大型水电站地下洞室群施工力学行为研究
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摘要
二十一世纪是地下工程的世纪,随着经济的发展和科技的进步,一大批水电工程地下洞室规模正朝着大埋深、大跨度、高边墙方向发展,多个洞室交叉布置,形成庞大的地下洞室群。地下洞室群在施工过程中不仅会遇到复杂的地质条件,而且面临复杂的施工程序,不同的施工程序导致围岩体产生不同的应力路径,从而对成型后的地下洞室围岩稳定产生不同的结果,因而是一个复杂的力学过程。本文以笔者亲历的向家坝水电站地下洞室群工程为背景,基于非连续介质理论,从现场地质调查、结构设计、岩体力学试验、理论研究、现场施工因素、数值模拟和现场监测等多方面开展工作,对地下洞室群岩体施工前的优化和施工过程中的力学行为进行了系统而深入的研究,主要包括以下内容：
(1)根据向家坝右岸地下洞室群岩体现场地质调查、试验资料以及实测地应力结果,使用应力回归分析方法,首次采用基于非连续介质理论的三维离散元法反演计算得到右岸地下洞室群围岩初始地应力场,获得了工程区岩体初始地应力场主要影响因素和分布规律,作为工程计算和监测分析的基础；
(2)研究了地下洞室群开挖过程中的能量耗散特征,首次将能量法引入向家坝地下洞室群围岩施工方案的优化计算评价,结合计算得到的围岩变形、应力分布和塑性区分布特征,综合评价多方案开挖路径下的围岩状态,从而比选出最优开挖方案；基于评选出来的最优开挖方案,对地下洞室群拟定的四种锚固方案分别进行计算分析和综合评价,得到最优的锚固参数方案。结果为实际工程所应用；
(3)针对大断面地下洞室开挖跨度大,埋藏深,地质条件和施工程序复杂的特点,结合现场的实际监测资料,采用三维离散元法研究了多个工作面推进过程中的复杂施工工序下围岩体力学特征,获得了施工过程中的围岩变形特征,主应力大小、倾向和倾角随工程开挖的变化规律以及最大剪应力的变化规律,并基于以上研究成果,首次提出了在复杂开挖环境下,基于围岩变形、主应力值的大小、倾向、倾角以及最大剪应力的变化过程,来确定大断面地下洞室围岩合理的支护时机；
(4)基于现场监控量测和数值计算,系统研究了大型地下洞室群不同开挖时期的围岩变形和地应力变化规律；针对层状岩体地下洞室围岩出现的软弱夹层现象,基于现场工程地质调查、监测资料分析和数值模拟,获得了软弱夹层对洞室围岩稳定性影响的规律；发现了软弱夹层在大型洞室不同部位分布时,相应部位穿过夹层的锚杆应力值出现的一些规律性的现象；在以上研究方法的基础上,结合施工因素的分析,对地下厂房岩锚梁顶部混凝土与围岩交界部位出现的纵向裂缝这一新的工程现象,研究了裂隙的成因,提出软弱夹层的存在是产生这一裂缝的根本原因,施工因素为另一重要原因,并进一步研究了裂隙的发展变化趋势。分析结论为实际工程采用；
(5)基于现场监测得到的5.12汶川地震波形、地下厂房围岩变形和锚索应力监测等资料,借助离散元软件UDEC,研究了地震力作用下地下洞室群围岩不同部位的围岩变形特征、塑性区分布和波速特征,获得了大型地下洞室群不同部位围岩在地震中的响应规律。
研究工作紧密结合工程实际,既以建立大型地下洞室群围岩施工力学行为方法为目的,又以解决工程实际问题为目的,工作历经了初步设计与施工的多个阶段,使得研究内容与研究成果具有鲜明的工程特色,并为工程的动态设计优化与施工所采用。论文采用多种手段,系统研究地下洞室群岩体力学行为的方法独具特色,是初步设计与施工期大型地下工程岩体力学行为研究方面的一次成功实践。
21st century is the age of underground engineering. A large number of underground caverns appear as the development of economy and the advance of science and technology, and these caverns have the tendency of deep situated, big span space and high side wall. Large-scale underground powerhouse and several other chambers and tunnels make up of huge underground caverns. During the construction of these chambers and tunnels, not only will we face complex geological conditions, complex procedures are always appeared in front of us. Different constructional procedure will make the surrounding rock mass undergo different stress path, which will affect the final stability of the surrounding rock mass differently, therefore it's a complex mechanical procedure. With the background of the underground caverns of Xiangjiaba hydropower station which the author of this thesis experienced, based on nonlinear theory, the research work was carried out from several aspects, such as in-situ geological investigation, structural design, mechanical test of rock mass, theoretical analysis, in-situ construction, numerical modeling and in-situ monitoring, et al., systematic and an in-deep study was performed of the underground caverns about the optimization before construction and mechanical behavior during construction, and the main results can be summarized as following:
(1) According to the in-situ geological investigation, indoor-outdoor test of rock mass and in-situ ground stress test result, with stress regression method, this thesis back analyzed the initial ground stress field of the Xiangjiaba hydropower station underground caverns with the three dimensional discrete element program 3DEC for the first time, and acquired the main infect factors and distribution of regularities, which can be used for latter engineering computation and monitoring analysis;
(2) Character of energy dissipation of underground caverns was studied during construction, and energy method was used for evaluating the optimization of underground engineering constructional procedure for the first time. The energy method, together with the deformation character, stress and plastic zone distribution character of surrounding rock mass, all of these were used for synthetically evaluating the state of surrounding rock mass of several excavation schemes, and through comparing these schemes, select the best one. Based on the selected excavation scheme, computation and comprehensive evaluation were carried out for evaluating the four drafted anchoring optimization schemes, and the best one was selected. All these results were used in practice;
(3) The large area underground powerhouse has the character of big span space, deep buried with complex geological condition and constructional procedure, incorporated with in-situ monitoring results, the complex mechanical character of the surrounding rock mass with several working faces pushing forward during construction was carefully studied using the three dimensional discrete element method. Results such as the surrounding rock mass'deformation character, magnitude, dip direction and dip angle of the principal stress and the maximum shear stress during construction were achieved. Based on the research work shown above, reasonable support occasion was put forward for the first time;
(4) Based on the in-situ monitoring and numerical simulation, deformation and the ground stress of the surrounding rock mass at different constructional stages were systematically researched on. Aimed at the weak interlayer appear at the surrounding rock mass of the underground caverns, depend on in-situ geological investigation, monitoring material and numerical simulation, the influence of the weak interlayer to the stability of the surrounding rock mass was achieved. Research works also find that the stress value of rock anchor through weak interlayer at different parts of the surrounding rock mass shows different value, and the regularity was found. Based on all these research work shown above, associate with the. factor of construction, a new engineering phenomenon, i.e, longitudinal cracks appeared between the concrete of rock-anchored beam with the surrounding rock mass was found during the construction of the underground powerhouse. The cause analysis was conducted, and the development trend of the crack was forecasted. Results indicate that the existence of the weak interlayer at the surrounding rock mass is the principal reason, and construction is the other factor which results in the crack. The research achievement was used in practice;
(5) Based on the monitoring earthquake waveform, which induced by the Wenchuan earthquake occurred at Sichuan province, south-west of China, in May 12,2008, together with the in-situ deformation and cable force monitoring results, the deformation character, plastic zones and wave velocity at different parts of the underground caverns were put into research using the two dimensional program UDEC, and the response of the underground engineering surrounding rock during this earthquake was acquired.
The research work of this thesis combined with practice tightly, which aimed not only at establishing the constructional mechanical behavior method of the large-scale underground caverns, but also with purpose at solving the engineering practical problem. This work experienced the engineering stages of preliminary design and construction, which make the research contents and achievement have strikingly engineering feature, and were adopted in dynamic design optimization and construction. Several means were used and the systematically research method with its special feature, which is a successful experience with research on the mechanical behavior of underground rock mass engineering during the stages of preliminary design and construction.
(1)根据向家坝右岸地下洞室群岩体现场地质调查、试验资料以及实测地应力结果,使用应力回归分析方法,首次采用基于非连续介质理论的三维离散元法反演计算得到右岸地下洞室群围岩初始地应力场,获得了工程区岩体初始地应力场主要影响因素和分布规律,作为工程计算和监测分析的基础；
(2)研究了地下洞室群开挖过程中的能量耗散特征,首次将能量法引入向家坝地下洞室群围岩施工方案的优化计算评价,结合计算得到的围岩变形、应力分布和塑性区分布特征,综合评价多方案开挖路径下的围岩状态,从而比选出最优开挖方案；基于评选出来的最优开挖方案,对地下洞室群拟定的四种锚固方案分别进行计算分析和综合评价,得到最优的锚固参数方案。结果为实际工程所应用；
(3)针对大断面地下洞室开挖跨度大,埋藏深,地质条件和施工程序复杂的特点,结合现场的实际监测资料,采用三维离散元法研究了多个工作面推进过程中的复杂施工工序下围岩体力学特征,获得了施工过程中的围岩变形特征,主应力大小、倾向和倾角随工程开挖的变化规律以及最大剪应力的变化规律,并基于以上研究成果,首次提出了在复杂开挖环境下,基于围岩变形、主应力值的大小、倾向、倾角以及最大剪应力的变化过程,来确定大断面地下洞室围岩合理的支护时机；
(4)基于现场监控量测和数值计算,系统研究了大型地下洞室群不同开挖时期的围岩变形和地应力变化规律；针对层状岩体地下洞室围岩出现的软弱夹层现象,基于现场工程地质调查、监测资料分析和数值模拟,获得了软弱夹层对洞室围岩稳定性影响的规律；发现了软弱夹层在大型洞室不同部位分布时,相应部位穿过夹层的锚杆应力值出现的一些规律性的现象；在以上研究方法的基础上,结合施工因素的分析,对地下厂房岩锚梁顶部混凝土与围岩交界部位出现的纵向裂缝这一新的工程现象,研究了裂隙的成因,提出软弱夹层的存在是产生这一裂缝的根本原因,施工因素为另一重要原因,并进一步研究了裂隙的发展变化趋势。分析结论为实际工程采用；
(5)基于现场监测得到的5.12汶川地震波形、地下厂房围岩变形和锚索应力监测等资料,借助离散元软件UDEC,研究了地震力作用下地下洞室群围岩不同部位的围岩变形特征、塑性区分布和波速特征,获得了大型地下洞室群不同部位围岩在地震中的响应规律。
研究工作紧密结合工程实际,既以建立大型地下洞室群围岩施工力学行为方法为目的,又以解决工程实际问题为目的,工作历经了初步设计与施工的多个阶段,使得研究内容与研究成果具有鲜明的工程特色,并为工程的动态设计优化与施工所采用。论文采用多种手段,系统研究地下洞室群岩体力学行为的方法独具特色,是初步设计与施工期大型地下工程岩体力学行为研究方面的一次成功实践。
21st century is the age of underground engineering. A large number of underground caverns appear as the development of economy and the advance of science and technology, and these caverns have the tendency of deep situated, big span space and high side wall. Large-scale underground powerhouse and several other chambers and tunnels make up of huge underground caverns. During the construction of these chambers and tunnels, not only will we face complex geological conditions, complex procedures are always appeared in front of us. Different constructional procedure will make the surrounding rock mass undergo different stress path, which will affect the final stability of the surrounding rock mass differently, therefore it's a complex mechanical procedure. With the background of the underground caverns of Xiangjiaba hydropower station which the author of this thesis experienced, based on nonlinear theory, the research work was carried out from several aspects, such as in-situ geological investigation, structural design, mechanical test of rock mass, theoretical analysis, in-situ construction, numerical modeling and in-situ monitoring, et al., systematic and an in-deep study was performed of the underground caverns about the optimization before construction and mechanical behavior during construction, and the main results can be summarized as following:
(1) According to the in-situ geological investigation, indoor-outdoor test of rock mass and in-situ ground stress test result, with stress regression method, this thesis back analyzed the initial ground stress field of the Xiangjiaba hydropower station underground caverns with the three dimensional discrete element program 3DEC for the first time, and acquired the main infect factors and distribution of regularities, which can be used for latter engineering computation and monitoring analysis;
(2) Character of energy dissipation of underground caverns was studied during construction, and energy method was used for evaluating the optimization of underground engineering constructional procedure for the first time. The energy method, together with the deformation character, stress and plastic zone distribution character of surrounding rock mass, all of these were used for synthetically evaluating the state of surrounding rock mass of several excavation schemes, and through comparing these schemes, select the best one. Based on the selected excavation scheme, computation and comprehensive evaluation were carried out for evaluating the four drafted anchoring optimization schemes, and the best one was selected. All these results were used in practice;
(3) The large area underground powerhouse has the character of big span space, deep buried with complex geological condition and constructional procedure, incorporated with in-situ monitoring results, the complex mechanical character of the surrounding rock mass with several working faces pushing forward during construction was carefully studied using the three dimensional discrete element method. Results such as the surrounding rock mass'deformation character, magnitude, dip direction and dip angle of the principal stress and the maximum shear stress during construction were achieved. Based on the research work shown above, reasonable support occasion was put forward for the first time;
(4) Based on the in-situ monitoring and numerical simulation, deformation and the ground stress of the surrounding rock mass at different constructional stages were systematically researched on. Aimed at the weak interlayer appear at the surrounding rock mass of the underground caverns, depend on in-situ geological investigation, monitoring material and numerical simulation, the influence of the weak interlayer to the stability of the surrounding rock mass was achieved. Research works also find that the stress value of rock anchor through weak interlayer at different parts of the surrounding rock mass shows different value, and the regularity was found. Based on all these research work shown above, associate with the. factor of construction, a new engineering phenomenon, i.e, longitudinal cracks appeared between the concrete of rock-anchored beam with the surrounding rock mass was found during the construction of the underground powerhouse. The cause analysis was conducted, and the development trend of the crack was forecasted. Results indicate that the existence of the weak interlayer at the surrounding rock mass is the principal reason, and construction is the other factor which results in the crack. The research achievement was used in practice;
(5) Based on the monitoring earthquake waveform, which induced by the Wenchuan earthquake occurred at Sichuan province, south-west of China, in May 12,2008, together with the in-situ deformation and cable force monitoring results, the deformation character, plastic zones and wave velocity at different parts of the underground caverns were put into research using the two dimensional program UDEC, and the response of the underground engineering surrounding rock during this earthquake was acquired.
The research work of this thesis combined with practice tightly, which aimed not only at establishing the constructional mechanical behavior method of the large-scale underground caverns, but also with purpose at solving the engineering practical problem. This work experienced the engineering stages of preliminary design and construction, which make the research contents and achievement have strikingly engineering feature, and were adopted in dynamic design optimization and construction. Several means were used and the systematically research method with its special feature, which is a successful experience with research on the mechanical behavior of underground rock mass engineering during the stages of preliminary design and construction.
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