山区公路边坡安全评价与灾害预警研究
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摘要
随着国民经济的快速发展以及国家基本建设力度的加大,近年来公路建设步伐明显加快,公路等级不断提高,同时边坡防护建设工程中所遇到的岩土边坡稳定性问题也相应增多,并成为岩土工程中比较常见的技术难题。由于公路工程建设的需要,往往在一定程度上破坏或扰动原来较为稳定的岩土体而形成新的人工边坡,边坡岩土安全状态直接关系到公路交通运输安全,边坡的安全失稳和垮塌事件给工程建设和人民生命财产安全带来巨大的威胁和损失,因而普遍存在着边坡安全评价与灾害预警方面的问题。
论文在重庆市交通委员会资助项目“公路高切坡岩土安全评价、监测预报及防治关键技术研究”(CQJ20060101)研究的基础上对山区公路边坡整体和局部安全、边坡灾害预警空间分区及灾害时间预警等进行相关研究,主要研究内容及获得的主要结论和成果如下:
1.对均质边坡、顺层边坡、反倾边坡和边坡楔形体等四种类型公路边坡的失稳破坏机制进行分析,并利用典型边坡进行了实例验证;同时从存在意义和演化意义两方面详细分析了山区公路边坡灾害的复杂性特征。
2.构建了由地形地貌、地质条件、气象条件、边坡岩土性质、地震和工程建设工艺等6大因素共25个评价指标组成的公路边坡整体安全评价指标体系,并提出简单关联度-层次分析法-专家效度等耦合的指标权重确定方法;利用物元可拓法建立山区公路边坡物元可拓评价模型,对重庆市两巫(巫山-巫溪)路k88+680边坡、k90+380边坡,巫(山)奉(节)路k23+560边坡以及彭(水)务(川)路k16+670边坡进行整体安全评价。
3.利用有限元软件ANSYS对公路路段进行开挖模拟,分析路段边坡在开挖过程中的局部稳定问题;将统一强度理论和Lode应力参数进行耦合,建立用于计算山区公路边坡局部安全稳定的数学模型。基于ArcGIS9.3对边坡数据进行前期处理和分析,采用有限元软件对边坡研究断面进行数值模拟,得到断面各节点的相关参数,利用ArcGIS9.3将数值模拟结果进行后期分析与可视化处理,最终得到边坡断面和路段坡面岩土安全分区图。
4.以重庆市为研究区域,初步构建了山区公路边坡灾害预警空间分区指标及相应预警等级,同时详细分析了各指标数据的获取方法及预警分区主要过程,对重庆市主要公路2km缓冲区范围进行了边坡灾害预警的空间分区研究。
5.在边坡变形三阶段演化规律分析基础上,利用边坡变形累计位移资料的切线角,对沪蓉西高速公路古树屋边坡演化所处的阶段进行判别;在公路开挖边坡变形预测中将灰色模型与马尔科夫模型进行耦合,利用灰色GM(1,1)模型体现边坡变形的灰色性,用马尔科夫动态过程反映边坡变形受外界影响尤其是人工开挖的随机性;在分析公路边坡人工分期开挖变形的基础上,提出采用蠕变-样条耦合模型对边坡开挖期与非开挖期变形进行预测的方法。
6.从系统开发设计目标、系统设计原则、系统整体结构及系统开发运行环境等四个方面对山区公路边坡安全评价与灾害预警信息系统的建设进行了分析;同时设计了整体安全评价、局部安全分区和灾害预警等三个子系统的主要功能,并对整体安全评价子系统中的指标重要程度排序、指标权重计算、指标权重修正和边坡安全等级评定等功能的实现进行了阐述。
Along with the dramatic increase in infrastructural investments, the pace of highway construction has considerably speeded up in recent years, and the grade of highways has been also improved. In the meantime, slope stability has become a concern in many cases. During the construction process, originally stable soil slopes are destroyed or disturbed more or less, and become new man-made slopes. Hence slope safety assessment and hazard warning for the slopes have become an important subject.
Supported by Department of Transportation of City of Chongqing, through Project CQJ20060101: Safety Assessment, Monitoring, and Hazard Forecasting and Prevention of Highway High-Cutting Slopes, this dissertation focuses on the safety assessment and hazard warning of slopes along mountainous highways. Main conclusions and achievements are outlined as follows:
1.The failure mechanism of four types of highway slopes, i.e., homogeneous slope, bedding rock slope, anti-inclined rocky slope and wedge slope, have been analyzed, and verified with typical cases. Complex characteristics of slope hazard of mountainous highways have been studied in terms of existence and evolution.
2.A holistic safety assessment index system for highway slopes comprised of 25 indexes, which are grouped into six factors (topography and landform, geologic condition, weather condition, soil properties, earthquake, and construction process) has been established, and a coupled weighting method for determining safety assessment indexes based on simple correlation, analytic hierarchy process, and expert opinions has been developed.A matter-element assessment model for the slope of mountainous highways has been developed, and applied for the holistic safety assessment of the k88+680 slope and the k90+380 slope of Wushan-Wuxi Highway, the k23+560 slope of Wushan-Fengjie Highway, and the k16+670 slope of Pengshui-Wuchuan Highway in Chongqing.
3.In the case study of k87+560~740 of Wushan-Wuxi Highway, the cutting process was modeled with ANSYS for analyzing the local slope stability during cutting.A mathematic model for the local slope stability of mountainous highways has been developed, by coupling the unified strength theory and the Lode stress parameters. Slope data were pre-processed and analyzed. Studied slopes were modeled with finite-element software, and thus nodal parameters were obtained. Numerical results were post-processed and visualized with ArcGIS9.3. Thus, a safety map for the studied slopes was obtained.
4.The spatial zoning indexes of slope hazard warning and a related warning classification system have been initially established based on the study region of Chongqing. Data collection approaches for the indexes and major warning zoning processes have been analyzed in detail. Spatial zoning studies of slope hazard warning were undertaken for the 2km buffering zone of main highways in Chongqing.
5.Based on the three-stage slope deformation evolution rule, the evolution stage of the Gushuwu slope of Shanghai-Chengdu Highway was identified, using the tangential angle of the cumulative displacements for slope deformation.Grey theory and Markov model have been coupled for forecasting slope deformation during highway cutting; that is, the grey GM(1,1) model takes account of the gray features of slope deformation, and dynamic Markov process takes account of the randomness of slope deformation due to various influences, particularly cutting process. Case studies indicate that the coupled model provides precise forecasting results for slope deformation during cutting, and accurately predicts the magnitude of slope deformation. Based on the analysis of highway slope deformation under phased cutting, a creep-spline coupling model has been developed for forecasting deformations subjected to intermittent excavation.
6.The development of the information system of safety assessment and hazard warning for the slope of mountainous highways has been analyzed, in terms of design objectives, design principles, integration, and operating environment. Also, main functions of three subsystems, i.e., holistic safety assessment, local safety zoning, and hazard warning, have been designed. The implementation of importance ranking, weighting, correction, and slope safety classification for the subsystem of holistic safety assessment has been discussed.
论文在重庆市交通委员会资助项目“公路高切坡岩土安全评价、监测预报及防治关键技术研究”(CQJ20060101)研究的基础上对山区公路边坡整体和局部安全、边坡灾害预警空间分区及灾害时间预警等进行相关研究,主要研究内容及获得的主要结论和成果如下:
1.对均质边坡、顺层边坡、反倾边坡和边坡楔形体等四种类型公路边坡的失稳破坏机制进行分析,并利用典型边坡进行了实例验证;同时从存在意义和演化意义两方面详细分析了山区公路边坡灾害的复杂性特征。
2.构建了由地形地貌、地质条件、气象条件、边坡岩土性质、地震和工程建设工艺等6大因素共25个评价指标组成的公路边坡整体安全评价指标体系,并提出简单关联度-层次分析法-专家效度等耦合的指标权重确定方法;利用物元可拓法建立山区公路边坡物元可拓评价模型,对重庆市两巫(巫山-巫溪)路k88+680边坡、k90+380边坡,巫(山)奉(节)路k23+560边坡以及彭(水)务(川)路k16+670边坡进行整体安全评价。
3.利用有限元软件ANSYS对公路路段进行开挖模拟,分析路段边坡在开挖过程中的局部稳定问题;将统一强度理论和Lode应力参数进行耦合,建立用于计算山区公路边坡局部安全稳定的数学模型。基于ArcGIS9.3对边坡数据进行前期处理和分析,采用有限元软件对边坡研究断面进行数值模拟,得到断面各节点的相关参数,利用ArcGIS9.3将数值模拟结果进行后期分析与可视化处理,最终得到边坡断面和路段坡面岩土安全分区图。
4.以重庆市为研究区域,初步构建了山区公路边坡灾害预警空间分区指标及相应预警等级,同时详细分析了各指标数据的获取方法及预警分区主要过程,对重庆市主要公路2km缓冲区范围进行了边坡灾害预警的空间分区研究。
5.在边坡变形三阶段演化规律分析基础上,利用边坡变形累计位移资料的切线角,对沪蓉西高速公路古树屋边坡演化所处的阶段进行判别;在公路开挖边坡变形预测中将灰色模型与马尔科夫模型进行耦合,利用灰色GM(1,1)模型体现边坡变形的灰色性,用马尔科夫动态过程反映边坡变形受外界影响尤其是人工开挖的随机性;在分析公路边坡人工分期开挖变形的基础上,提出采用蠕变-样条耦合模型对边坡开挖期与非开挖期变形进行预测的方法。
6.从系统开发设计目标、系统设计原则、系统整体结构及系统开发运行环境等四个方面对山区公路边坡安全评价与灾害预警信息系统的建设进行了分析;同时设计了整体安全评价、局部安全分区和灾害预警等三个子系统的主要功能,并对整体安全评价子系统中的指标重要程度排序、指标权重计算、指标权重修正和边坡安全等级评定等功能的实现进行了阐述。
Along with the dramatic increase in infrastructural investments, the pace of highway construction has considerably speeded up in recent years, and the grade of highways has been also improved. In the meantime, slope stability has become a concern in many cases. During the construction process, originally stable soil slopes are destroyed or disturbed more or less, and become new man-made slopes. Hence slope safety assessment and hazard warning for the slopes have become an important subject.
Supported by Department of Transportation of City of Chongqing, through Project CQJ20060101: Safety Assessment, Monitoring, and Hazard Forecasting and Prevention of Highway High-Cutting Slopes, this dissertation focuses on the safety assessment and hazard warning of slopes along mountainous highways. Main conclusions and achievements are outlined as follows:
1.The failure mechanism of four types of highway slopes, i.e., homogeneous slope, bedding rock slope, anti-inclined rocky slope and wedge slope, have been analyzed, and verified with typical cases. Complex characteristics of slope hazard of mountainous highways have been studied in terms of existence and evolution.
2.A holistic safety assessment index system for highway slopes comprised of 25 indexes, which are grouped into six factors (topography and landform, geologic condition, weather condition, soil properties, earthquake, and construction process) has been established, and a coupled weighting method for determining safety assessment indexes based on simple correlation, analytic hierarchy process, and expert opinions has been developed.A matter-element assessment model for the slope of mountainous highways has been developed, and applied for the holistic safety assessment of the k88+680 slope and the k90+380 slope of Wushan-Wuxi Highway, the k23+560 slope of Wushan-Fengjie Highway, and the k16+670 slope of Pengshui-Wuchuan Highway in Chongqing.
3.In the case study of k87+560~740 of Wushan-Wuxi Highway, the cutting process was modeled with ANSYS for analyzing the local slope stability during cutting.A mathematic model for the local slope stability of mountainous highways has been developed, by coupling the unified strength theory and the Lode stress parameters. Slope data were pre-processed and analyzed. Studied slopes were modeled with finite-element software, and thus nodal parameters were obtained. Numerical results were post-processed and visualized with ArcGIS9.3. Thus, a safety map for the studied slopes was obtained.
4.The spatial zoning indexes of slope hazard warning and a related warning classification system have been initially established based on the study region of Chongqing. Data collection approaches for the indexes and major warning zoning processes have been analyzed in detail. Spatial zoning studies of slope hazard warning were undertaken for the 2km buffering zone of main highways in Chongqing.
5.Based on the three-stage slope deformation evolution rule, the evolution stage of the Gushuwu slope of Shanghai-Chengdu Highway was identified, using the tangential angle of the cumulative displacements for slope deformation.Grey theory and Markov model have been coupled for forecasting slope deformation during highway cutting; that is, the grey GM(1,1) model takes account of the gray features of slope deformation, and dynamic Markov process takes account of the randomness of slope deformation due to various influences, particularly cutting process. Case studies indicate that the coupled model provides precise forecasting results for slope deformation during cutting, and accurately predicts the magnitude of slope deformation. Based on the analysis of highway slope deformation under phased cutting, a creep-spline coupling model has been developed for forecasting deformations subjected to intermittent excavation.
6.The development of the information system of safety assessment and hazard warning for the slope of mountainous highways has been analyzed, in terms of design objectives, design principles, integration, and operating environment. Also, main functions of three subsystems, i.e., holistic safety assessment, local safety zoning, and hazard warning, have been designed. The implementation of importance ranking, weighting, correction, and slope safety classification for the subsystem of holistic safety assessment has been discussed.
引文
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