度主动探测的人工震源的选择和应用。利用主动震源探测实验的结果,我们讨论了地下波速的结构特征同地震孕育和发生的关系以及利用主动震源进行地下介质波速4D监测的方法和意义,并结合实例进行了分析。
全球尺度的地震学研究往往是基于天然地震展开的,这是由于天然地震所释放的地震波能量大,足以穿透整个地球内部。而局部尺度的研究,主要集中在勘探地震学对矿产和油气资源的勘察,使用的一般是小当量的炸药震源和传统人工震源。而在区域尺度的地震学研究中,天然地震在空间和时间上的局限以及天然地震震源本身的复杂性使得它不适合用于区域尺度的探测,传统的人工震源也达不到区域探测对探测尺度和精度的要求。我们通过对多种人工震源的对比和实验研究,发现大容量气枪震源在区域尺度探测中具有得天独厚的优势:大容量气枪震源具有较高的激发能量和极好的重复特性。大容量气枪震源富含10Hz以下的低频信号,可以探测185Km的距离,探测深度深达Moho面。
气枪震源的高度重复特性使得它尤其适合作为4D地震学的探测震源来实现对地下介质波速变化的实时监测。气枪震源在激发效率和环保方面也具有明显的优势,是一种绿色环保的高效震源。
地下介质的波速结构是大陆活动块体划分的重要依据之一,而板内地震往往发生在大陆活动块体的边界,深度分布上集中在一定的范围内,且同地壳中的低速层有密切关系。地下波速结构的主动探测,有助于我们了解地震的分布规律和孕育机理。我们利用大容量气枪震源在水库中激发,通过分析在185Km测线上的记录,进行了华北地区岩石圈中的主要震相的识别和解释。
进而我们反演了该区域内P波的速度结构,发现在华北地壳中存在低速层。进一步我们研究了地震深度同低速层的关系,利用远震P波和pP的走时差精确测定了2006年文安地震的深度。结果表明文安地震发生在低速层和高速层的转换带,偏向高速层一边。之后我们讨论了华北地区低速层的成因及其同地震孕育的关系。
地下介质波速的变化可以反映介质中应力状态的变化,通过人工震源进行波速变化的4D监测有助于我们了解地震孕育的物理过程。我们讨论了实现地下介质波速变化实时精确监测对震源、记录仪器和处理手段的要求并进行了实验研究。2008年汶川地震之后,我们利用电动落锤震源在汶川地震断裂带北端进行了地下介质波速变化的监测,实验结果表明我们的系统可以实现地震波走时10?6s精度的测量,对波速相对变化测量的精度可以达到10?5。通过分析,我们发现波速变化同大气压变化具有一定的相关性。在实验过程中我们检测到了两次最高达到2%的面波波速变化,经过理论和数据分析,我们认为这是汶川地震的两次余震的同震效应造成的。
引文
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