超长大直径钢管桩竖向承载特性试验分析与预测方法研究
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摘要
超长大直径钢管桩因单桩承载力较高、沉桩工艺相对简单、排土量较小及良好的抗弯能力越来越广泛应用于跨海大桥、大型深水港码头等重大工程。实际工程项目依据规范确定的设计参数往往偏于保守,造成很大的浪费,少数有条件的工程则通过静载荷试验确定桩的承载力等参数,试验成本非常高。此外,目前积累的超长大直径钢管桩的承载力试验及研究资料较少,其沉降确定方法的研究则更为薄弱,鲜见深入系统的研究资料。所以,研究超长大直径钢管桩的承载特性具有重大的理论意义和现实意义。
首先,本文根据三座特大跨海大桥的静载荷试验资料,对超长大直径钢管桩的竖向承载特性进行了深入分析,指出了超长大直径钢管桩承载类型及特点,并采用Matlab软件进行曲线拟合得到了该类型桩典型的荷载沉降关系式。
其次,本文通过有限差分法模拟计算得到超长大直径钢管桩Q-s曲线、轴力和桩侧摩阻力分布曲线,并与实际工程静载试验结果进行对比,采用有限差分法对均质土中超长大直径钢管桩的承载特性进行研究,深入、系统地分析了桩长、桩径、长径比、桩土弹性模量比、桩端土与桩周土弹性模量比等因素对Q-s曲线、桩侧摩阻力分布的影响,得到以下结论。
(1)模拟计算结果和静载荷试验结果相差很小,表明采用有限差分的数值方法对桩在竖向荷载下的承载特性进行分析、对工作状态下桩的承载特性进行预测是合适的。
(2)随着桩长的增加,一方面桩极限承载力增大、桩顶沉降减小,但幅度逐渐降低,超过一定值后,继续增加桩长对桩的承载特性改善效果不明显；另一方面桩侧摩阻力增加,桩侧摩阻力分担荷载比增大,桩端阻力分担荷载比减小,在相同桩顶荷载作用下,桩侧摩阻力随着桩长的增加而减小,桩侧摩阻力峰值位置不随桩长的改变而改变。
(3)随着桩径的增加,桩极限承载力增大、桩顶沉降减小,且承载力增加的幅度增大,对桩顶沉降的改善也显著,桩径的改变比桩长对承载特性的影响更显著。同时,随着桩径的增加,桩侧摩阻力分担荷载比减小,桩端阻力分担比增大；在相同桩顶荷载作用下,桩侧摩阻力随桩径的增加而增大,其峰值位置则随桩径的增加而向下移动。
(4)当桩径保持不变时,随长径比的增大,极限承载力增加,且增长率逐渐减小,桩顶沉降减小；当桩桩长保持不变时,随长径比的增大,极限承载力减小,且速率逐渐降低,桩顶沉降增加。这表明,对于超长大直径钢管桩,过分增加长径比提高承载力的效果并不显著。因此,在实际工程中借助本方法的合理选择长径比是可行的,有助于提高设计的经济性。
(5)当桩弹性模量不变时,随着桩土弹性模量比的减小,桩的承载力增加,桩顶沉降减小,且在同一荷载下,沉降值减小的幅度逐渐减小。当土体弹性模量超过一定值后,桩承载力和沉降的改善幅度降低,随着土体弹性模量的增加,桩侧阻力分担荷载比增大,桩端阻力分担荷载比减小
(6)当桩周土体的弹性模量不变时,桩端土与桩周土的弹性模量比越大,桩的承载力越大,沉降越小,桩端阻力分担荷载比增加,桩侧摩阻力也增大,端阻对侧阻有强化效应。当桩端弹性模量为一定值时,随着桩端土与桩周土弹性模量比的减小,桩承载力增加,沉降减小。
最后,为了对上述的结论进行验证,本文利用智能方法和数值方法对超长大直径桩的承载特性预测方法进行了研究,主要内容如下：
(1)通过分析静载试验数据,从桩长、土层参数、桩—土参数3个方面建立了桩承载力模型SVM-Q、ICASVM-Q,实验结果表明这2个模型能准确预测超长大直径钢管桩侧摩阻力与承载力,说明了这2个模型的可行与有效；并且很好地诠释了超长大直径钢管桩的桩长、土层参数、桩—土参数对桩侧摩阻力与桩承载力的变化规律。
(2)通过分析超长大直径钢管桩的承载力与沉降数据,扩展了求解沉降过程中的反应沉降随承载力变化的承载力变化量与沉降变化量2个因素,这2个增加的因素扩大了数据处理的内容,使得建立的模型更为准确。在此基础上建立了求解沉降的SVM-S、ICASVM-S、TANEXP-S模型,并利用这3个模型,分析、计算了承载力、承载力变化量与沉降变化量3个因素的不同组合对桩沉降的影响,计算结果表明以上3种模型能准确预测桩沉降,很好地解释了超长大直径钢管桩的承载力对沉降影响的变化规律。
(3)同一地域的土层参数、沉降随承载力的变化具有一定的共性特征。通过学习同一地域1根桩的数据,利用支持向量机和独立分量分析建立反应土层特征的支持向量机模型和反应沉降变化的支持向量机模型；然后,在此基础上对其他桩的数据求得相应的土层特征建立了预测同一地域不同桩侧摩阻力模型LearnPre-Q和预测沉降的预测模型LearnPre-S。实验结果表明本文提出的LearnPre-Q和LearnPre-S预测结果准确,验证了算法的可行、有效；同时与第2章和第3章分析结果一致,更好地解释了超长大直径钢管桩的桩承载力与沉降的变化规律。
The super-long and large-diameter steel pipe piles have been more and more widely used in large-scale Sea-Crossing Bridge and large scale deep water piers projects due to its higher bearing capacity, relatively simple pile driving process, smaller amount of dumping, and good ability of anti-bend. Currently, determining the design parameters of actual project according to the empirical parameters in national standards is somewhat conservative, and often results in a great waste of resources. A small number of projects have conditions to determine bearing capacity and other parameters through the static load test, whose cost is very high. The current accumulated text and research data is less, and the calculating and determining of settlement is a relatively weak part in the field of pile research, and there is rare systemic research data. So, researching bearing characteristics of super-long and large-diameter steel pipe piles is of great theoretical and practical significance.
On the basis of the typical static load test of three very large-scale Sea-Crossing Bridge, this paper deeply analyzes the bearing properties of super-long and large-diameter steel pipe, points out the bearing types and characteristics of super-long and large-diameter steel pipe piles, and has got the load settlement relationship by curve fitting using Matlab software.
This essay takes advantage of finite difference method to analog calculation. It gets the Q-s curve, the distribution of shaft axis force and the lateral friction resistance, and compares with the static load test results of actual project. It also analyses the bearing properties of super-long and large-diameter steel pipe piles in isotropic soil with finite difference method. It has systematically discussed the factors which can influence the relation of Q-s curve and distribution of lateral friction resistance, including pile-length, pile-diameter, and ratio of length to diameter, elastic modulus ratio of pile to soil, elastic modulus ratio of under and beside pile. The following conclusions are obtained:
Firstly, the difference between simulation results and the static load test is small, which shows it is appropriate to use finite difference numerical method to analyze the bearing properties of super-long and large-diameter steel pipe pile under vertical load and predict the bearing properties of the pile under working state.
Secondly, as the pile-length increases, the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile is increasing and the settlement is reducing, but the rate of bearing capacity to increase and settlement to reduce is decreasing. When the pile-length exceeds to a certain value, it's unobvious to improve the bearing properties if the pile-length continues to increase. As the pile-length increases, the lateral friction resistance increases, and the load ratio of the lateral friction resistance increases but the tip resistance decreases. If the same load affects on the top of pile, as the pile-length increases, the lateral friction resistance decreases, but the position of the ultimate bearing capacity doesn't change.
Thirdly, as the pile-diameter increases, the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile is increasing and the settlement is reducing, and also the rate of bearing capacity to increase and settlement to reduce is increasing. That is to say changing pile-diameter is better than pile-length to improve the bearing properties. But increasing the pile-diameter will increase the cost. Therefore, we should choose the appropriate pile-diameter. As the pile-diameter increases, the load ratio of the lateral friction resistance decreases but the tip resistance increases. If the same load affects on the top of pile, as the pile-diameter increases, the lateral friction resistance decreases, and the position of the ultimate bearing capacity moves down.
Fourthly, when the pile-diameter is unchanged, as the ratio of length to diameter increase, the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile is increasing and the settlement is reducing, but the rate of bearing capacity to increase is decreasing. When the pile-length is unchanged, as the ratio of length to diameter increase, the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile is reducing and the settlement is increasing, but the rate of bearing capacity to reduce is decreasing. This indicates that it's not significant to increasing the ratio of length to diameter of super-long and large-diameter steel pipe pile to improve the bearing properties. Therefore, we should consider the ratio of length to diameter and the economic benefits in practical engineering, and choose appropriate pile-length and pile-diameter.
Fifthly, when the pile elastic modulus is unchanged, as the elastic modulus ratio of pile to soil decreases, the bearing capacity of pile is increasing, and the settlement is reducing. When the soil modulus exceeds to a certain value, the improvement of bearing capacity and settlement is reducing. As the elastic modulus of the soil increases, the load ratio of the lateral friction resistance increases but the tip resistance decreases.
Sixthly, when the elastic modulus of soil beside pile is unchanged, the larger the elastic modulus ratio of soil under and beside pile is, the greater the bearing capacity of pile is and the smaller the settlement is. Also the load-sharing ratio of tip resistance and the lateral friction resistance are increasing. It is to say that tip resistance can strengthen the lateral friction resistance. When the elastic modulus of soil under pile is unchanged, as the elastic modulus ratio of soil under and beside pile decreases, the bearing capacity of pile is increasing and the settlement is reducing.
Meanwhile, in order to verify the above conclusions, the paper use intelligent methods and numerical methods to research the bearing property predicting methods of the super-long and large-diameter steel pipe piles, mainly as follows:
(1) By analyzing the static load test data of the super-long and large-diameter steel pipe pile, it has stabled pile bearing capacity model SVM-Q, ICASVM from three aspects, which are the pile length, soil parameter, pile-soil parameters. The results show that these two model can accurately predict the shaft resistance and bearing capacity of the super-long and large-diameter steel pipe pile, and illustrate that the two models are feasible and effective; and the results can well explain the variation of the pile length, soil parameters and pile-soil parameters of the super-long and large-diameter steel pipe pile on shaft resistance and bearing capacity.
(2) By analyzing the bearing capacity and settlement data of the super-long and large-diameter steel pipe pile, it extends the two factors bearing capacity variation and settlement variation which reflect the changes of the settlement on bearing capacity in the process of solving the settlement. The two factors increase the expansion of the data processing content, and make the model more accurate. On the basis, the models SVM-S, ICASVM-S, TANEXP-S for solving settlement are established, and the three models are used to analyze and calculate the influence on settlement caused by different combinations of the three factors bearing capacity, bearing capacity variation and settlement variation. The results show the above three kinds of model can accurately predict the pile settlement, which can well explain the variation of bearing capacity of the super-long and large-diameter steel pipe pile on the settlement.
(3) The change of soil parameters and settlement of the same area with bearing capacity has some common features. Through the study of the data of a pile of the same area, this paper use support vector machines and independent component analysis to establish support vector machine model which reflects the soil characteristics and support vector machine model which reflects the change of settlement; then, on the basis of this it obtains the corresponding soil characteristics by the data of other piles, and establishes model LearnPre-Q predicting the frictional resistance of different pile of the same area and predicting model LearnPre-S predicting settlement. Experimental results show that the proposed LearnPre-Q and LearnPre-S prediction is accurate, and verify the algorithm feasible and effective; at the same time the results is the same with the results of Chapter 2 and Chapter 3. It can better explain the variation of bearing capacity and settlement of the super-long and large-diameter steel pipe pile.
首先,本文根据三座特大跨海大桥的静载荷试验资料,对超长大直径钢管桩的竖向承载特性进行了深入分析,指出了超长大直径钢管桩承载类型及特点,并采用Matlab软件进行曲线拟合得到了该类型桩典型的荷载沉降关系式。
其次,本文通过有限差分法模拟计算得到超长大直径钢管桩Q-s曲线、轴力和桩侧摩阻力分布曲线,并与实际工程静载试验结果进行对比,采用有限差分法对均质土中超长大直径钢管桩的承载特性进行研究,深入、系统地分析了桩长、桩径、长径比、桩土弹性模量比、桩端土与桩周土弹性模量比等因素对Q-s曲线、桩侧摩阻力分布的影响,得到以下结论。
(1)模拟计算结果和静载荷试验结果相差很小,表明采用有限差分的数值方法对桩在竖向荷载下的承载特性进行分析、对工作状态下桩的承载特性进行预测是合适的。
(2)随着桩长的增加,一方面桩极限承载力增大、桩顶沉降减小,但幅度逐渐降低,超过一定值后,继续增加桩长对桩的承载特性改善效果不明显；另一方面桩侧摩阻力增加,桩侧摩阻力分担荷载比增大,桩端阻力分担荷载比减小,在相同桩顶荷载作用下,桩侧摩阻力随着桩长的增加而减小,桩侧摩阻力峰值位置不随桩长的改变而改变。
(3)随着桩径的增加,桩极限承载力增大、桩顶沉降减小,且承载力增加的幅度增大,对桩顶沉降的改善也显著,桩径的改变比桩长对承载特性的影响更显著。同时,随着桩径的增加,桩侧摩阻力分担荷载比减小,桩端阻力分担比增大；在相同桩顶荷载作用下,桩侧摩阻力随桩径的增加而增大,其峰值位置则随桩径的增加而向下移动。
(4)当桩径保持不变时,随长径比的增大,极限承载力增加,且增长率逐渐减小,桩顶沉降减小；当桩桩长保持不变时,随长径比的增大,极限承载力减小,且速率逐渐降低,桩顶沉降增加。这表明,对于超长大直径钢管桩,过分增加长径比提高承载力的效果并不显著。因此,在实际工程中借助本方法的合理选择长径比是可行的,有助于提高设计的经济性。
(5)当桩弹性模量不变时,随着桩土弹性模量比的减小,桩的承载力增加,桩顶沉降减小,且在同一荷载下,沉降值减小的幅度逐渐减小。当土体弹性模量超过一定值后,桩承载力和沉降的改善幅度降低,随着土体弹性模量的增加,桩侧阻力分担荷载比增大,桩端阻力分担荷载比减小
(6)当桩周土体的弹性模量不变时,桩端土与桩周土的弹性模量比越大,桩的承载力越大,沉降越小,桩端阻力分担荷载比增加,桩侧摩阻力也增大,端阻对侧阻有强化效应。当桩端弹性模量为一定值时,随着桩端土与桩周土弹性模量比的减小,桩承载力增加,沉降减小。
最后,为了对上述的结论进行验证,本文利用智能方法和数值方法对超长大直径桩的承载特性预测方法进行了研究,主要内容如下：
(1)通过分析静载试验数据,从桩长、土层参数、桩—土参数3个方面建立了桩承载力模型SVM-Q、ICASVM-Q,实验结果表明这2个模型能准确预测超长大直径钢管桩侧摩阻力与承载力,说明了这2个模型的可行与有效；并且很好地诠释了超长大直径钢管桩的桩长、土层参数、桩—土参数对桩侧摩阻力与桩承载力的变化规律。
(2)通过分析超长大直径钢管桩的承载力与沉降数据,扩展了求解沉降过程中的反应沉降随承载力变化的承载力变化量与沉降变化量2个因素,这2个增加的因素扩大了数据处理的内容,使得建立的模型更为准确。在此基础上建立了求解沉降的SVM-S、ICASVM-S、TANEXP-S模型,并利用这3个模型,分析、计算了承载力、承载力变化量与沉降变化量3个因素的不同组合对桩沉降的影响,计算结果表明以上3种模型能准确预测桩沉降,很好地解释了超长大直径钢管桩的承载力对沉降影响的变化规律。
(3)同一地域的土层参数、沉降随承载力的变化具有一定的共性特征。通过学习同一地域1根桩的数据,利用支持向量机和独立分量分析建立反应土层特征的支持向量机模型和反应沉降变化的支持向量机模型；然后,在此基础上对其他桩的数据求得相应的土层特征建立了预测同一地域不同桩侧摩阻力模型LearnPre-Q和预测沉降的预测模型LearnPre-S。实验结果表明本文提出的LearnPre-Q和LearnPre-S预测结果准确,验证了算法的可行、有效；同时与第2章和第3章分析结果一致,更好地解释了超长大直径钢管桩的桩承载力与沉降的变化规律。
The super-long and large-diameter steel pipe piles have been more and more widely used in large-scale Sea-Crossing Bridge and large scale deep water piers projects due to its higher bearing capacity, relatively simple pile driving process, smaller amount of dumping, and good ability of anti-bend. Currently, determining the design parameters of actual project according to the empirical parameters in national standards is somewhat conservative, and often results in a great waste of resources. A small number of projects have conditions to determine bearing capacity and other parameters through the static load test, whose cost is very high. The current accumulated text and research data is less, and the calculating and determining of settlement is a relatively weak part in the field of pile research, and there is rare systemic research data. So, researching bearing characteristics of super-long and large-diameter steel pipe piles is of great theoretical and practical significance.
On the basis of the typical static load test of three very large-scale Sea-Crossing Bridge, this paper deeply analyzes the bearing properties of super-long and large-diameter steel pipe, points out the bearing types and characteristics of super-long and large-diameter steel pipe piles, and has got the load settlement relationship by curve fitting using Matlab software.
This essay takes advantage of finite difference method to analog calculation. It gets the Q-s curve, the distribution of shaft axis force and the lateral friction resistance, and compares with the static load test results of actual project. It also analyses the bearing properties of super-long and large-diameter steel pipe piles in isotropic soil with finite difference method. It has systematically discussed the factors which can influence the relation of Q-s curve and distribution of lateral friction resistance, including pile-length, pile-diameter, and ratio of length to diameter, elastic modulus ratio of pile to soil, elastic modulus ratio of under and beside pile. The following conclusions are obtained:
Firstly, the difference between simulation results and the static load test is small, which shows it is appropriate to use finite difference numerical method to analyze the bearing properties of super-long and large-diameter steel pipe pile under vertical load and predict the bearing properties of the pile under working state.
Secondly, as the pile-length increases, the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile is increasing and the settlement is reducing, but the rate of bearing capacity to increase and settlement to reduce is decreasing. When the pile-length exceeds to a certain value, it's unobvious to improve the bearing properties if the pile-length continues to increase. As the pile-length increases, the lateral friction resistance increases, and the load ratio of the lateral friction resistance increases but the tip resistance decreases. If the same load affects on the top of pile, as the pile-length increases, the lateral friction resistance decreases, but the position of the ultimate bearing capacity doesn't change.
Thirdly, as the pile-diameter increases, the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile is increasing and the settlement is reducing, and also the rate of bearing capacity to increase and settlement to reduce is increasing. That is to say changing pile-diameter is better than pile-length to improve the bearing properties. But increasing the pile-diameter will increase the cost. Therefore, we should choose the appropriate pile-diameter. As the pile-diameter increases, the load ratio of the lateral friction resistance decreases but the tip resistance increases. If the same load affects on the top of pile, as the pile-diameter increases, the lateral friction resistance decreases, and the position of the ultimate bearing capacity moves down.
Fourthly, when the pile-diameter is unchanged, as the ratio of length to diameter increase, the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile is increasing and the settlement is reducing, but the rate of bearing capacity to increase is decreasing. When the pile-length is unchanged, as the ratio of length to diameter increase, the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile is reducing and the settlement is increasing, but the rate of bearing capacity to reduce is decreasing. This indicates that it's not significant to increasing the ratio of length to diameter of super-long and large-diameter steel pipe pile to improve the bearing properties. Therefore, we should consider the ratio of length to diameter and the economic benefits in practical engineering, and choose appropriate pile-length and pile-diameter.
Fifthly, when the pile elastic modulus is unchanged, as the elastic modulus ratio of pile to soil decreases, the bearing capacity of pile is increasing, and the settlement is reducing. When the soil modulus exceeds to a certain value, the improvement of bearing capacity and settlement is reducing. As the elastic modulus of the soil increases, the load ratio of the lateral friction resistance increases but the tip resistance decreases.
Sixthly, when the elastic modulus of soil beside pile is unchanged, the larger the elastic modulus ratio of soil under and beside pile is, the greater the bearing capacity of pile is and the smaller the settlement is. Also the load-sharing ratio of tip resistance and the lateral friction resistance are increasing. It is to say that tip resistance can strengthen the lateral friction resistance. When the elastic modulus of soil under pile is unchanged, as the elastic modulus ratio of soil under and beside pile decreases, the bearing capacity of pile is increasing and the settlement is reducing.
Meanwhile, in order to verify the above conclusions, the paper use intelligent methods and numerical methods to research the bearing property predicting methods of the super-long and large-diameter steel pipe piles, mainly as follows:
(1) By analyzing the static load test data of the super-long and large-diameter steel pipe pile, it has stabled pile bearing capacity model SVM-Q, ICASVM from three aspects, which are the pile length, soil parameter, pile-soil parameters. The results show that these two model can accurately predict the shaft resistance and bearing capacity of the super-long and large-diameter steel pipe pile, and illustrate that the two models are feasible and effective; and the results can well explain the variation of the pile length, soil parameters and pile-soil parameters of the super-long and large-diameter steel pipe pile on shaft resistance and bearing capacity.
(2) By analyzing the bearing capacity and settlement data of the super-long and large-diameter steel pipe pile, it extends the two factors bearing capacity variation and settlement variation which reflect the changes of the settlement on bearing capacity in the process of solving the settlement. The two factors increase the expansion of the data processing content, and make the model more accurate. On the basis, the models SVM-S, ICASVM-S, TANEXP-S for solving settlement are established, and the three models are used to analyze and calculate the influence on settlement caused by different combinations of the three factors bearing capacity, bearing capacity variation and settlement variation. The results show the above three kinds of model can accurately predict the pile settlement, which can well explain the variation of bearing capacity of the super-long and large-diameter steel pipe pile on the settlement.
(3) The change of soil parameters and settlement of the same area with bearing capacity has some common features. Through the study of the data of a pile of the same area, this paper use support vector machines and independent component analysis to establish support vector machine model which reflects the soil characteristics and support vector machine model which reflects the change of settlement; then, on the basis of this it obtains the corresponding soil characteristics by the data of other piles, and establishes model LearnPre-Q predicting the frictional resistance of different pile of the same area and predicting model LearnPre-S predicting settlement. Experimental results show that the proposed LearnPre-Q and LearnPre-S prediction is accurate, and verify the algorithm feasible and effective; at the same time the results is the same with the results of Chapter 2 and Chapter 3. It can better explain the variation of bearing capacity and settlement of the super-long and large-diameter steel pipe pile.
引文
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