隔断式凝胶段塞堵漏机理及技术研究
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摘要
钻井工程中,恶性漏失严重影响勘探开发的进程,恶性漏失堵漏技术是油气钻井技术的“瓶颈”之一,是急需解决的技术难题。目前恶性漏失堵漏仍然主要是依靠经验和多次重复(十几次、几十次、甚至上百次)的积累效应来达到堵漏的目的。
隔断式凝胶段塞堵漏的基本原理在分析恶性漏失堵漏的技术难点和堵漏材料及堵漏技术作用原理基础上已经提出,而且根据该原理,按照能同时满足“裂缝性及破碎性地层恶性漏失堵漏材料必须满足的几个条件”的要求,利用“结构流体流变学”和“超分子化学”的最新理论和研究成果,已经研制成功了一种特殊的堵漏剂——特种凝胶ZND,凝胶ZND在现场处理恶性漏失中取得了初步的效果,虽然如此,凝胶ZND的流变性还缺乏系统研究,已提出的隔断式凝胶段塞堵漏原理的正确性和可行性需要进一步验证、改进和完善,才有可能形成解决恶性漏失重大技术难题的实用技术,为此,应进一步证实和解决的问题包括：①凝胶ZND是否具备“解决裂缝性及破碎性地层恶性漏失的堵漏材料必须满足的几个条件”；②凝胶ZND是否能够形成隔断地层流体与井筒流体联系的隔断式凝胶段塞,所形成的凝胶段塞是否具有启动压力梯度及其调控措施仍需实验和现场试验证实；③基于凝胶ZND而形成的堵漏技术仍不完善,有待进一步的发展和完善,使其能够形成有效的解决裂缝性及破碎性地层的恶性漏失的技术难题的堵漏技术。
本文围绕上述必须解决的问题展开了深入研究,通过理论、实验和现场试验研究,取得的主要成果和认识如下：
(1)通过凝胶ZND的流变性系统研究,证实了凝胶ZND具有优良的剪切稀释性能,它在地面管线、钻柱内和环空内高速梯下易流动,在地层裂缝及孔隙中低速梯流动十分困难；证实了凝胶是一种高弹性的黏弹性流体；验证了凝胶具有静屈服应力,这是隔断式凝胶段塞的形成和产生启动压力梯度的必备条件。
(2)建立了用稀释热评价凝胶抗冲稀难易程度的评价方法和用孔径为0.9mm的20目筛网作为凝胶在稀释一定时间后保留的抗冲稀能力判别手段的凝胶抗冲稀能力的评价方法,研究表明凝胶ZND具有强的抗冲稀能力,凝胶在填充孔隙空间及停留后仍能保持原有优良的性能,强的抗冲稀能力是形成“隔断式凝胶段塞”的另一基本条件。
(3)选用了PTT本构模型描述凝胶的非线性黏弹性能,将凝胶经裂缝狭窄处进入较宽裂缝(或经孔喉进入孔道)时的流道简化为1：4突扩流道,通过polyflow软件数值模拟了凝胶在1：4突扩流道内流动状态和膨胀性能,数值计算表明凝胶过喉道能产生膨胀,而且通过调控Weissenberg数可以实现凝胶过喉道或裂缝狭窄处膨胀后完全充填满孔道空间,研究结果为凝胶ZND形成隔断式凝胶段塞提供了理论指导。(4)分别通过自行研制的破碎性地层大孔道堵漏模拟装置和可视化裂缝性堵漏模拟装置实验验证了凝胶ZND在破碎性地层和裂缝性地层中完全能形成隔断式凝胶段塞,而且此凝胶段塞具有启动压力梯度,研究了增大凝胶段塞启动压力梯度的各种方法,可能将启动压力梯度提高到0.3MPa／m以上,以实现堵漏的目的,验证了隔断式凝胶段塞堵漏原理的正确性和可行性。
(5)凝胶与常用钻井液体系的配伍性、与水泥浆的相容性、硫化氢和二氧化碳气体对凝胶ZND的性能影响的研究表明凝胶具有现场堵漏的适应性；以凝胶为基础结合其它现有各种堵漏材料形成了适用的综合堵漏技术,这些综合堵漏技术能够实现“解决裂缝性及破碎性地层恶性漏失的堵漏材料及技术必须满足的几个条件”,,发展和完善后的隔断式凝胶段塞堵漏系列技术包括：
①只用凝胶ZND堵液的堵漏技术；
②在凝胶ZND堵液中加交联剂,提高凝胶强度的堵漏技术；
③在凝胶ZND堵液中加入其它堵漏材料(如粘土、单封、桥堵剂、果壳、体膨聚合物等)的堵漏技术；
④先注凝胶ZND堵液,后尾追堵漏水泥浆、纤维水泥浆堵漏的堵漏技术。
(6)隔断式凝胶段塞堵漏系列技术之“①只用凝胶ZND堵液的堵漏技术”和“④先注凝胶ZND堵液,后尾追堵漏水泥浆、纤维水泥浆堵漏的堵漏技术”在长庆油田和川东北地区等三十余口井／次的恶性漏失井的现场试验效果显著,采用凝胶ZND堵液后尾追堵漏水泥浆的综合堵漏技术在双庙1井和罗家2井等由“裂缝性恶性漏失与三高气层形成的负安全密度窗口”造成的喷漏同存的恶性漏失复杂取得了成功。隔断式凝胶段塞堵漏技术是在新的堵漏思路发展起来的一项新技术,在恶性漏失堵漏技术上取得了重要突破。
本文通过理论、实验和现场试验研究证实了隔断式凝胶段塞堵漏原理的正确性和技术可行性,为有效解决恶性漏失的隔断式凝胶段塞堵漏技术的建立和现场应用提供必要的理论基础和实验依据。
In drilling engineering, plugging technology for vicious lost circulation is one of the "bottlenecks" in oil and gas well drilling technology, which seriously affects the process of exploration and development. And the plugging technology is the technique problem which needs to be solved urgently. At present, the way to plug vicious lost circulation is still mainly relying on the experience plugging method and repeatedly (10 times, dozens or even hundreds of times) plugging to achieve the-purpose of plugging by cumulative effects.
Based on analyzing the difficulties of plugging vicious lost circulation and the basic action principles of plugging materials and their technologiesy, Professor Luo proposed the plugging principle of separating-type gel slug. And according to this principle and the requirement of simultaneously satisfying "the necessary conditions to plug the vicious lost circulation in fractured or broken formations", it has developed a a special sealant-special gel ZND by using the-latest theories and research results of "Rheology of Structural Fluid" and "Supramolecular Chemistry". It achieved preliminary effect when the gel ZND was used to deal with vicious lost circulation. However, it was still lack of systematic study of rheology of gel ZND. And the rationality, correctness and feasibility of the separating-type gel slug principle need to be verified yet. The problems must to be resolve or verified include:①whether can the gel ZND satisfy "the necessary conditions to plug the vicious lost circulation in fractured or broken formations"?②whether can the gel ZND form the separating-type gel slug cutting off the possible contact between the formation water and the wellbore fluid, and whether can the separating-type gel slug exit threshold pressure gradient?③the plugging technology based on gel ZND which is not good enough needs further development and improvement, so that it can effectively solve the vicious leakage problems in fractured and broken formations.
This paper conducts in-depth theory and experiments and field tests study focused on the issues that must be resolved. The main achievements and recognition include:
①Based on the rheology study of gel ZND, it confirmed that the gel ZND had good shear thinning properties, in high-speed ladder (such as 300～500s-1) with lower viscosity (100～200mPa-s),but in low ladder (lower than 10s-1) with a high viscosity (more than 100,000mPa-s, cone plate system test results). Gel can flow easily in the ground pipelines, drill string and the annulus, but flow hard in cracks and pores. And it confirmed that gel ZND had strong'elastic which help gel flooding. And confirmed the gel ZND had static yield stress, which was the necessary condition for separating-type gel slug generating threshold pressure and threshold pressure gradient.
②Established a evaluation method to evaluate the difficulty degree of gel ZND been diluted by using dilution heat of gel. The lower the dilution heat, the gel was harder been diluted. And establish sieve method to evaluate the anti-dilution ability of gel under certain time diluted by choosing 20 mesh sieve with 0.9mm aperture as the discrimination means. The results showed gel had strong anti-dilution ability that made the gel fill fractures and pores with its excellent performance, which was the basic condition to form "separating-type gel slug".
③Used the PTT constitutive model to describe the nonlinear viscoelastic property of gel. And simplified the situation that flows from narrowest cracks into a wide crack (or flows from pore throat into the channel) to 1:4 sudden expansion channel. Numerically simulated the flow status and swelling properties of gel flow in the 1:4 sudden expansion channel by Polyflow software. Numerical calculations showed that the gel can swell after pass throat. And it could achieve the gel fill the pore of fracture space completely after pass throat or narrow fracture by regulating the Weissenberg number. Gel ZND has the possibility to form separating-type gel slug.
④Through experimental study by using developed large pores of formation plugging analog devices and visual fractured plugging analog device separately, it confirmed that the gel ZND could form separating-type gel slug in broken and fracture formations, and the forming separating-type gel slug had threshold pressure gradient which could be regulated. And it verified that the plugging principle of separating-type gel slug had rationality, correctness and feasibility. Gel ZND can realize the principle.
⑤Base on the study of the compatibility between the gel ZND and common used drilling fluid systems, and the compatibility between the gel ZND and cement slurry, and the gel properties affected by hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide gas, the gel can combine existing types of sealing materials to form integrated application technologies to satisfy the necessary conditions to plug the vicious lost circulation in fractured or broken formations. The integrated application technologies which are based on gel ZND include:
A. just use gel ZND for plugging
B. cross-linked gel system
C. gel ZND add other sealing material, such as clay, single letters, bridge agents et al. D. first injectinggel ZND, plugging cement slurry after (first inject gel ZND, then inject plugging cement slurry)
⑥The plugging technologies of seprarating-type gel slug were used to deal with vicious lost circulation in more than thirty wells in Changqing oil field and northeast Sichuan area et al which achieved significant effect. Moreover, the technology of first injecting gel ZND, plugging cement slurry after was successfully used to deal with the vicious lost circulation with server blowout in Shuangmiao-1 well and Luojia-2 well caused by negative security window formed by fractured vicious lost circulation and high pressure in three-high gas formation.
The plugging technology of separating-type gel slug achieves important technical breakthroughs in vicious lost circulation plugging, which is a new technology developed from new idea.
In this paper, it verified the plugging principle of separating-type gel slug has rationality and technical feasibility base on theoretical, experimental and field test study. It can provide field experience, theoretical basis and guidance for field application of the plugging principle and technology of the separating-type gel slug.
隔断式凝胶段塞堵漏的基本原理在分析恶性漏失堵漏的技术难点和堵漏材料及堵漏技术作用原理基础上已经提出,而且根据该原理,按照能同时满足“裂缝性及破碎性地层恶性漏失堵漏材料必须满足的几个条件”的要求,利用“结构流体流变学”和“超分子化学”的最新理论和研究成果,已经研制成功了一种特殊的堵漏剂——特种凝胶ZND,凝胶ZND在现场处理恶性漏失中取得了初步的效果,虽然如此,凝胶ZND的流变性还缺乏系统研究,已提出的隔断式凝胶段塞堵漏原理的正确性和可行性需要进一步验证、改进和完善,才有可能形成解决恶性漏失重大技术难题的实用技术,为此,应进一步证实和解决的问题包括：①凝胶ZND是否具备“解决裂缝性及破碎性地层恶性漏失的堵漏材料必须满足的几个条件”；②凝胶ZND是否能够形成隔断地层流体与井筒流体联系的隔断式凝胶段塞,所形成的凝胶段塞是否具有启动压力梯度及其调控措施仍需实验和现场试验证实；③基于凝胶ZND而形成的堵漏技术仍不完善,有待进一步的发展和完善,使其能够形成有效的解决裂缝性及破碎性地层的恶性漏失的技术难题的堵漏技术。
本文围绕上述必须解决的问题展开了深入研究,通过理论、实验和现场试验研究,取得的主要成果和认识如下：
(1)通过凝胶ZND的流变性系统研究,证实了凝胶ZND具有优良的剪切稀释性能,它在地面管线、钻柱内和环空内高速梯下易流动,在地层裂缝及孔隙中低速梯流动十分困难；证实了凝胶是一种高弹性的黏弹性流体；验证了凝胶具有静屈服应力,这是隔断式凝胶段塞的形成和产生启动压力梯度的必备条件。
(2)建立了用稀释热评价凝胶抗冲稀难易程度的评价方法和用孔径为0.9mm的20目筛网作为凝胶在稀释一定时间后保留的抗冲稀能力判别手段的凝胶抗冲稀能力的评价方法,研究表明凝胶ZND具有强的抗冲稀能力,凝胶在填充孔隙空间及停留后仍能保持原有优良的性能,强的抗冲稀能力是形成“隔断式凝胶段塞”的另一基本条件。
(3)选用了PTT本构模型描述凝胶的非线性黏弹性能,将凝胶经裂缝狭窄处进入较宽裂缝(或经孔喉进入孔道)时的流道简化为1：4突扩流道,通过polyflow软件数值模拟了凝胶在1：4突扩流道内流动状态和膨胀性能,数值计算表明凝胶过喉道能产生膨胀,而且通过调控Weissenberg数可以实现凝胶过喉道或裂缝狭窄处膨胀后完全充填满孔道空间,研究结果为凝胶ZND形成隔断式凝胶段塞提供了理论指导。(4)分别通过自行研制的破碎性地层大孔道堵漏模拟装置和可视化裂缝性堵漏模拟装置实验验证了凝胶ZND在破碎性地层和裂缝性地层中完全能形成隔断式凝胶段塞,而且此凝胶段塞具有启动压力梯度,研究了增大凝胶段塞启动压力梯度的各种方法,可能将启动压力梯度提高到0.3MPa／m以上,以实现堵漏的目的,验证了隔断式凝胶段塞堵漏原理的正确性和可行性。
(5)凝胶与常用钻井液体系的配伍性、与水泥浆的相容性、硫化氢和二氧化碳气体对凝胶ZND的性能影响的研究表明凝胶具有现场堵漏的适应性；以凝胶为基础结合其它现有各种堵漏材料形成了适用的综合堵漏技术,这些综合堵漏技术能够实现“解决裂缝性及破碎性地层恶性漏失的堵漏材料及技术必须满足的几个条件”,,发展和完善后的隔断式凝胶段塞堵漏系列技术包括：
①只用凝胶ZND堵液的堵漏技术；
②在凝胶ZND堵液中加交联剂,提高凝胶强度的堵漏技术；
③在凝胶ZND堵液中加入其它堵漏材料(如粘土、单封、桥堵剂、果壳、体膨聚合物等)的堵漏技术；
④先注凝胶ZND堵液,后尾追堵漏水泥浆、纤维水泥浆堵漏的堵漏技术。
(6)隔断式凝胶段塞堵漏系列技术之“①只用凝胶ZND堵液的堵漏技术”和“④先注凝胶ZND堵液,后尾追堵漏水泥浆、纤维水泥浆堵漏的堵漏技术”在长庆油田和川东北地区等三十余口井／次的恶性漏失井的现场试验效果显著,采用凝胶ZND堵液后尾追堵漏水泥浆的综合堵漏技术在双庙1井和罗家2井等由“裂缝性恶性漏失与三高气层形成的负安全密度窗口”造成的喷漏同存的恶性漏失复杂取得了成功。隔断式凝胶段塞堵漏技术是在新的堵漏思路发展起来的一项新技术,在恶性漏失堵漏技术上取得了重要突破。
本文通过理论、实验和现场试验研究证实了隔断式凝胶段塞堵漏原理的正确性和技术可行性,为有效解决恶性漏失的隔断式凝胶段塞堵漏技术的建立和现场应用提供必要的理论基础和实验依据。
In drilling engineering, plugging technology for vicious lost circulation is one of the "bottlenecks" in oil and gas well drilling technology, which seriously affects the process of exploration and development. And the plugging technology is the technique problem which needs to be solved urgently. At present, the way to plug vicious lost circulation is still mainly relying on the experience plugging method and repeatedly (10 times, dozens or even hundreds of times) plugging to achieve the-purpose of plugging by cumulative effects.
Based on analyzing the difficulties of plugging vicious lost circulation and the basic action principles of plugging materials and their technologiesy, Professor Luo proposed the plugging principle of separating-type gel slug. And according to this principle and the requirement of simultaneously satisfying "the necessary conditions to plug the vicious lost circulation in fractured or broken formations", it has developed a a special sealant-special gel ZND by using the-latest theories and research results of "Rheology of Structural Fluid" and "Supramolecular Chemistry". It achieved preliminary effect when the gel ZND was used to deal with vicious lost circulation. However, it was still lack of systematic study of rheology of gel ZND. And the rationality, correctness and feasibility of the separating-type gel slug principle need to be verified yet. The problems must to be resolve or verified include:①whether can the gel ZND satisfy "the necessary conditions to plug the vicious lost circulation in fractured or broken formations"?②whether can the gel ZND form the separating-type gel slug cutting off the possible contact between the formation water and the wellbore fluid, and whether can the separating-type gel slug exit threshold pressure gradient?③the plugging technology based on gel ZND which is not good enough needs further development and improvement, so that it can effectively solve the vicious leakage problems in fractured and broken formations.
This paper conducts in-depth theory and experiments and field tests study focused on the issues that must be resolved. The main achievements and recognition include:
①Based on the rheology study of gel ZND, it confirmed that the gel ZND had good shear thinning properties, in high-speed ladder (such as 300～500s-1) with lower viscosity (100～200mPa-s),but in low ladder (lower than 10s-1) with a high viscosity (more than 100,000mPa-s, cone plate system test results). Gel can flow easily in the ground pipelines, drill string and the annulus, but flow hard in cracks and pores. And it confirmed that gel ZND had strong'elastic which help gel flooding. And confirmed the gel ZND had static yield stress, which was the necessary condition for separating-type gel slug generating threshold pressure and threshold pressure gradient.
②Established a evaluation method to evaluate the difficulty degree of gel ZND been diluted by using dilution heat of gel. The lower the dilution heat, the gel was harder been diluted. And establish sieve method to evaluate the anti-dilution ability of gel under certain time diluted by choosing 20 mesh sieve with 0.9mm aperture as the discrimination means. The results showed gel had strong anti-dilution ability that made the gel fill fractures and pores with its excellent performance, which was the basic condition to form "separating-type gel slug".
③Used the PTT constitutive model to describe the nonlinear viscoelastic property of gel. And simplified the situation that flows from narrowest cracks into a wide crack (or flows from pore throat into the channel) to 1:4 sudden expansion channel. Numerically simulated the flow status and swelling properties of gel flow in the 1:4 sudden expansion channel by Polyflow software. Numerical calculations showed that the gel can swell after pass throat. And it could achieve the gel fill the pore of fracture space completely after pass throat or narrow fracture by regulating the Weissenberg number. Gel ZND has the possibility to form separating-type gel slug.
④Through experimental study by using developed large pores of formation plugging analog devices and visual fractured plugging analog device separately, it confirmed that the gel ZND could form separating-type gel slug in broken and fracture formations, and the forming separating-type gel slug had threshold pressure gradient which could be regulated. And it verified that the plugging principle of separating-type gel slug had rationality, correctness and feasibility. Gel ZND can realize the principle.
⑤Base on the study of the compatibility between the gel ZND and common used drilling fluid systems, and the compatibility between the gel ZND and cement slurry, and the gel properties affected by hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide gas, the gel can combine existing types of sealing materials to form integrated application technologies to satisfy the necessary conditions to plug the vicious lost circulation in fractured or broken formations. The integrated application technologies which are based on gel ZND include:
A. just use gel ZND for plugging
B. cross-linked gel system
C. gel ZND add other sealing material, such as clay, single letters, bridge agents et al. D. first injectinggel ZND, plugging cement slurry after (first inject gel ZND, then inject plugging cement slurry)
⑥The plugging technologies of seprarating-type gel slug were used to deal with vicious lost circulation in more than thirty wells in Changqing oil field and northeast Sichuan area et al which achieved significant effect. Moreover, the technology of first injecting gel ZND, plugging cement slurry after was successfully used to deal with the vicious lost circulation with server blowout in Shuangmiao-1 well and Luojia-2 well caused by negative security window formed by fractured vicious lost circulation and high pressure in three-high gas formation.
The plugging technology of separating-type gel slug achieves important technical breakthroughs in vicious lost circulation plugging, which is a new technology developed from new idea.
In this paper, it verified the plugging principle of separating-type gel slug has rationality and technical feasibility base on theoretical, experimental and field test study. It can provide field experience, theoretical basis and guidance for field application of the plugging principle and technology of the separating-type gel slug.
引文
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