基于地理信息系统和遥感的草地火状况研究
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摘要
草地是地球表层最主要的生态系统之一,在工农业生产、环境保护以及生态安全等方面发挥着重要的作用。火是地球上广泛存在的自然现象之一,自从地球上有了草地,火就对其产生影响,并发挥着或正面或负面的作用,成为草地生态系统发展、演替过程中不可或缺的影响因子。
在我国,草地占国土面积的41.7%,在国民经济和生态环境、生态安全等方面具有不可替代的重要战略地位。我国约有10亿亩草地每年频繁地发生草地火,对人民生命和财产安全造成巨大威胁和损失,同时对草原生态系统产生许多不良影响。因此,加强草地火干扰因子的研究,认识草地火的发生、蔓延机制及其时间-空间格局,为科学地制定草地火管理规划奠定基础。本文通过对草地火可燃物燃烧性、可燃物量、火行为、火气候和草地火发生概率、火险分区等方面的研究,获得如下结果:
1)草地可燃物的燃烧过程可以分为三个阶段:初期无焰热解阶段、有焰燃烧阶段及炭化燃烧阶段。有焰燃烧阶段是整个燃烧过程中最重要的阶段,可燃物样品的热释放速率、质量损失速率、烟释放速率、二氧化碳生成速率等与此阶段的变化趋势一致,并在燃烧最剧烈时达到峰值。松嫩草原10种主要的草地可燃物的综合性燃烧指数从大到小依次为:虎尾草>碱茅>扁蓄豆>拂子茅>牛鞭草>羊草>芦苇>五脉山黎豆>角碱蓬>兴安胡枝子。
2)草地可燃物隶属于生物质可燃物,其热解特征受可燃物的主要组成成分半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的影响。草地可燃物的热解过程遵循反应级数为1的动力学反应过程,热解过程主要分为三个阶段:在120℃以前发生的第一阶段主要是可燃物样品的失水过程,水分越大,第一阶段失重率越高;在120℃-360℃之间的第二阶段主要是半纤维素和纤维素的热解阶段,在此阶段析出大量的挥发分,形成主要的失重过程;360℃以后发生的是热解的第三阶段,主要是木质素和残余物质继续发生相对缓慢的热解反应,在此阶段主要生成炭。通过对草地可燃物综合热解燃尽指数的计算得出扁蓄豆的热解燃尽性最好,而羊草的热解速度最慢,热解稳定性最好。
3)草地火行为主要受地形条件、气象条件、可燃物状况、可燃物床等要素的影响。草地火蔓延速度随着可燃物床体积密度和可燃物量的增加而增加,当可燃物量达到350g/m2左右时,蔓延速度开始下降;可燃物含水率为35%是草地火能否蔓延的阈值;当火场地形为上坡时,坡度增加1o时,火速约增加1.07倍,多,其中风的作用最为显著,成显著正相关,并且风速的增加使草地火蔓延所需可物物量的下限最低能达到60g/m2左右。
4)通过草地枯落可燃物与土壤的光谱特征在短波红外的差异分析,构建枯草植被指数,改进了现有的枯落可燃物量的研究方法。结合地表温度与枯落可燃物湿度之间的关系,建立应用热红外遥感影像反演地表温度并推算可燃物湿度的方法,具有较强的适用性和时效性。
5)内蒙古草地火气候指数较高季节发生在4-6月和9-10月份,其它月份火气候指数较低,内蒙古地区草地火可能发生的季节可达7-9月之久;草地火气候指数分布的空间格局是从西向东逐级递减;从1970-2008年,火气候指数空间分布的重心在70-80年代由东北向西南迁移,80年代后一直由西南向东北迁移。
6)应用地理信息系统的空间叠加分析功能和Logistic回归分析对人为原因引起的草地火发生概率建立精度较高的预测模型。人为原因引起的草地火发生概率与温度成正相关,与降水量、相对湿度、到达乡村道路、铁路、村屯、独立建筑物的距离以及高程等成负相关关系。呼伦贝尔盟人为原因草地火点燃概率的空间分布格局是西南部高于其它区域,其原因主要是在该区域内村屯密度和乡村路的密度较大,相对的人为活动多,可燃物被点燃的可能性也相应地增大。
7)通过集成可燃物、火气候、可达性和坡度因素,提出了草地火险评估的总体性框架,并在其指导下建立了集成模型与评估方法进行草地火险的评估;通过空间聚类分析,对呼伦贝尔盟草地火险评估结果进行分区并制作草地火险分区图。该区域内整体火险状况较高,极高和高火险区的面积比例达到65%,主要分布在研究区的中部和东部。
Grassland is considered as one of the most important ecosystem in the land surface. Grassland has important function on agricultural productions, environmental protection, and ecological security. As a universal natural phenomenon, fires always have good or bad impact on the grassland since it occurred. Wildfire has become an indispensable disturbance factor about the development and succession of grassland in natural ecosystems.
In China, the area of grassland account for 41.7% of total land area. Approximately, fire was occurred in 10 million Ha area of grassland annually. These fires caused great economical loss and large harmful effects on grassland ecosystem. Grassland fire manager need to enhance the studies of fire disturbance and to know the rules of fire occurrence and fire spread, to grasp the pattern of spatial and time distribution. In this article, we have some conclusions by studies of fuel combustibility, fuel gross, fire behavior, fire climate, probabilities of fire occurrences and fire risk zones:
1) The process of grass fuels combustion was divided into three stages: The first stage is no flame pyrolysis;The second stage is combustion with flame and the third stage is carbonizing combustion. The second stage is the most important stage. The peaks of Heat Release Rate, Mass Loss Rate,Smoke Production Rate and the other parameters of grass fuels combustion occurred in this stage. The integrated combustion index of 10 dominant species in song-nen plain was calculated and the relative value is ranked: Chloris virgata Swartz > Puccinellia chinampoensis > Pocockia ruthenica > Calamagrostis epigejos > Hemarthria japonica > Aneurolepidium chinense > Phragmites communis Trirn > Lathyrus quinquenervius > Suaeda corniculata > Lespedeza davurica.
2) Grass fuel is one of biologic fuels. Pyrolysis characteristic of grass fuel is dominated by the main components, hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin. The reaction order of process is 1. The process of pyrolysis was divided into three stage: before 120℃, the first stage is dehydration process and the ratio of mass loss is proportional to water content; During 120– 360℃, the second stage is pyrolysis of hemicelluloses and cellulose. In this process, the mass of volatile component yield and the ratio of mass loss are biggest. After 360℃, the third stage is pyrolysis of lignin and other residues. Char is the main production. An integrated burnout index is calculated to express the pyrolysis characteristic. The pyrolysis rate of Aneurolepidium chinense is lowest and the sustainability is best.
3) The behavior of grassland fire is affected by topography, weather conditions, fuel conditions and the bed of fuels. The rate of grassland fire spread increases with increasing fuel mass and the volume density of fuel bed. When the density of fuel reached 350g/m2, the rate of fire spread begin to decrease. The threshold value of grassland fire spread is 35% of water content of grass fuels. In uphill, when the slope increases 1 degree, the speed of fire spread increases 1.07 times; in downhill, when the slope increases 1 degree, the speed increases 1.005 times. Most factors of weather have influence on grassland fire spread. But the effect of wind is more significant than the other factors. The relationship between wind and fire spread is positive. The lower limit of grass fuel supported fire spread is decreased to 60g/ m2 under the effect of wind.
4) The difference of spectral features between residue grass and soil in short infrared is significant. An index of residue grass was created and this method would improve the present research situation of residue fuel mass. Integrating land surface temperature and water content of residue grass fuel, a method was created to assess the fuel moisture with reversing land surface temperature with thermal infrared image.
5) In Inner Mongolia, index of fire climate is higher in April, May, June, September and October. The fire season is no less than 7 months and no more than 9 months. The spatial distribution of index of grassland fire climate is decline from west to east in the study region. During 1970-2008, the center of the spatial distribution changed continually. From 1970s to 1980s, the center moved from northeast to southwest. After 1980s, the center moved from southwest to northeast continuously.
6) Supported by spatial analyst of GIS and Logistic regression, the predicted model of assessing the probability of human-caused grassland fire occurrence was created. The probabilities have positive correlation with temperature and have negative correlation with precipitation, relative humidity, the distance to dirt roads, paved road railroad, villages, human building and the elevation. In Hulunbeir, the probabilities of human-caused grassland fire occurrence are higher in southwest than in the other areas. The main reasons caused this distribution are higher densities of villages and dirt roads and more human activities in southwest.
7) Integrating grass fuel, fire climate, accessibilities and slope, a general scheme of assessing grassland fire risk was proposed. With spatial cluster analysis, the grassland fire risk zones were divided and the zone map of Hulunbeir was designed. In this region, the area with higher fire risk was more than 65%, distributed in the middle and east.
在我国,草地占国土面积的41.7%,在国民经济和生态环境、生态安全等方面具有不可替代的重要战略地位。我国约有10亿亩草地每年频繁地发生草地火,对人民生命和财产安全造成巨大威胁和损失,同时对草原生态系统产生许多不良影响。因此,加强草地火干扰因子的研究,认识草地火的发生、蔓延机制及其时间-空间格局,为科学地制定草地火管理规划奠定基础。本文通过对草地火可燃物燃烧性、可燃物量、火行为、火气候和草地火发生概率、火险分区等方面的研究,获得如下结果:
1)草地可燃物的燃烧过程可以分为三个阶段:初期无焰热解阶段、有焰燃烧阶段及炭化燃烧阶段。有焰燃烧阶段是整个燃烧过程中最重要的阶段,可燃物样品的热释放速率、质量损失速率、烟释放速率、二氧化碳生成速率等与此阶段的变化趋势一致,并在燃烧最剧烈时达到峰值。松嫩草原10种主要的草地可燃物的综合性燃烧指数从大到小依次为:虎尾草>碱茅>扁蓄豆>拂子茅>牛鞭草>羊草>芦苇>五脉山黎豆>角碱蓬>兴安胡枝子。
2)草地可燃物隶属于生物质可燃物,其热解特征受可燃物的主要组成成分半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的影响。草地可燃物的热解过程遵循反应级数为1的动力学反应过程,热解过程主要分为三个阶段:在120℃以前发生的第一阶段主要是可燃物样品的失水过程,水分越大,第一阶段失重率越高;在120℃-360℃之间的第二阶段主要是半纤维素和纤维素的热解阶段,在此阶段析出大量的挥发分,形成主要的失重过程;360℃以后发生的是热解的第三阶段,主要是木质素和残余物质继续发生相对缓慢的热解反应,在此阶段主要生成炭。通过对草地可燃物综合热解燃尽指数的计算得出扁蓄豆的热解燃尽性最好,而羊草的热解速度最慢,热解稳定性最好。
3)草地火行为主要受地形条件、气象条件、可燃物状况、可燃物床等要素的影响。草地火蔓延速度随着可燃物床体积密度和可燃物量的增加而增加,当可燃物量达到350g/m2左右时,蔓延速度开始下降;可燃物含水率为35%是草地火能否蔓延的阈值;当火场地形为上坡时,坡度增加1o时,火速约增加1.07倍,多,其中风的作用最为显著,成显著正相关,并且风速的增加使草地火蔓延所需可物物量的下限最低能达到60g/m2左右。
4)通过草地枯落可燃物与土壤的光谱特征在短波红外的差异分析,构建枯草植被指数,改进了现有的枯落可燃物量的研究方法。结合地表温度与枯落可燃物湿度之间的关系,建立应用热红外遥感影像反演地表温度并推算可燃物湿度的方法,具有较强的适用性和时效性。
5)内蒙古草地火气候指数较高季节发生在4-6月和9-10月份,其它月份火气候指数较低,内蒙古地区草地火可能发生的季节可达7-9月之久;草地火气候指数分布的空间格局是从西向东逐级递减;从1970-2008年,火气候指数空间分布的重心在70-80年代由东北向西南迁移,80年代后一直由西南向东北迁移。
6)应用地理信息系统的空间叠加分析功能和Logistic回归分析对人为原因引起的草地火发生概率建立精度较高的预测模型。人为原因引起的草地火发生概率与温度成正相关,与降水量、相对湿度、到达乡村道路、铁路、村屯、独立建筑物的距离以及高程等成负相关关系。呼伦贝尔盟人为原因草地火点燃概率的空间分布格局是西南部高于其它区域,其原因主要是在该区域内村屯密度和乡村路的密度较大,相对的人为活动多,可燃物被点燃的可能性也相应地增大。
7)通过集成可燃物、火气候、可达性和坡度因素,提出了草地火险评估的总体性框架,并在其指导下建立了集成模型与评估方法进行草地火险的评估;通过空间聚类分析,对呼伦贝尔盟草地火险评估结果进行分区并制作草地火险分区图。该区域内整体火险状况较高,极高和高火险区的面积比例达到65%,主要分布在研究区的中部和东部。
Grassland is considered as one of the most important ecosystem in the land surface. Grassland has important function on agricultural productions, environmental protection, and ecological security. As a universal natural phenomenon, fires always have good or bad impact on the grassland since it occurred. Wildfire has become an indispensable disturbance factor about the development and succession of grassland in natural ecosystems.
In China, the area of grassland account for 41.7% of total land area. Approximately, fire was occurred in 10 million Ha area of grassland annually. These fires caused great economical loss and large harmful effects on grassland ecosystem. Grassland fire manager need to enhance the studies of fire disturbance and to know the rules of fire occurrence and fire spread, to grasp the pattern of spatial and time distribution. In this article, we have some conclusions by studies of fuel combustibility, fuel gross, fire behavior, fire climate, probabilities of fire occurrences and fire risk zones:
1) The process of grass fuels combustion was divided into three stages: The first stage is no flame pyrolysis;The second stage is combustion with flame and the third stage is carbonizing combustion. The second stage is the most important stage. The peaks of Heat Release Rate, Mass Loss Rate,Smoke Production Rate and the other parameters of grass fuels combustion occurred in this stage. The integrated combustion index of 10 dominant species in song-nen plain was calculated and the relative value is ranked: Chloris virgata Swartz > Puccinellia chinampoensis > Pocockia ruthenica > Calamagrostis epigejos > Hemarthria japonica > Aneurolepidium chinense > Phragmites communis Trirn > Lathyrus quinquenervius > Suaeda corniculata > Lespedeza davurica.
2) Grass fuel is one of biologic fuels. Pyrolysis characteristic of grass fuel is dominated by the main components, hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin. The reaction order of process is 1. The process of pyrolysis was divided into three stage: before 120℃, the first stage is dehydration process and the ratio of mass loss is proportional to water content; During 120– 360℃, the second stage is pyrolysis of hemicelluloses and cellulose. In this process, the mass of volatile component yield and the ratio of mass loss are biggest. After 360℃, the third stage is pyrolysis of lignin and other residues. Char is the main production. An integrated burnout index is calculated to express the pyrolysis characteristic. The pyrolysis rate of Aneurolepidium chinense is lowest and the sustainability is best.
3) The behavior of grassland fire is affected by topography, weather conditions, fuel conditions and the bed of fuels. The rate of grassland fire spread increases with increasing fuel mass and the volume density of fuel bed. When the density of fuel reached 350g/m2, the rate of fire spread begin to decrease. The threshold value of grassland fire spread is 35% of water content of grass fuels. In uphill, when the slope increases 1 degree, the speed of fire spread increases 1.07 times; in downhill, when the slope increases 1 degree, the speed increases 1.005 times. Most factors of weather have influence on grassland fire spread. But the effect of wind is more significant than the other factors. The relationship between wind and fire spread is positive. The lower limit of grass fuel supported fire spread is decreased to 60g/ m2 under the effect of wind.
4) The difference of spectral features between residue grass and soil in short infrared is significant. An index of residue grass was created and this method would improve the present research situation of residue fuel mass. Integrating land surface temperature and water content of residue grass fuel, a method was created to assess the fuel moisture with reversing land surface temperature with thermal infrared image.
5) In Inner Mongolia, index of fire climate is higher in April, May, June, September and October. The fire season is no less than 7 months and no more than 9 months. The spatial distribution of index of grassland fire climate is decline from west to east in the study region. During 1970-2008, the center of the spatial distribution changed continually. From 1970s to 1980s, the center moved from northeast to southwest. After 1980s, the center moved from southwest to northeast continuously.
6) Supported by spatial analyst of GIS and Logistic regression, the predicted model of assessing the probability of human-caused grassland fire occurrence was created. The probabilities have positive correlation with temperature and have negative correlation with precipitation, relative humidity, the distance to dirt roads, paved road railroad, villages, human building and the elevation. In Hulunbeir, the probabilities of human-caused grassland fire occurrence are higher in southwest than in the other areas. The main reasons caused this distribution are higher densities of villages and dirt roads and more human activities in southwest.
7) Integrating grass fuel, fire climate, accessibilities and slope, a general scheme of assessing grassland fire risk was proposed. With spatial cluster analysis, the grassland fire risk zones were divided and the zone map of Hulunbeir was designed. In this region, the area with higher fire risk was more than 65%, distributed in the middle and east.
引文
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