基于遥感资料的浙江省海岸带生态系统健康研究
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摘要
海岸带是位于陆地和海洋相互作用的过渡地带,各种环境要素和资源构成一个有机的整体。由于全球气候变化和人为活动的影响,近年来海岸带生态系统健康存在着诸多问题,因而有必要研究海岸带生态系统健康。
为了促进海岸带生态系统健康研究以及生态环境的保护和管理,本论文探讨了海岸带生态系统健康概念,以及影响海岸带生态系统健康的因素,并用遥感、年鉴、海洋质量公报等资料来定量化评价浙江省海岸带生态系统健康水平。论文的主要研究内容为：
(1)回顾与总结国内外生态系统健康的内涵与外延,提出海岸带生态系统健康的概念,建立定量化反映生态系统健康状况、具有可操作性的海岸带生态系统健康评价体系。体系的建立包括评价理论模型筛选、指标筛选、基准值确定和权重的确定。
(2)以遥感资料为主要数据来源,利用地理信息系统技术分析近二十年来影响浙江省海岸带生态系统健康的因素。特别是对浙江省海岸带的沿海陆域子系统、海岸线子系统和水域子系统进行分析,分别研究三个子系统内多个指标对海岸带生态系统健康状况的表征能力,以及多年来指标的变化情况。沿海陆域子系统中,选取的指标是由1998～2007年十天最大化合成SPOT/VEGETATION NDVI计算得到的年平均NDVI、植被面积减少量、植被重心偏移和象元十年间变化斜率,并利用这些指标建立活力一组织力一恢复力的陆域生态系统健康评价体系；海岸线子系统中,选取的指标是由1985与1995年TM和2005年ASTER资料提取的三期海岸线得到的发生变化海岸线长度、陆地增加面积和海岸线分维数；水域子系统中,选取的指标是2005～2007年遥感反演的悬浮泥沙浓度、叶绿素浓度、赤潮、海水透明度、温度等,基础地理信息数据库的排污口、港口、航道等的空间分布,以及统计资料,并建立一个空间化的人工压力一物理指标一化学指标一生物指标的水体生态系统健康评价体系。
(3)建立压力一状态一响应为框架的浙江省海岸带生态系统健康综合评价体系,计算得到浙江省海岸带连续多年的生态系统健康值,并分析影响其变化的因素。从2005～2007年的评价结果来看,浙江省海岸带生态系统处于不健康状态,三年期间略有好转。
基于以上研究,本论文对海岸带生态系统健康研究领域的贡献有：
(1)在借鉴和吸收国内外研究的基础上,结合研究区的自然环境和人类活动特点,建立浙江省海岸带生态系统健康评价体系。
(2)基于遥感数据和地理信息系统技术,分析影响海岸带生态系统健康的因素,将具有表征海岸带生态系统健康能力的遥感反演参数作为海岸带生态系统健康评价主要指标输入到评价体系中,利用地理信息系统技术处理并分析,获得空间化的海岸带生态系统健康状况评价结果。
(3)利用多年动态监测数据,基于海岸带生态系统健康评价体系,对浙江省海岸带进行生态系统健康动态评价和变化分析。
Coastal areas are located in the transitional zone between lands and seas, and greatly affected by the focused land-sea interactions. In recent years, due to global climate change and increasing anthropogenic activities, emphasis has been drawn to the ecosystem health in coastal areas, which requires detailed and systematic studies.
For the purpose of further stimulating the protection and management in coastal ecosystems, concepts of ecosystem health are overviewed and indicators which control the health of coastal ecosystems are discussed in this thesis. Further, remote sensing data and information from published statistical yearbooks and bulletins are collected and extracted to quantitatively evaluate the ecosystem health along the Zhejiang coastal areas. The main contents of this thesis are:
(1) The connotation and denotation of ecosystem health are reviewed and discussed, and the concept of coastal zone ecosystem health is presented. An assessment system, which is easily operated in practice, is established in this thesis to quantitatively reflect the status of ecosystem health along the Zhejiang coastal areas. The procedure of establishing the above evaluation system includes selecting of models and indicators, as well as choosing baseline values and indicators weights.
(2) Using remote sensing data as the main information source, the geographic information system (GIS) is employed to analyze the impact of indicators which control the ecosystem health along the Zhejiang coastal areas in the past two decades. The coastal zone is divided into three fractions, i.e., the near-shore land subsystem, the coastline subsystem and the near-shore aquatic subsystem. The effects of different indicators to the ecosystem health are studied in these three subsystems. In near-shore land subsystem, indicators such as the annual average NDVI, vegetation area decrease, vegetation centroid movement and the slope of ten-year maximal annual NDVI, which are derived from SPOT/VEGETATION NDVI through the 10-day composited data from 1998 to 2007, are introduced to establish the vigor-organization-resilience evaluation system. In coastline subsystem, indicators such as the changed coastline, the increased land area and the fractal dimension values in three periods, which are all deduced from 1985 and 1995 TM,2005 ASTER, are incorporated. In aquatic subsystem, a series of indicators such as suspended particulate concentration, the chlorophyll concentration, the harmful algae bloom frequency, seawater transparency and temperature, which are retrieved from remote sensing data in 2005 and 2007, spatial distribution of sewage, ports and channels, as well as statistical materials are included, finally an aquatic ecosystem health evaluation system is established in the frame of anthropogenic pressure, physical, chemical and biological responses.
(3) The intergrated assessment system is established based on Pressure-State-Response theoretical model, which is used to assess the ecosystem health along the Zhejiang coastal zones in recent years. Furthermore, the relevant determinant indicators are analyzed. The results show that from 2005 to 2007, the Zhejiang coastal zone ecosystem has been in an unhealthy state as a whole, but a trend of slight improvement was observed.
According to the above three contents, the main contributions of this thesis about coastal zone ecosystem health are:
(1) Based on studies worldwide, the assessment system is established to study the ecosystem health along the Zhejiang coastal zones, under the consideration of the natural environments and characters of the human activities in the study areas.
(2) Based on remote sensing and GIS methods, a number of possible indicators affecting the ecosystem health in the coastal areas are identified and evaluated. The remote sensing retrieved indicators are involved in the assessment system, by which the spatial distribution of coastal ecosystem health status can be analyzed and shown by GIS.
(3) The ecosystem health along the Zhejiang coastal areas can be dynamically evaluated by multi-year monitoring data, and the health changes can be analyzed in the coastal ecosystem health assessment system.
为了促进海岸带生态系统健康研究以及生态环境的保护和管理,本论文探讨了海岸带生态系统健康概念,以及影响海岸带生态系统健康的因素,并用遥感、年鉴、海洋质量公报等资料来定量化评价浙江省海岸带生态系统健康水平。论文的主要研究内容为：
(1)回顾与总结国内外生态系统健康的内涵与外延,提出海岸带生态系统健康的概念,建立定量化反映生态系统健康状况、具有可操作性的海岸带生态系统健康评价体系。体系的建立包括评价理论模型筛选、指标筛选、基准值确定和权重的确定。
(2)以遥感资料为主要数据来源,利用地理信息系统技术分析近二十年来影响浙江省海岸带生态系统健康的因素。特别是对浙江省海岸带的沿海陆域子系统、海岸线子系统和水域子系统进行分析,分别研究三个子系统内多个指标对海岸带生态系统健康状况的表征能力,以及多年来指标的变化情况。沿海陆域子系统中,选取的指标是由1998～2007年十天最大化合成SPOT/VEGETATION NDVI计算得到的年平均NDVI、植被面积减少量、植被重心偏移和象元十年间变化斜率,并利用这些指标建立活力一组织力一恢复力的陆域生态系统健康评价体系；海岸线子系统中,选取的指标是由1985与1995年TM和2005年ASTER资料提取的三期海岸线得到的发生变化海岸线长度、陆地增加面积和海岸线分维数；水域子系统中,选取的指标是2005～2007年遥感反演的悬浮泥沙浓度、叶绿素浓度、赤潮、海水透明度、温度等,基础地理信息数据库的排污口、港口、航道等的空间分布,以及统计资料,并建立一个空间化的人工压力一物理指标一化学指标一生物指标的水体生态系统健康评价体系。
(3)建立压力一状态一响应为框架的浙江省海岸带生态系统健康综合评价体系,计算得到浙江省海岸带连续多年的生态系统健康值,并分析影响其变化的因素。从2005～2007年的评价结果来看,浙江省海岸带生态系统处于不健康状态,三年期间略有好转。
基于以上研究,本论文对海岸带生态系统健康研究领域的贡献有：
(1)在借鉴和吸收国内外研究的基础上,结合研究区的自然环境和人类活动特点,建立浙江省海岸带生态系统健康评价体系。
(2)基于遥感数据和地理信息系统技术,分析影响海岸带生态系统健康的因素,将具有表征海岸带生态系统健康能力的遥感反演参数作为海岸带生态系统健康评价主要指标输入到评价体系中,利用地理信息系统技术处理并分析,获得空间化的海岸带生态系统健康状况评价结果。
(3)利用多年动态监测数据,基于海岸带生态系统健康评价体系,对浙江省海岸带进行生态系统健康动态评价和变化分析。
Coastal areas are located in the transitional zone between lands and seas, and greatly affected by the focused land-sea interactions. In recent years, due to global climate change and increasing anthropogenic activities, emphasis has been drawn to the ecosystem health in coastal areas, which requires detailed and systematic studies.
For the purpose of further stimulating the protection and management in coastal ecosystems, concepts of ecosystem health are overviewed and indicators which control the health of coastal ecosystems are discussed in this thesis. Further, remote sensing data and information from published statistical yearbooks and bulletins are collected and extracted to quantitatively evaluate the ecosystem health along the Zhejiang coastal areas. The main contents of this thesis are:
(1) The connotation and denotation of ecosystem health are reviewed and discussed, and the concept of coastal zone ecosystem health is presented. An assessment system, which is easily operated in practice, is established in this thesis to quantitatively reflect the status of ecosystem health along the Zhejiang coastal areas. The procedure of establishing the above evaluation system includes selecting of models and indicators, as well as choosing baseline values and indicators weights.
(2) Using remote sensing data as the main information source, the geographic information system (GIS) is employed to analyze the impact of indicators which control the ecosystem health along the Zhejiang coastal areas in the past two decades. The coastal zone is divided into three fractions, i.e., the near-shore land subsystem, the coastline subsystem and the near-shore aquatic subsystem. The effects of different indicators to the ecosystem health are studied in these three subsystems. In near-shore land subsystem, indicators such as the annual average NDVI, vegetation area decrease, vegetation centroid movement and the slope of ten-year maximal annual NDVI, which are derived from SPOT/VEGETATION NDVI through the 10-day composited data from 1998 to 2007, are introduced to establish the vigor-organization-resilience evaluation system. In coastline subsystem, indicators such as the changed coastline, the increased land area and the fractal dimension values in three periods, which are all deduced from 1985 and 1995 TM,2005 ASTER, are incorporated. In aquatic subsystem, a series of indicators such as suspended particulate concentration, the chlorophyll concentration, the harmful algae bloom frequency, seawater transparency and temperature, which are retrieved from remote sensing data in 2005 and 2007, spatial distribution of sewage, ports and channels, as well as statistical materials are included, finally an aquatic ecosystem health evaluation system is established in the frame of anthropogenic pressure, physical, chemical and biological responses.
(3) The intergrated assessment system is established based on Pressure-State-Response theoretical model, which is used to assess the ecosystem health along the Zhejiang coastal zones in recent years. Furthermore, the relevant determinant indicators are analyzed. The results show that from 2005 to 2007, the Zhejiang coastal zone ecosystem has been in an unhealthy state as a whole, but a trend of slight improvement was observed.
According to the above three contents, the main contributions of this thesis about coastal zone ecosystem health are:
(1) Based on studies worldwide, the assessment system is established to study the ecosystem health along the Zhejiang coastal zones, under the consideration of the natural environments and characters of the human activities in the study areas.
(2) Based on remote sensing and GIS methods, a number of possible indicators affecting the ecosystem health in the coastal areas are identified and evaluated. The remote sensing retrieved indicators are involved in the assessment system, by which the spatial distribution of coastal ecosystem health status can be analyzed and shown by GIS.
(3) The ecosystem health along the Zhejiang coastal areas can be dynamically evaluated by multi-year monitoring data, and the health changes can be analyzed in the coastal ecosystem health assessment system.
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