高填方涵洞EPS板减荷技术应用及数值模拟研究
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摘要
在山区修建高速公路,常用高填路堤代替桥梁穿越沟谷,达到降低工程造价的目的,从而形成了较多的高填方涵洞。由于高填方涵洞承受的土压力大,因而涵洞多为结构尺寸较大、施工困难但承载力较高的拱涵。如果采用在涵顶铺设柔性材料EPS板的减荷技术,促使土中形成拱效应,降低作用在涵洞上的土压力,就可使用材料用量小、施工简便的盖板涵代替拱涵,满足高填方涵洞承载力要求。
为了开展高填方涵洞EPS板减荷技术应用研究，本文结合四川省广元-巴中高速公路“高填方涵洞设计新理念的工程应用”课题,对一公路高填方涵洞进行了EPS板减荷技术的工程应用及减荷效果测试,通过室内试验研究了EPS板的压缩变形性能,并结合数值分析对EPS板减荷技术进行了系统的研究,取得了以下成果：
1.通过三轴与单轴压缩试验,研究了不同加载速率及围压条件下EPS板的压缩变形性能及蠕变、松弛特性。试验结果表明,逐级加载的单轴压缩试验结果适用于EPS板在高填方涵洞减荷时的受力及变形情况,根据单轴压缩试验结果得到了工程设计中所需EPS板的压缩强度与密度、压缩模量与密度的计算公式。
2.将EPS板减荷技术在一公路高填方涵洞上进行了应用,成功以盖板涵代替拱涵,节省了约一半的涵洞造价并加快了施工进度。在填土过程中和填土完成后,对涵洞土压力及EPS板压缩变形进行了700多天的观测,得到了涵洞土压力分布及EPS板的变形规律。观测结果表明,采取减荷措施后的涵洞土压力明显减小,该盖板涵竣工近两年来使用状况良好。
3.利用数值分析的方法,对采用Drucker-Prager Cap双屈服面模型的土体与采用Crushable Foam模型的EPS板进行了土工试验的有限元数值模拟。根据有限元计算结果与室内试验结果的比较,验证了所选模型的有效性；并且对材料模型参数进行了修正,提高了涵洞有限元模型计算结果的可靠性。
4.针对常规填土涵洞,采用模拟路堤分层填筑的二维有限元模型,对涵-土相互作用机理及涵洞所受土压力进行了研究,分析了涵洞土压力的变化规律及其主要影响因素。通过涵洞三维有限元计算,得到了公路高填方涵洞在梯形路堤断面下的涵顶土压力分布情况,弥补了以往只在二维方向进行涵洞土压力分析的不足,提出了新的涵洞垂直土压力系数建议值。
5.通过对EPS板减荷技术的二维有限元分析,得到了高填方涵洞的减荷机理及影响减荷效果的主要因素；通过涵顶净跨内铺设EPS板与涵顶满铺EPS板两种减荷方式的对比分析,结果表明盖板涵结构净跨内铺设EPS板是较为合理的减荷方式。根据三维有限元计算分析的结果,得到了涵顶所铺设EPS板的三维压缩变形随填土高度的变化规律,可作为沿涵洞长度方向铺设EPS板厚度的依据。
6.在以往EPS板减荷技术试验结果及本次减荷技术工程应用观测结果的基础上,并结合二维与三维有限元计算分析,建立了涵洞EPS板减荷设计的经验系数方法,简化了减荷后复杂的土压力计算及涵洞结构设计过程。为了防止施工机械对EPS板造成破坏,研究了施工荷载对EPS板的受力及压缩变形的影响,提出了一套简便可行的施工技术。
The high embankments are often utilized for highway construction in large topographic mountain areas to cut down the project budget, so lots of high fill culverts are constructed. Since the high fill culvert should burden large earth pressure, the arch culvert has some drawbacks such as large structural sizes, hard to construct and it is more expansive. Using the load reduction technology by placing the EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) slab on top of culvert can produce soil arching effects and reduce vertical earth pressure. The slab culvert can be used instead of the arch culvert which has a lot of advantages such as less material dosage, easy construction, short construction period, and so on.
This paper is based on the project of'Application of new concept design method in high fill culvert'. The purpose of this project is to prompt the application of the EPS slab load reduction technology. A high fill highway culvert is designed and constructed by using the EPS slab load reduction technology. Compressive behavior of EPS is researched and diagnosed by soil test in laboratory, EPS load reduction technology is studied with numerical analysis method, and the conclusions are listed as follows:
1. Based on the triaxial and uniaxial compressive test, compressive deformation, creep and stress relaxation behavior of EPS were studied under different load velocity and confine pressures conditions. The results indicate that stepped uniaxial test is applicable to simulate the stress and strain behavior of EPS for load reduction technology under high embankment. Furthermore, the formulas between compressive strength with densities and compressive modulus with densities are concluded according to the series stepped uniaxial test that can be used in load reduction designing.
2. EPS load reduction technology was used for a culvert in china. The slab culvert was used to replace arch culvert successfully which decresing about half project cost and speeding construction progress. Earth pressure acted on the culvert and EPS compressive deformation were tested at the period of construction, and over 700 days observation have been performed after construction. The distribution of earth pressure and EPS deformation properties are conducted. The observation results show that the slab culvert is in good condition for about two years.
3. Soil tests of Drucker-Prager Cap model for soil and Crushable Foam model for EPS were simulated by finite element method (FEM). The selected model is confirmed to be effective according to the comparation of FEM calculation results and laboratory test results. Parameters of material models are modified to increase the accuracy of results obtained form FEM.
4.2D FEM model were established to analyze the interaction mechanism between soil and culvert for the unload reduction culvert. The change theory of earth pressure and the main impact factors were obtained. The three dimension stress distribution properties were analyzed for high embankment culvert, which make up the weak point for 2D FEM. A new earth pressure property is proposed with the results of 3D FEM.
5. The load reduction mechanics and the main impact factors are concluded from 2D FEM analysis of EPS slab load reduction technology for high fill culvert. The comparative analysis results by placing EPS slab on net span and full placing on culvert indicate that net span placing type is an appropriate method for load reduction. Three dimension compressive deformations with the soil height is obtained by 3D FEM, which can be used to design the depth of EPS along longitudinal direction of the culvert.
6. EPS load reduction design coefficient method is established on the basses of field tests results, the EPS load reduction technology application in this paper and the FEM calculation results. The earth pressure and culvert design progress is simplified. To avoid damaging the EPS slab by machine during construction, the pressure and compressive deformation induced by construction load were studied. As a result, simply construction technology is proposed for fill soil on EPS slab.
为了开展高填方涵洞EPS板减荷技术应用研究，本文结合四川省广元-巴中高速公路“高填方涵洞设计新理念的工程应用”课题,对一公路高填方涵洞进行了EPS板减荷技术的工程应用及减荷效果测试,通过室内试验研究了EPS板的压缩变形性能,并结合数值分析对EPS板减荷技术进行了系统的研究,取得了以下成果：
1.通过三轴与单轴压缩试验,研究了不同加载速率及围压条件下EPS板的压缩变形性能及蠕变、松弛特性。试验结果表明,逐级加载的单轴压缩试验结果适用于EPS板在高填方涵洞减荷时的受力及变形情况,根据单轴压缩试验结果得到了工程设计中所需EPS板的压缩强度与密度、压缩模量与密度的计算公式。
2.将EPS板减荷技术在一公路高填方涵洞上进行了应用,成功以盖板涵代替拱涵,节省了约一半的涵洞造价并加快了施工进度。在填土过程中和填土完成后,对涵洞土压力及EPS板压缩变形进行了700多天的观测,得到了涵洞土压力分布及EPS板的变形规律。观测结果表明,采取减荷措施后的涵洞土压力明显减小,该盖板涵竣工近两年来使用状况良好。
3.利用数值分析的方法,对采用Drucker-Prager Cap双屈服面模型的土体与采用Crushable Foam模型的EPS板进行了土工试验的有限元数值模拟。根据有限元计算结果与室内试验结果的比较,验证了所选模型的有效性；并且对材料模型参数进行了修正,提高了涵洞有限元模型计算结果的可靠性。
4.针对常规填土涵洞,采用模拟路堤分层填筑的二维有限元模型,对涵-土相互作用机理及涵洞所受土压力进行了研究,分析了涵洞土压力的变化规律及其主要影响因素。通过涵洞三维有限元计算,得到了公路高填方涵洞在梯形路堤断面下的涵顶土压力分布情况,弥补了以往只在二维方向进行涵洞土压力分析的不足,提出了新的涵洞垂直土压力系数建议值。
5.通过对EPS板减荷技术的二维有限元分析,得到了高填方涵洞的减荷机理及影响减荷效果的主要因素；通过涵顶净跨内铺设EPS板与涵顶满铺EPS板两种减荷方式的对比分析,结果表明盖板涵结构净跨内铺设EPS板是较为合理的减荷方式。根据三维有限元计算分析的结果,得到了涵顶所铺设EPS板的三维压缩变形随填土高度的变化规律,可作为沿涵洞长度方向铺设EPS板厚度的依据。
6.在以往EPS板减荷技术试验结果及本次减荷技术工程应用观测结果的基础上,并结合二维与三维有限元计算分析,建立了涵洞EPS板减荷设计的经验系数方法,简化了减荷后复杂的土压力计算及涵洞结构设计过程。为了防止施工机械对EPS板造成破坏,研究了施工荷载对EPS板的受力及压缩变形的影响,提出了一套简便可行的施工技术。
The high embankments are often utilized for highway construction in large topographic mountain areas to cut down the project budget, so lots of high fill culverts are constructed. Since the high fill culvert should burden large earth pressure, the arch culvert has some drawbacks such as large structural sizes, hard to construct and it is more expansive. Using the load reduction technology by placing the EPS (Expanded Polystyrene) slab on top of culvert can produce soil arching effects and reduce vertical earth pressure. The slab culvert can be used instead of the arch culvert which has a lot of advantages such as less material dosage, easy construction, short construction period, and so on.
This paper is based on the project of'Application of new concept design method in high fill culvert'. The purpose of this project is to prompt the application of the EPS slab load reduction technology. A high fill highway culvert is designed and constructed by using the EPS slab load reduction technology. Compressive behavior of EPS is researched and diagnosed by soil test in laboratory, EPS load reduction technology is studied with numerical analysis method, and the conclusions are listed as follows:
1. Based on the triaxial and uniaxial compressive test, compressive deformation, creep and stress relaxation behavior of EPS were studied under different load velocity and confine pressures conditions. The results indicate that stepped uniaxial test is applicable to simulate the stress and strain behavior of EPS for load reduction technology under high embankment. Furthermore, the formulas between compressive strength with densities and compressive modulus with densities are concluded according to the series stepped uniaxial test that can be used in load reduction designing.
2. EPS load reduction technology was used for a culvert in china. The slab culvert was used to replace arch culvert successfully which decresing about half project cost and speeding construction progress. Earth pressure acted on the culvert and EPS compressive deformation were tested at the period of construction, and over 700 days observation have been performed after construction. The distribution of earth pressure and EPS deformation properties are conducted. The observation results show that the slab culvert is in good condition for about two years.
3. Soil tests of Drucker-Prager Cap model for soil and Crushable Foam model for EPS were simulated by finite element method (FEM). The selected model is confirmed to be effective according to the comparation of FEM calculation results and laboratory test results. Parameters of material models are modified to increase the accuracy of results obtained form FEM.
4.2D FEM model were established to analyze the interaction mechanism between soil and culvert for the unload reduction culvert. The change theory of earth pressure and the main impact factors were obtained. The three dimension stress distribution properties were analyzed for high embankment culvert, which make up the weak point for 2D FEM. A new earth pressure property is proposed with the results of 3D FEM.
5. The load reduction mechanics and the main impact factors are concluded from 2D FEM analysis of EPS slab load reduction technology for high fill culvert. The comparative analysis results by placing EPS slab on net span and full placing on culvert indicate that net span placing type is an appropriate method for load reduction. Three dimension compressive deformations with the soil height is obtained by 3D FEM, which can be used to design the depth of EPS along longitudinal direction of the culvert.
6. EPS load reduction design coefficient method is established on the basses of field tests results, the EPS load reduction technology application in this paper and the FEM calculation results. The earth pressure and culvert design progress is simplified. To avoid damaging the EPS slab by machine during construction, the pressure and compressive deformation induced by construction load were studied. As a result, simply construction technology is proposed for fill soil on EPS slab.
引文
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