西气东输新疆段压气站埋地管道腐蚀与防腐技术研究
|
摘要
西气东输管道全长3900km,其干线使用了3层PE和阴极保护系统进行联合保护,而各输气站场的埋地管线则使用了无溶剂环氧涂料进行防腐。投产初期管道运行平稳,但2007和2008年相继在轮南和哈密压气站内发现了防腐层失效,埋地管道腐蚀和泄露的情况。而四道班压气站的土壤环境和防腐方案与它们都相似,在开挖调查中也发现了类似的问题,虽然还没有穿孔泄露,但也出现了防腐层失效和较严重的腐蚀,存在较大安全隐患,因此,针对新疆段压气站出现的埋地管道外腐蚀问题,为了弄清其腐蚀发生的内在原因,认识其腐蚀规律,有针对性地进行防腐,开展了本论文的研究,以保障西气东输管道的安全连续运行,延长管道的使用寿命。
论文的主要研究内容如下：
(1)四道班压气站腐蚀现状调研与土壤分析。通过对四道班压气站内的埋地管道进行开挖调研,认识其防腐技术现状和管道的腐蚀现状；通过对土壤的理化性质的测试分析,研究土壤的腐蚀性。
(2)四道班站管材腐蚀行为研究。利用室内电化学测试对管材的耐蚀性进行分析；利用室内土壤腐蚀模拟实验对土壤溶液中各因素对腐蚀的影响进行分析；利用现场埋片试验获得最直接的管材腐蚀数据,并对其规律进行分析；利用能谱分析和SEM对各管材的腐蚀特征进行分析。
(3)站内接地网对埋地管道的腐蚀影响研究。利用电化学测试和室内浸泡实验对接地网与管道接触时可能发生的电偶腐蚀行为进行研究,结果表明电偶腐蚀效应明显。
(4)压缩机出口排污管的电偶腐蚀实验研究。利用浸泡实验对排污管上出现的3种异种管材连接时可能出现的电偶腐蚀行为进行了研究,结果表明电偶效应明显。
(5)无溶剂环氧涂料在四道班站土壤中的性能评价。利用模拟土壤溶液浸泡实验对无溶剂环氧涂料的防腐性能进行评价,结果表明符合设计要求的无溶剂环氧涂料能对管材提供良好的保护。
(6)四道班站埋地管道防腐措施研究。在文献调研的基础上推荐了适合四道班站的防腐层类型,并根据前面的研究结果,提出了腐蚀治理的基本措施。
The main line of West-East gas pipeline, length 3900km, used the 3-layer PE and cathodic protection system, while solvent-free epoxy coatings are used on the buried pipelines of gas transmission stations for corrosion. The pipeline during the initial production run smoothly, but in 2007 and 2008 successively in Lunnan and Hami gas compressor station found a coating failure, corrosion and leakage of buried pipeline. And the soil situation and anti-corrosion program were similar to them; in the excavation of the survey a similar problem was also found. Although not leakage, but there have been more severe coating failures and corrosion, there was a big security risk. Therefore, against the external corrosion problems of the buried pipelines in Sidaoban gas compressor station, this thesis was studied, in order to identify the hidden causes of corrosion occurred, to understand the corrosion law, targeted for anti-corrosion, to ensure the West-East gas pipeline continuous operation in safety, extending the service life.
The main research contents are as follows:
(1) Surveys of corrosion status and soil analysis of Sidaoban gas compressor station. Through the excavation research of buried pipeline in Sidaoban gas compression station, their anti-corrosion technology and pipeline corrosion status were cognized; through the physical and chemical properties test analysis of soil, the soil corrosivity was studied.
(2) Study on corrosion behavior of tubing of Sidaoban gas compressor station. Corrosion resistance of tubing was analyzed using electrochemical testing in lab; the influence on the corrosion of various factors in soil solution were analyzed using simulation experiments of the soil corrosion; the most direct corrosion data of tubing was obtained using coupon testing in situ, and the corrosion law was analyzed; each coupon's corrosion features were analyzed by using spectrum analysis and SEM.
(3) Study on corrosion influence on the buried pipelines impacted by grounding grid. Bimetallic corrosion behavior, occurred when grounding grid contacted with the buried pipelines, was studied using electrochemical testing and immersion experiments. The results showed that the galvanic effect was obvious.
(4) Study on bimetallic corrosion testing of blow-off pipe of compressor outlet. Bimetallic corrosion behavior, maybe occurred when the three different tubing connected successively, using immersion experiments. The results showed that the galvanic effect was obvious.
(5) Evaluations of performance of solvent-free Epoxy coating used in the soil of Sidaoban gas compressor station. The evaluation of solvent-free epoxy coating on the corrosion performance was tested using immersion experiments with simulated soil solution. The results showed that the solvent-free epoxy coating, meeting design requirements, can provide good protection for pipe.
(6) Study on anti-corrosion measures of buried pipeline in Sidaoban gas compressor station. Based on the research in the literature, type of coatings was recommended for Sidaoban station and, based on previous research results, the basic measures of corrosion control were put forward.
论文的主要研究内容如下：
(1)四道班压气站腐蚀现状调研与土壤分析。通过对四道班压气站内的埋地管道进行开挖调研,认识其防腐技术现状和管道的腐蚀现状；通过对土壤的理化性质的测试分析,研究土壤的腐蚀性。
(2)四道班站管材腐蚀行为研究。利用室内电化学测试对管材的耐蚀性进行分析；利用室内土壤腐蚀模拟实验对土壤溶液中各因素对腐蚀的影响进行分析；利用现场埋片试验获得最直接的管材腐蚀数据,并对其规律进行分析；利用能谱分析和SEM对各管材的腐蚀特征进行分析。
(3)站内接地网对埋地管道的腐蚀影响研究。利用电化学测试和室内浸泡实验对接地网与管道接触时可能发生的电偶腐蚀行为进行研究,结果表明电偶腐蚀效应明显。
(4)压缩机出口排污管的电偶腐蚀实验研究。利用浸泡实验对排污管上出现的3种异种管材连接时可能出现的电偶腐蚀行为进行了研究,结果表明电偶效应明显。
(5)无溶剂环氧涂料在四道班站土壤中的性能评价。利用模拟土壤溶液浸泡实验对无溶剂环氧涂料的防腐性能进行评价,结果表明符合设计要求的无溶剂环氧涂料能对管材提供良好的保护。
(6)四道班站埋地管道防腐措施研究。在文献调研的基础上推荐了适合四道班站的防腐层类型,并根据前面的研究结果,提出了腐蚀治理的基本措施。
The main line of West-East gas pipeline, length 3900km, used the 3-layer PE and cathodic protection system, while solvent-free epoxy coatings are used on the buried pipelines of gas transmission stations for corrosion. The pipeline during the initial production run smoothly, but in 2007 and 2008 successively in Lunnan and Hami gas compressor station found a coating failure, corrosion and leakage of buried pipeline. And the soil situation and anti-corrosion program were similar to them; in the excavation of the survey a similar problem was also found. Although not leakage, but there have been more severe coating failures and corrosion, there was a big security risk. Therefore, against the external corrosion problems of the buried pipelines in Sidaoban gas compressor station, this thesis was studied, in order to identify the hidden causes of corrosion occurred, to understand the corrosion law, targeted for anti-corrosion, to ensure the West-East gas pipeline continuous operation in safety, extending the service life.
The main research contents are as follows:
(1) Surveys of corrosion status and soil analysis of Sidaoban gas compressor station. Through the excavation research of buried pipeline in Sidaoban gas compression station, their anti-corrosion technology and pipeline corrosion status were cognized; through the physical and chemical properties test analysis of soil, the soil corrosivity was studied.
(2) Study on corrosion behavior of tubing of Sidaoban gas compressor station. Corrosion resistance of tubing was analyzed using electrochemical testing in lab; the influence on the corrosion of various factors in soil solution were analyzed using simulation experiments of the soil corrosion; the most direct corrosion data of tubing was obtained using coupon testing in situ, and the corrosion law was analyzed; each coupon's corrosion features were analyzed by using spectrum analysis and SEM.
(3) Study on corrosion influence on the buried pipelines impacted by grounding grid. Bimetallic corrosion behavior, occurred when grounding grid contacted with the buried pipelines, was studied using electrochemical testing and immersion experiments. The results showed that the galvanic effect was obvious.
(4) Study on bimetallic corrosion testing of blow-off pipe of compressor outlet. Bimetallic corrosion behavior, maybe occurred when the three different tubing connected successively, using immersion experiments. The results showed that the galvanic effect was obvious.
(5) Evaluations of performance of solvent-free Epoxy coating used in the soil of Sidaoban gas compressor station. The evaluation of solvent-free epoxy coating on the corrosion performance was tested using immersion experiments with simulated soil solution. The results showed that the solvent-free epoxy coating, meeting design requirements, can provide good protection for pipe.
(6) Study on anti-corrosion measures of buried pipeline in Sidaoban gas compressor station. Based on the research in the literature, type of coatings was recommended for Sidaoban station and, based on previous research results, the basic measures of corrosion control were put forward.
引文
[1]褚永杰.西气东输管道工程概况[J].石油工程建设,2001,27(04).
[2]巨新昌.盐渍土腐蚀与防护研究[J].山西建筑,2007,33(27)：28-29
[3]伍远辉等.Q235钢在不同湿度的青海盐湖盐渍土壤中的腐蚀行为[J].商丘师范学院学报.2005,21(2)：98-101
[4]杜存臣等.天然气管道的环境腐蚀与防护[J].化工装备技术,2004,5(2)：63-66
[5]孙成,李洪锡,张淑泉等.大港海滨盐土的腐蚀性研究[J].环境科学与技术,1999,85(2)：1-3.
[6]高立群,李洪锡,孙成等.A3钢在土壤中盐浓差电池腐蚀行为的研究[J].油气储运,2000,19(2)：29-31.
[7]全国土壤腐蚀试验网站.材料土壤腐蚀试验方法[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1993：26-32.
[8]曹楚南,王光雍.我国材料自然环境腐蚀试验研究工作进展[A].北京：化学工业出版社,1999：1-7.
[9]林玉珍,杨德钧.腐蚀和腐蚀控制原理[M].北京：中国石化出版社,2007：203-209.
[10]翁永基,李相怡.塔里木地区腐蚀调查和钢铁—土壤腐蚀模型研究[J].腐蚀与防护,2000,21(8)：44-47.
[11]张宝宏,从文博,杨萍.金属电化学腐蚀与防护[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005：85-89.
[12]LuRenhao, Baixue, LiuQi, LiDong,7th APCCC, Beijing, China, International Aeademie Publishers,1991; Vol.1:566.
[13]托马晓夫.金属腐蚀及其保护的理论[M].北京,中国工业出版社,1995：89-96.
[14]刘道新.材料的腐蚀与防护[M].西安：西北工业大学出版社,2006：68-75.
[15]中国腐蚀与防护学会.金属腐蚀手册[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1997：115-230.
[16]King R.A. TRRL Supplementary Repot 316[C]. TRRL, Crowthorne,1977.
[17]俞蓉蓉,蔡志章.地下金属管道的腐蚀与防护[M].北京：石油工业出版社,1998：51-62.
[18]胡士信,寥宇平等.管道防腐层设计手册[M].北京：化学工业出版社：2007
[19]王祥.油库电气安全防爆技术[J].北京：中国电力出版社,2006年10月
[20]詹约章.变电站接地网的腐蚀及防护[J].高电压技术,1990,(2)：82-85
[21]李峻明.接地网的腐蚀及防腐措施[J].甘肃电力技术.2000.6：40-52；
[22]李素芳,陈宗璋,彭敏放等.接地网的腐蚀分析与防腐技术[J].内蒙古电力技 术.2003.21(2)：9-12
[23]Rim-rukeh, Akpofure and Awatefe, J. Kehinde. Investigation of Soil Corrosivity in the Corrosion of Low Carbon Steel Pipe in Soil Environment[J]. Journal of Applied Sciences Research,2(8):466-469.
[24]张淑泉等.我国土壤腐蚀性调查概况[J].全国环境腐蚀网站通讯.2000,235：7
[25]Schaschle E. and G.A. Marsh. Some New Views on Soil Corrosion[J]. Materials Protection,1963,2:8-17.
[26]Rim-rukeh, Akpofure and Awatefe, J. Kehinde. Investigation of Soil Corrosivity in the Corrosion of Low Carbon Steel Pipe in Soil Environment[J]. Journal of Applied Sciences Research,2(8):466-469.
[27]郭昊等.X70钢在碳酸氢钠溶液中的腐蚀行为研究[J].装备环境工程.2007,4(3)：40-44
[28]Murray J N, Moran P J. Influence of moisture on corrosion of pipeline steel in soils using in situ impedance spectroscopy[J]. Corrosion,1989,45(1).
[29]王世伟等.土壤中侵蚀性离子对X70钢的侵蚀作用研究[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术.2005,17(2)：98-124
[30]蒲万丽.克拉2气田集输管线的材料选择及腐蚀防护[D].西南石油大学工程硕士学位论文,2005：4-5
[31]张立忠等.输油气站埋地管道的腐蚀分析与防护[J].油气储运,2003,22(4)：22-25
[32]王文健,试验数据分析处理与软件应用[J],北京：电子工业出版社2008.2
[33]材料土壤腐蚀试验方法[M] 全国土壤腐蚀试验网站编著 科学出版社北京1990
[34]曹楚南.腐蚀电化学原理[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2008：3-19.
[35]李久青,杜翠薇.腐蚀试验方法及监测技术[M].北京：中国石化出版社,2007：25-71.
[36]ASTM G31 Standard Practice for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals. Houston:ASTM International,2004.
[37]NACE TM 0169-2000 Laboratory Corrosion Testing Of Metals. Houston:NACE,2000.
[38]邱于兵,丁鹏,金名惠等.X70钢在新疆库尔勒土中的早期腐蚀行为[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007；35(4)：129-132.
[39]杜翠薇,李晓刚,武俊伟.三种土壤对X70钢腐蚀行为的比较[J].北京科技大学学报,2004,26(5)：529-532.
[40]李晓刚.X70钢的腐蚀行为与试验研究[M].北京：科学出版社,2006.8
[41]冯国强,金名惠,孟厦兰.碳钢在我国几种典型土壤中腐蚀数据的拟合[J].油气田地面工程,2000,19(3)：45-46.
[42]Mughabghab S.F, Sullivan T.M. Investigation of the Pitting Corrosion of Low Carbon Steel Containers; Waste management'88:symposium on radioactive waste management, Tucson, AZ, USA,1988.
[43]H.H.Uhlig and R.W.Revie. Corrosion and Corrosion Control--An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Emgineering[M]. New York:John Wiley and Sons,1985: 168-174.
[44]Melvin Roanoff, Undergound Corrosion, National Technical Information Service(NTIS), U.S.Department of Commerce, Apri,1957.
[45]Ashworth V., Googan C.G., Jaeob W.R. Ausrralasia Corrosion Association Inc., Proceedings Conference 26, South Australia,1986.
[46]Brerkeley K.G.C. Corrosion control for buried Pipelines Guides to Practice No.10[J]. Dept.of Industry, London:1982.
[47]Kasahara K., Adachi H., Kajiyama F..8th ICMC, Dechema,1981, Vol.2:18-32.
[48]王娅莉.金属腐蚀及油田设备防腐[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社,1994
[49]赵选民.试验设计方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2006：64.
[50]刘振学,黄仁和,田爱民.实验设计与数据处理[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005：87.
[51]李云雁,胡传荣.试验设计与数据处理[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2007：98-100.
[52]武俊伟,李晓刚,杜翠薇.低碳钢在库尔勒土壤中腐蚀行为的室内研究[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2004,16(5)：33-36.
[53]金名惠等.碳钢在我国四种土壤中腐蚀机理的研究[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版).2002,30(7)：104-107
[54]金文房.克拉玛依炼厂地下水管线的腐蚀调查及防腐[J].石油化工腐蚀与防护,1993,(3)：23-25
[55]柯伟.中国腐蚀调查报告[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2003
[56]吴辅丰.浅谈无溶剂涂料[J].中国涂料,2002,(4)：19-21
[57]Potvin E, Larochelle L. Corrosion Protective Performances of commercial low-VOC epoxy/urethane coatings on hot-rolled 1010 mild steel[J]. Progress in Organic Coatings.1997(31):363.
[58]冯辉霞等.重防腐涂料及其应用[J].全面腐蚀控制,2005,19(5)：1-3
[59]Galliano F, Landolt D. Evaluation of corrosion Protection Properties of additives for waterborne epoxy coatings on steel[J]. Progress in Organic Coatings.2002,44(3): 217～225.
[60]孙跃.金属腐蚀与控制[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2003年4月
[61]刘惠等.长呼输气管线的外防腐设计[J].腐蚀与防护,2003,(5)：29-30
[62]张斌.无溶剂环氧涂料在石化行业的应用[J].上海涂料.2008,46(6)：40-43；
[63]Margarit I C P, Mattos O R. About coatings and cathodic protection:possibilities of impedance as monitoring technique[J]. Malerials Science Forum.1998,289-292:279.
[64]秦总根,涂伟萍.聚氨酯涂料起泡的原因及其处理[J].合成材料老化与应用.2004,33(2)：34-36；
[65]钟鑫,孙慧.高性能喷涂聚脲弹性体技术及其应用[J].上海涂料.2008,46(2)：33-37；
[66]钟鑫.防腐蚀喷涂聚脲弹性体的研究[J].河南化工.2007,24：28-31；
[67]周玉生.喷涂双组分聚脲技术在奥体会议中心配套工程的应用[J].奥运工程防水技术.2008,1：34-36.
[68]Primeaux DJ.Polyurea Spray Technology in Commercial Applieations.60 Years of Polyurethanes:International Symposium and Exhibition,1997,224～238.
[69]尹国耀等.对库鄯输油管道阴极保护投运的认识[J].油气储运,1998,17(7)：33-35
[70]胡士信.管道阴极保护技术现状与展望[J].腐蚀与防护,2004,25(3)：93-101.
[71]尹国耀,龚胜起,李英义等.对库都输油管道阴极保护投运的认识[J].油气储运,1998,17(7)：33-35.
[72]田飞.埋地管道阴极保护相关技术研究[D].天津大学硕士学位论文,2005
[73]马伟平.区域性阴极保护技术研究进展[J].油气储运,2005,24(9)：38-42,48
[74]Sun W.Optimal control of impressed cathodic protection systems in ship building[J].Numerical Methods in Engineering.2000,49(6):751-768;
[75]Luiz C W, Panayiotis M.Genetic algorithms for inverse cathodic protection problems[J].Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements.2004,28(3):267-277;
[76]魏金生.江汉油田站场综合防腐措施及其应用[J].石油工程建设,2003,29(5)：31-34
[77]L.S.Hou, W.Sun, Numerical Methods for Optimal Control of Impressed Cathodic Protection Systems International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1994, 37(16):2,779-2,796;
[78]陈洪源.区域性阴极保护技术在输气站场中的应用[J].油气储运,2005,24(5)：41-44
[79]Vicki L.Van Blaricum and Ashok Kumo.Cathodic Protection Diagnostic Expert System[J].Materials Performance.1994, (14);
[80]杜艳霞.输油泵站区域性阴极保护实施中的问题[J].腐蚀与防护,2006,27(8)：417-421
[81]Lu B, Luo J. Near-neutral pH-SCC initiation and early propagation of X70 pipeline steel [J]. Proceedings of 2000 International Pipeline Conference(IPC). ASME 2002, 227-234
[82]Beavers J A. Corrosion beneath disbanded pipeline coating [J]. Materials Performance, 1997,36(4):13-19
[83]Castela A S L. EIS evaluation of attached and free polymer films. Progress in Organic Coatings[J],2000,38(1):1-7
[84]Marchebois H, Savall C. Electrochemical behavior of ZincOrich powder coatings in artificial sea water[J]. Electrochemical Acta,2004, (49):2945-2954
[85]Pakins R N, Belhimer e. Stress corrosion cracking characteristics of pipeline steels in carbonate bicarbonate solution[J]. Corrosion,1993,49(12):951-966
[86]张宝宏.金属电化学腐蚀与防护[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.8
[87]王芷芳.王健牺牲阳极保护设计中若干问题的探讨[J].煤气与热力,2000年1月第20卷第1期
[88]H.H.尤里克著.腐蚀与腐蚀控制[M].翁永基译.北京.石油工业出版社,1995.516；
[89]F.Brichau and J.Deconinck.A Numerical Model for Cathodic Protection of Buried Pipes[J].Corrosion Science.1994:39-41;
[90]DP Riemer, ME Orazem.A mathematical model for the cathodic protection of tank bottoms[J].Corros.Sci,2005,47:849-868;
[91]K.Amaya, S.Aoki.Effective Boundary Element Methods in Corrosion Analysis[J].Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 27(2003):507-518;
[92]Cochrn J, Bass J T.NACE Int. Corrosion Forum (Corrosion/86), Houston,1986, 47;
[93]干志强等.库鄯线、陕京线防腐质量控制[J].天然气工业,1999,19(4)：73-76
[94]李青久,杜翠薇.腐蚀试验方法及监测技术[M],北京：中国石化出版社,2007
[95]JY／T 010-1996分析性扫描电子显微镜方法通则[S]
[96]JY／T 009-1996转靶多晶体X射线衍射方法通则[S]
[97]SY 0063-1999管道防腐层检漏试验方法[S]
[98]SY 0066-1999管道防腐层厚度的无损测量方法标准[S]
[99]SY／T0407-97,涂装前钢材表面预处理规范[S]
[100]Q／CNPC-GD,埋地钢制管道无溶剂液体环氧防腐层技术规范[S]
[101]GB9794-88,热喷涂锌及锌合金涂层实验方法[S]
[102]SY／T0315-2005,钢制管道单层熔结环氧粉末外涂层技术规范[S]
[103]GB4086.4-83统计分布数值表F分布[S]
[104]GB／T16545-1996,金属和合金的腐蚀腐蚀试样上腐蚀产物的清除[S]
[105]GB／10124-88,金属材料实验室均匀腐蚀试验方法[S]
[106]SY／T 0060-92油田防静电接地技术规定[S]
[107]SH 3097-2000石油化工静电接地设计规范[S]
[2]巨新昌.盐渍土腐蚀与防护研究[J].山西建筑,2007,33(27)：28-29
[3]伍远辉等.Q235钢在不同湿度的青海盐湖盐渍土壤中的腐蚀行为[J].商丘师范学院学报.2005,21(2)：98-101
[4]杜存臣等.天然气管道的环境腐蚀与防护[J].化工装备技术,2004,5(2)：63-66
[5]孙成,李洪锡,张淑泉等.大港海滨盐土的腐蚀性研究[J].环境科学与技术,1999,85(2)：1-3.
[6]高立群,李洪锡,孙成等.A3钢在土壤中盐浓差电池腐蚀行为的研究[J].油气储运,2000,19(2)：29-31.
[7]全国土壤腐蚀试验网站.材料土壤腐蚀试验方法[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1993：26-32.
[8]曹楚南,王光雍.我国材料自然环境腐蚀试验研究工作进展[A].北京：化学工业出版社,1999：1-7.
[9]林玉珍,杨德钧.腐蚀和腐蚀控制原理[M].北京：中国石化出版社,2007：203-209.
[10]翁永基,李相怡.塔里木地区腐蚀调查和钢铁—土壤腐蚀模型研究[J].腐蚀与防护,2000,21(8)：44-47.
[11]张宝宏,从文博,杨萍.金属电化学腐蚀与防护[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005：85-89.
[12]LuRenhao, Baixue, LiuQi, LiDong,7th APCCC, Beijing, China, International Aeademie Publishers,1991; Vol.1:566.
[13]托马晓夫.金属腐蚀及其保护的理论[M].北京,中国工业出版社,1995：89-96.
[14]刘道新.材料的腐蚀与防护[M].西安：西北工业大学出版社,2006：68-75.
[15]中国腐蚀与防护学会.金属腐蚀手册[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社,1997：115-230.
[16]King R.A. TRRL Supplementary Repot 316[C]. TRRL, Crowthorne,1977.
[17]俞蓉蓉,蔡志章.地下金属管道的腐蚀与防护[M].北京：石油工业出版社,1998：51-62.
[18]胡士信,寥宇平等.管道防腐层设计手册[M].北京：化学工业出版社：2007
[19]王祥.油库电气安全防爆技术[J].北京：中国电力出版社,2006年10月
[20]詹约章.变电站接地网的腐蚀及防护[J].高电压技术,1990,(2)：82-85
[21]李峻明.接地网的腐蚀及防腐措施[J].甘肃电力技术.2000.6：40-52；
[22]李素芳,陈宗璋,彭敏放等.接地网的腐蚀分析与防腐技术[J].内蒙古电力技 术.2003.21(2)：9-12
[23]Rim-rukeh, Akpofure and Awatefe, J. Kehinde. Investigation of Soil Corrosivity in the Corrosion of Low Carbon Steel Pipe in Soil Environment[J]. Journal of Applied Sciences Research,2(8):466-469.
[24]张淑泉等.我国土壤腐蚀性调查概况[J].全国环境腐蚀网站通讯.2000,235：7
[25]Schaschle E. and G.A. Marsh. Some New Views on Soil Corrosion[J]. Materials Protection,1963,2:8-17.
[26]Rim-rukeh, Akpofure and Awatefe, J. Kehinde. Investigation of Soil Corrosivity in the Corrosion of Low Carbon Steel Pipe in Soil Environment[J]. Journal of Applied Sciences Research,2(8):466-469.
[27]郭昊等.X70钢在碳酸氢钠溶液中的腐蚀行为研究[J].装备环境工程.2007,4(3)：40-44
[28]Murray J N, Moran P J. Influence of moisture on corrosion of pipeline steel in soils using in situ impedance spectroscopy[J]. Corrosion,1989,45(1).
[29]王世伟等.土壤中侵蚀性离子对X70钢的侵蚀作用研究[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术.2005,17(2)：98-124
[30]蒲万丽.克拉2气田集输管线的材料选择及腐蚀防护[D].西南石油大学工程硕士学位论文,2005：4-5
[31]张立忠等.输油气站埋地管道的腐蚀分析与防护[J].油气储运,2003,22(4)：22-25
[32]王文健,试验数据分析处理与软件应用[J],北京：电子工业出版社2008.2
[33]材料土壤腐蚀试验方法[M] 全国土壤腐蚀试验网站编著 科学出版社北京1990
[34]曹楚南.腐蚀电化学原理[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2008：3-19.
[35]李久青,杜翠薇.腐蚀试验方法及监测技术[M].北京：中国石化出版社,2007：25-71.
[36]ASTM G31 Standard Practice for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals. Houston:ASTM International,2004.
[37]NACE TM 0169-2000 Laboratory Corrosion Testing Of Metals. Houston:NACE,2000.
[38]邱于兵,丁鹏,金名惠等.X70钢在新疆库尔勒土中的早期腐蚀行为[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2007；35(4)：129-132.
[39]杜翠薇,李晓刚,武俊伟.三种土壤对X70钢腐蚀行为的比较[J].北京科技大学学报,2004,26(5)：529-532.
[40]李晓刚.X70钢的腐蚀行为与试验研究[M].北京：科学出版社,2006.8
[41]冯国强,金名惠,孟厦兰.碳钢在我国几种典型土壤中腐蚀数据的拟合[J].油气田地面工程,2000,19(3)：45-46.
[42]Mughabghab S.F, Sullivan T.M. Investigation of the Pitting Corrosion of Low Carbon Steel Containers; Waste management'88:symposium on radioactive waste management, Tucson, AZ, USA,1988.
[43]H.H.Uhlig and R.W.Revie. Corrosion and Corrosion Control--An Introduction to Corrosion Science and Emgineering[M]. New York:John Wiley and Sons,1985: 168-174.
[44]Melvin Roanoff, Undergound Corrosion, National Technical Information Service(NTIS), U.S.Department of Commerce, Apri,1957.
[45]Ashworth V., Googan C.G., Jaeob W.R. Ausrralasia Corrosion Association Inc., Proceedings Conference 26, South Australia,1986.
[46]Brerkeley K.G.C. Corrosion control for buried Pipelines Guides to Practice No.10[J]. Dept.of Industry, London:1982.
[47]Kasahara K., Adachi H., Kajiyama F..8th ICMC, Dechema,1981, Vol.2:18-32.
[48]王娅莉.金属腐蚀及油田设备防腐[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学出版社,1994
[49]赵选民.试验设计方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2006：64.
[50]刘振学,黄仁和,田爱民.实验设计与数据处理[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005：87.
[51]李云雁,胡传荣.试验设计与数据处理[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2007：98-100.
[52]武俊伟,李晓刚,杜翠薇.低碳钢在库尔勒土壤中腐蚀行为的室内研究[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,2004,16(5)：33-36.
[53]金名惠等.碳钢在我国四种土壤中腐蚀机理的研究[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版).2002,30(7)：104-107
[54]金文房.克拉玛依炼厂地下水管线的腐蚀调查及防腐[J].石油化工腐蚀与防护,1993,(3)：23-25
[55]柯伟.中国腐蚀调查报告[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2003
[56]吴辅丰.浅谈无溶剂涂料[J].中国涂料,2002,(4)：19-21
[57]Potvin E, Larochelle L. Corrosion Protective Performances of commercial low-VOC epoxy/urethane coatings on hot-rolled 1010 mild steel[J]. Progress in Organic Coatings.1997(31):363.
[58]冯辉霞等.重防腐涂料及其应用[J].全面腐蚀控制,2005,19(5)：1-3
[59]Galliano F, Landolt D. Evaluation of corrosion Protection Properties of additives for waterborne epoxy coatings on steel[J]. Progress in Organic Coatings.2002,44(3): 217～225.
[60]孙跃.金属腐蚀与控制[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2003年4月
[61]刘惠等.长呼输气管线的外防腐设计[J].腐蚀与防护,2003,(5)：29-30
[62]张斌.无溶剂环氧涂料在石化行业的应用[J].上海涂料.2008,46(6)：40-43；
[63]Margarit I C P, Mattos O R. About coatings and cathodic protection:possibilities of impedance as monitoring technique[J]. Malerials Science Forum.1998,289-292:279.
[64]秦总根,涂伟萍.聚氨酯涂料起泡的原因及其处理[J].合成材料老化与应用.2004,33(2)：34-36；
[65]钟鑫,孙慧.高性能喷涂聚脲弹性体技术及其应用[J].上海涂料.2008,46(2)：33-37；
[66]钟鑫.防腐蚀喷涂聚脲弹性体的研究[J].河南化工.2007,24：28-31；
[67]周玉生.喷涂双组分聚脲技术在奥体会议中心配套工程的应用[J].奥运工程防水技术.2008,1：34-36.
[68]Primeaux DJ.Polyurea Spray Technology in Commercial Applieations.60 Years of Polyurethanes:International Symposium and Exhibition,1997,224～238.
[69]尹国耀等.对库鄯输油管道阴极保护投运的认识[J].油气储运,1998,17(7)：33-35
[70]胡士信.管道阴极保护技术现状与展望[J].腐蚀与防护,2004,25(3)：93-101.
[71]尹国耀,龚胜起,李英义等.对库都输油管道阴极保护投运的认识[J].油气储运,1998,17(7)：33-35.
[72]田飞.埋地管道阴极保护相关技术研究[D].天津大学硕士学位论文,2005
[73]马伟平.区域性阴极保护技术研究进展[J].油气储运,2005,24(9)：38-42,48
[74]Sun W.Optimal control of impressed cathodic protection systems in ship building[J].Numerical Methods in Engineering.2000,49(6):751-768;
[75]Luiz C W, Panayiotis M.Genetic algorithms for inverse cathodic protection problems[J].Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements.2004,28(3):267-277;
[76]魏金生.江汉油田站场综合防腐措施及其应用[J].石油工程建设,2003,29(5)：31-34
[77]L.S.Hou, W.Sun, Numerical Methods for Optimal Control of Impressed Cathodic Protection Systems International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1994, 37(16):2,779-2,796;
[78]陈洪源.区域性阴极保护技术在输气站场中的应用[J].油气储运,2005,24(5)：41-44
[79]Vicki L.Van Blaricum and Ashok Kumo.Cathodic Protection Diagnostic Expert System[J].Materials Performance.1994, (14);
[80]杜艳霞.输油泵站区域性阴极保护实施中的问题[J].腐蚀与防护,2006,27(8)：417-421
[81]Lu B, Luo J. Near-neutral pH-SCC initiation and early propagation of X70 pipeline steel [J]. Proceedings of 2000 International Pipeline Conference(IPC). ASME 2002, 227-234
[82]Beavers J A. Corrosion beneath disbanded pipeline coating [J]. Materials Performance, 1997,36(4):13-19
[83]Castela A S L. EIS evaluation of attached and free polymer films. Progress in Organic Coatings[J],2000,38(1):1-7
[84]Marchebois H, Savall C. Electrochemical behavior of ZincOrich powder coatings in artificial sea water[J]. Electrochemical Acta,2004, (49):2945-2954
[85]Pakins R N, Belhimer e. Stress corrosion cracking characteristics of pipeline steels in carbonate bicarbonate solution[J]. Corrosion,1993,49(12):951-966
[86]张宝宏.金属电化学腐蚀与防护[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005.8
[87]王芷芳.王健牺牲阳极保护设计中若干问题的探讨[J].煤气与热力,2000年1月第20卷第1期
[88]H.H.尤里克著.腐蚀与腐蚀控制[M].翁永基译.北京.石油工业出版社,1995.516；
[89]F.Brichau and J.Deconinck.A Numerical Model for Cathodic Protection of Buried Pipes[J].Corrosion Science.1994:39-41;
[90]DP Riemer, ME Orazem.A mathematical model for the cathodic protection of tank bottoms[J].Corros.Sci,2005,47:849-868;
[91]K.Amaya, S.Aoki.Effective Boundary Element Methods in Corrosion Analysis[J].Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 27(2003):507-518;
[92]Cochrn J, Bass J T.NACE Int. Corrosion Forum (Corrosion/86), Houston,1986, 47;
[93]干志强等.库鄯线、陕京线防腐质量控制[J].天然气工业,1999,19(4)：73-76
[94]李青久,杜翠薇.腐蚀试验方法及监测技术[M],北京：中国石化出版社,2007
[95]JY／T 010-1996分析性扫描电子显微镜方法通则[S]
[96]JY／T 009-1996转靶多晶体X射线衍射方法通则[S]
[97]SY 0063-1999管道防腐层检漏试验方法[S]
[98]SY 0066-1999管道防腐层厚度的无损测量方法标准[S]
[99]SY／T0407-97,涂装前钢材表面预处理规范[S]
[100]Q／CNPC-GD,埋地钢制管道无溶剂液体环氧防腐层技术规范[S]
[101]GB9794-88,热喷涂锌及锌合金涂层实验方法[S]
[102]SY／T0315-2005,钢制管道单层熔结环氧粉末外涂层技术规范[S]
[103]GB4086.4-83统计分布数值表F分布[S]
[104]GB／T16545-1996,金属和合金的腐蚀腐蚀试样上腐蚀产物的清除[S]
[105]GB／10124-88,金属材料实验室均匀腐蚀试验方法[S]
[106]SY／T 0060-92油田防静电接地技术规定[S]
[107]SH 3097-2000石油化工静电接地设计规范[S]
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |