建筑能耗定额的理论与实证研究
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摘要
能源可持续利用对人类社会的生存和发展具有重要意义,同时和日益恶化的环境问题以及气候变化问题密切相关,因此能源问题成为全球的热点。如果从全生命周期考虑,建筑能耗占全社会总能耗的比例超过三分之一,因此建筑节能成为实现国家“节能减排”目标的重要影响因素。目前建筑节能工作主要集中于设计阶段,通过技术指标来规范建筑节能,取得了显著的成效,但也导致了技术至上的倾向。本文提出了建筑能耗定额体系,就是希望从建筑能耗的终端来评价建筑能效,将建筑节能工作导入务实的轨道上。建筑能耗定额还可以解决现有节能激励机制中限制性激励缺失的问题,为决策部门建立全方位的节能调控提供支撑。
首先,本文建立了设计建筑能耗定额制度的基本准则,然后根据这些准则建立了基于定额的控制目标“保证基本建筑能源需要,控制舒适建筑能源需要,抑制奢侈建筑能源需要”。为实现这个目标,需要从建筑能源的供应和消费、建筑节能产品的供应和消费两个方面入手进行制度设计。本文论证了建筑能源供应实施政府规制的必要性,也提出了解决规制中现存问题的方法。对于建筑能源消费的控制,则根据居住建筑、公共机构建筑、公益事业建筑和商业建筑的不同特点,分别提出了相应的控制策略和政策手段。建筑节能产品则需实施认证制度,再辅之以消费端的经济激励,就可以实现其推广应用。在这个制度设计中,建筑能耗定额发挥着巨大的作用。
接着,本文明确了建筑能耗定额的定义、形式、方法和内容,并从四个方面论证了建筑能耗定额的合理性内涵:即范式合理(使用基于社会生产的建成环境研究范式)、形式合理(选用社会产品能耗作为能耗定额指标)、方法合理(采用基于合理性内核的定额编制方法)和内容合理(能耗定额反映了合理建筑能源需要)。以此为基础,构建出由统计定额、技术定额、执行定额和现行定额组成的定额体系。由于最后实施的是现行定额,而统计定额、技术定额和执行定额只是作为制定现行定额的基础和参考,因此现行定额在整个体系中居于核心地位。其中统计定额是基于统计数据使用统计分析法确定的,因此具有简单性与粗略性;而技术定额是基于标准化场景得到的,因此具有复杂性与精细性,
本文还从操作层面分析了统计定额和技术定额的编制。
定额水平表是编制统计定额的基础,它以样本建筑社会产品能耗的概率分布估计总体的概率分布,定额水平表的质量由抽样的随机性和能耗数据的真实性予以保证。本文提出由平均高定额水平界定基本建筑能源需要,平均低定额水平界定奢侈建筑能源需要,这两者都属于统计定额范畴。
编制技术定额时,首先通过抽样得到样本建筑,再通过聚类分析选定典型建筑,然后引入基本场景或奢侈场景将典型建筑转化为“标准建筑”,最后以标准建筑为研究对象编制技术定额。本文提出了一系列简化技术定额编制过程的技术手段:将“标准建筑”能耗分解为分类能耗和分项能耗后进行计算;根据标准时长划分时间以减少工作量;计算分项能耗时主要考虑主导因素的影响。
最后,以重庆市14栋办公建筑为例,对定额体系理论进行了实证。结果表明,定额水平表不但是编制统计定额的关键,也是编制执行定额和现行定额的依据。在计算技术定额的过程中,典型建筑的准化过程是影响最终结果的关键。实例计算结果中,统计定额对基本和奢侈建筑能源需要的定额水平界定分别为0.8和0.2,技术定额对基本和奢侈建筑能源需要的定额水平界定则分别为0.96和0.35。最后,考虑到重庆初次实施能耗定额制度以“抑制奢侈建筑能源需要”为主要目的,因此选择0.4作为执行定额的定额水平,则最终执行定额为67.1kWh/p。
Vital to survival and development of our society, sustainable energy consumption have close connection with worsening environment and changing climate so issues of energy are focuses in the world. From the whole life circle, building energy consumption would occupy one third of the whole society energy consumption, which makes it a crucial factor affecting China’s goal of energy saving and emission reduction. With specifications to define energy efficiency, building energy efficiency management currently put too much attention to design phase so that technology-oriented policy become very popular even that some apparent accomplishment have been achieved. The goal to establish building energy consumption quota system in this dissertation is to assess building energy efficiency according to terminal consumption so that the government could take a more pragmatic approach to building energy consumption. Also, as a reverse encouragement, it would be a nice complement to incentive mechanism for building energy control so a all-around management system could be founded.
At first, this dissertation established base principles for building energy consumption quota system, and then set control goal which is ensuring basic building energy need, controlling comfortable one and confining luxurious one. To reach the goal, design for the system should involve markets of energy and energy efficiency product. Necessity for government regulation on building energy supply was discussed also with the solution to the present problems in the regulation. Based on different characters of residential building, government building, public building and commercial building, regulation strategy and policy measures are prepared for each one. To promote the application of building energy products, product certification in addition to economic incentives would be executed. In this whole system, building energy consumption quota would play a significant role.
Then, definition, index form, establishing method and contents of building energy consumption quota were clarified. Rationality for the quota was founded from four aspects which were paradigm, form, method and content. Quota system were constituted by statistical quota, technical quota, executive quota and actual quota. Since the former three quotas were only basis and reference for actual quota, actual quota became core in quota system. Statistical quota is simple and approximate because of its analysis on statistical data. Meanwhile, technical quota is complicated and precise due to standard scenes.
Also, statistical quota and technical quota were specified from the aspects of operation.
As the foundation of statistical quota, quota level table depicts probability distribution of population based on sample buildings, whose quality was determined by randomness of sampling and trueness of energy consumption data. Average of high quota levels defining basic building energy need and that of low quota level defining luxurious one, two of which belong to statistical quota, were presented by the dissertation.
When establishing technical quota, buildings were obtained on random at first and then typical building was selected by cluster analysis. Basic or luxurious scene was introduced to transfer typical building into standardized one which was basis for technical quota establishment. To simplify the calculation, energy consumption was classified into divisional and sub-divisional energy consumption and time was divided into standard intervals with only key factors involving.
At last, 14 office buildings in Chongqing were used as examples to verify the whole theory. The result shows that quota level form is not only critical to establish statistical quota but also basis for executive and actual quota. Standardizing of typical building is a key to technical quota. For calculation results of the example, quota levels for basic and luxurious building energy need were 0.8 and 0.2 individually from statistical quota and quota levels for those were 0.96 and 0.35 from technical quota. At last, considering that to restrain luxurious building energy need was the chief object since no quota system was executed in Chongqing before, 0.4 was selected as quota level for executive quota which was 76.1 kWh per capita.
首先,本文建立了设计建筑能耗定额制度的基本准则,然后根据这些准则建立了基于定额的控制目标“保证基本建筑能源需要,控制舒适建筑能源需要,抑制奢侈建筑能源需要”。为实现这个目标,需要从建筑能源的供应和消费、建筑节能产品的供应和消费两个方面入手进行制度设计。本文论证了建筑能源供应实施政府规制的必要性,也提出了解决规制中现存问题的方法。对于建筑能源消费的控制,则根据居住建筑、公共机构建筑、公益事业建筑和商业建筑的不同特点,分别提出了相应的控制策略和政策手段。建筑节能产品则需实施认证制度,再辅之以消费端的经济激励,就可以实现其推广应用。在这个制度设计中,建筑能耗定额发挥着巨大的作用。
接着,本文明确了建筑能耗定额的定义、形式、方法和内容,并从四个方面论证了建筑能耗定额的合理性内涵:即范式合理(使用基于社会生产的建成环境研究范式)、形式合理(选用社会产品能耗作为能耗定额指标)、方法合理(采用基于合理性内核的定额编制方法)和内容合理(能耗定额反映了合理建筑能源需要)。以此为基础,构建出由统计定额、技术定额、执行定额和现行定额组成的定额体系。由于最后实施的是现行定额,而统计定额、技术定额和执行定额只是作为制定现行定额的基础和参考,因此现行定额在整个体系中居于核心地位。其中统计定额是基于统计数据使用统计分析法确定的,因此具有简单性与粗略性;而技术定额是基于标准化场景得到的,因此具有复杂性与精细性,
本文还从操作层面分析了统计定额和技术定额的编制。
定额水平表是编制统计定额的基础,它以样本建筑社会产品能耗的概率分布估计总体的概率分布,定额水平表的质量由抽样的随机性和能耗数据的真实性予以保证。本文提出由平均高定额水平界定基本建筑能源需要,平均低定额水平界定奢侈建筑能源需要,这两者都属于统计定额范畴。
编制技术定额时,首先通过抽样得到样本建筑,再通过聚类分析选定典型建筑,然后引入基本场景或奢侈场景将典型建筑转化为“标准建筑”,最后以标准建筑为研究对象编制技术定额。本文提出了一系列简化技术定额编制过程的技术手段:将“标准建筑”能耗分解为分类能耗和分项能耗后进行计算;根据标准时长划分时间以减少工作量;计算分项能耗时主要考虑主导因素的影响。
最后,以重庆市14栋办公建筑为例,对定额体系理论进行了实证。结果表明,定额水平表不但是编制统计定额的关键,也是编制执行定额和现行定额的依据。在计算技术定额的过程中,典型建筑的准化过程是影响最终结果的关键。实例计算结果中,统计定额对基本和奢侈建筑能源需要的定额水平界定分别为0.8和0.2,技术定额对基本和奢侈建筑能源需要的定额水平界定则分别为0.96和0.35。最后,考虑到重庆初次实施能耗定额制度以“抑制奢侈建筑能源需要”为主要目的,因此选择0.4作为执行定额的定额水平,则最终执行定额为67.1kWh/p。
Vital to survival and development of our society, sustainable energy consumption have close connection with worsening environment and changing climate so issues of energy are focuses in the world. From the whole life circle, building energy consumption would occupy one third of the whole society energy consumption, which makes it a crucial factor affecting China’s goal of energy saving and emission reduction. With specifications to define energy efficiency, building energy efficiency management currently put too much attention to design phase so that technology-oriented policy become very popular even that some apparent accomplishment have been achieved. The goal to establish building energy consumption quota system in this dissertation is to assess building energy efficiency according to terminal consumption so that the government could take a more pragmatic approach to building energy consumption. Also, as a reverse encouragement, it would be a nice complement to incentive mechanism for building energy control so a all-around management system could be founded.
At first, this dissertation established base principles for building energy consumption quota system, and then set control goal which is ensuring basic building energy need, controlling comfortable one and confining luxurious one. To reach the goal, design for the system should involve markets of energy and energy efficiency product. Necessity for government regulation on building energy supply was discussed also with the solution to the present problems in the regulation. Based on different characters of residential building, government building, public building and commercial building, regulation strategy and policy measures are prepared for each one. To promote the application of building energy products, product certification in addition to economic incentives would be executed. In this whole system, building energy consumption quota would play a significant role.
Then, definition, index form, establishing method and contents of building energy consumption quota were clarified. Rationality for the quota was founded from four aspects which were paradigm, form, method and content. Quota system were constituted by statistical quota, technical quota, executive quota and actual quota. Since the former three quotas were only basis and reference for actual quota, actual quota became core in quota system. Statistical quota is simple and approximate because of its analysis on statistical data. Meanwhile, technical quota is complicated and precise due to standard scenes.
Also, statistical quota and technical quota were specified from the aspects of operation.
As the foundation of statistical quota, quota level table depicts probability distribution of population based on sample buildings, whose quality was determined by randomness of sampling and trueness of energy consumption data. Average of high quota levels defining basic building energy need and that of low quota level defining luxurious one, two of which belong to statistical quota, were presented by the dissertation.
When establishing technical quota, buildings were obtained on random at first and then typical building was selected by cluster analysis. Basic or luxurious scene was introduced to transfer typical building into standardized one which was basis for technical quota establishment. To simplify the calculation, energy consumption was classified into divisional and sub-divisional energy consumption and time was divided into standard intervals with only key factors involving.
At last, 14 office buildings in Chongqing were used as examples to verify the whole theory. The result shows that quota level form is not only critical to establish statistical quota but also basis for executive and actual quota. Standardizing of typical building is a key to technical quota. For calculation results of the example, quota levels for basic and luxurious building energy need were 0.8 and 0.2 individually from statistical quota and quota levels for those were 0.96 and 0.35 from technical quota. At last, considering that to restrain luxurious building energy need was the chief object since no quota system was executed in Chongqing before, 0.4 was selected as quota level for executive quota which was 76.1 kWh per capita.
引文
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