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光栅谐振子检测地震波的理论和方法研究
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摘要
地震勘探工作中,地震勘探仪器通过地震检波器接收地震波信号。地震检波器的性能好坏,直接影响着地震记录质量和地震资料的解释工作。本课题在深入地分析与研究地震波特性和现有地震波检测方法的基础上,以光栅谐振子作敏感元件,完成了光栅谐振子检测地震波的理论研究、方法研究和检测装置的设计与实验研究。主要包括:
     1.设计了光栅谐振子检测地震波装置。主要包括结构设计、光栅谐振子设计、光学系统设计、阻尼系统设计等。外壳采用轻质铝合金材料,光栅谐振子的“弹簧——质量系统”由主光栅、横向限振片和阻尼筒组成。光栅谐振子采用铝制光栅支架固定主光栅,通过具有横向限振功能的弹簧片与外壳连接,拾取被测地震波信号。光学系统由源系统、指示光栅和光电接收元件组成。光学系统采用白光灯加准直镜,以平行光照射光栅面,通过光栅副产生莫尔条纹。
     2.对阻尼系统进行了深入地研究。采用涡流阻尼原理,将阻尼筒与谐振子光栅支架进行一体化设计,磁钢则固定于与外壳相连的阻尼调节机构上,根据需要可准确调整阻尼比大小,实现了弹性系统阻尼的连续可调。
     3.研究了基于光栅倍增技术的提高系统灵敏度方法。采用不同参数的主光栅和指示光栅组成谐振子,指示光栅采用闪耀光栅以提高莫尔条纹的对比度,主光栅为振幅型粗光栅。
     4.实现了光栅振动检测系统构成与信号再现,将光栅传感器、硬件辨向与细分电路、PIC单片机细分单元和计算机相结合,构成了测试系统,利用软件实现被测振动信号的再现,并完成了对光栅测振系统的性能分析。
     5.对光栅谐振子检测地震波装置进行了实验研究。光栅地震检波器性能测试系统是保证检波器性能分析的必要手段,本文设计了光栅数字地震检波器静态和动态特性测试系统,对光栅谐振子检测地震波装置进行了性能测试与分析。为了验证该检测装置能够真实再现地震波信号,本文完成了被测信号重构系统及与现有地震采集站的衔接技术。
     本研究成果可用于石油、矿藏、地热、工程和水文地质等地震勘探领域。特别是应用于高精度、高分辨力地球物理勘探。
In seismic prospecting, seismograph receives geological information carried by seismic waves through geophone. The quality of seismic data records and precision of geological target interpretation are directly dependent on the characteristics of geophone. Based on analyzing and researching the characteristics of seismic wave and current seismic wave detected method in more detail, adopting a grating vibrator as sensor element, the topic has completed the fundamental research on seismic wave detection and the method with grating vibrator to detect, as well as designing a device and the experimental study of the detector. It mainly contains:
     1. A device on detecting seismic wave by grating vibrator is designed. It mainly includes: 1) a structure case; 2) grating vibrator; 3) optical system; 4) damping system and so on. The case is designed with light aluminum alloy material,“spring-quality system”of grating vibrator is composed of the main grating, spring with limited on lateral and cylinders. The grating vibrator uses the aluminous grating bracket to fix the main grating and detects the measured signal of seismic wave through a moment on case and spring that with limited on lateral. The optical system is made of source system, indicative gratings and photovoltaic devices. The optical system uses the fluorescent lamp with the collimation mirror, incident the grating surface by the parallel light, in order to produce the moiréfringe through the grating.
     2. Using the principle of eddy drag, a damping system is designed by studied thoroughly. It is integrated design on damping tube and vibrator grating support bracket, the magnet steel is fixed on the damping adjustment device connected with the case, according to the requirement, the ratio of damping can be adjusted precisely, the system has realized adjustment of the elastic system damping continuously.
     3. The method of enhancing the system sensitivity based on the grating multiplication technology is studied. Using the main grating with different parameters and the indicative grating to compose the vibrator, a blazed grating is used in indicative grating to enhance contrast of the moiréfringe, the main grating is amplitude with thick grating.
     4. The constitution of grating vibration detection system and the signal recovery is realized. The test system is constituted combining the grating sensor, the hardware differentiation, the segmentation circuit, the PIC microcontroller subdivided unit and the computer, using the software to realize the recovery of the measured vibration signal, and completed performance analysis of the grating vibration system.
     5. The experimental study on the device of grating vibrator detection seismic wave is implemented. The performance test system of the grating geophone is the essential method to guarantee the detector performance analysis. In this article, the static state and the dynamic characteristic test system of grating digital seismic detector have been designed, and the performance of grating digital seismic detector can be tested. In order to confirm that the device of the grating vibrator detected seismic wave can be re-constructed back to the seismic wave signal without distortion, this article has completed the measured signal reconstruction system and the data telemetry technology with the existing seismic data acquisition station.
     The achievement of this topic can be widely used in seismic exploration such as oil, mineral resources, terrestrial heat, engineering and hydrogeology, etc. especially in geophysical prospecting of high precision and resolution.
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