直喷汽油机稀薄燃烧与氮氧化物排放控制研究
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摘要
日益严峻的能源和环境问题是汽车工业发展所面临的严重挑战,内燃机的继续发展必然要求低油耗和低排放。汽油机稀薄燃烧不仅能够有效降低燃油消耗,从而减少温室气体的排放,还可以大大降低HC和CO的排放,但是稀燃条件下NOx的排放问题制约了稀燃汽油机的发展。本文在自主研发的4G15型缸内直喷汽油机上进行了汽油机稀薄燃烧及其氮氧化物NOx排放控制的研究。
首先,研究了直喷汽油机滚流稀薄燃烧系统的组成、结构及其控制。通过稳流气道试验和CFD瞬态数值模拟研究了4G15型直喷汽油机的进气滚流特性。结果表明,该直喷汽油机具有较强的滚流性能,有利于分层混合气的形成和稀薄燃烧。进而采用合理的控制策略,成功实现了稀薄燃烧,稀燃极限可达25~27,并分析了汽油机排放生成机理、稀燃排放特性以及机内净化控制NOx排放的措施。
研究了三效催化器吸附NO的机理,结合直喷汽油机稀燃排放特征,在高空燃比稀燃和三效催化器控制NOx排放试验的基础上,进一步提出了利用三效催化器NO吸附还原机理控制稀燃NOx排放的新方法,可以较大程度上降低排气中的NO浓度,并充分利用浓燃时的高浓度还原性气体CO,提高三效催化器对NOx的转化效率。
采用化学反应动力学计算软件CHEMKIN 4.0,从瞬态模拟的角度研究了通过三效催化器对NO吸附还原进而控制直喷汽油机稀燃NOx排放机理的合理性。深入分析了空燃比浓稀转换策略中的关键参数,如转换比例和频率、排气流量和排气温度对稀燃NOx排放控制的影响及其原因。
针对利用三效催化器NO吸附还原机理控制稀燃NOx排放进行了大量的试验研究,结果显示,空燃比浓稀转换的比例、频率和浓燃空燃比与稀燃直喷汽油机有害气体排放及燃油经济性有很大关系,对这些策略控制参数的选取要综合考虑NOx排放、HC和CO排放以及发动机的燃油消耗率。同时,发动机的转速负荷工况不同,也会对NOx排放及其催化转化率产生影响。台架排放试验证明,通过这种方法可以将高空燃比稀燃条件下NOx的转化效率提高到50%以上,使稀燃排放达到较低水平。该方法采用目前比较成熟的商用三效催化器,在稀燃催化器尚无法推广普及的情况下,具有重要的现实意义。
The development of the automobile industry has been greatly affected by more and more severe problems of energy source lacking and environment pollution. The further development of internal combustion engines has to meet the demands of low fuel consumption and low emissions. Lean combustion techniques in gasoline engines can both reduce fuel consumption effectively so as to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas and lower the emissions of HC and CO significantly. However, the problem of controlling NOx emissions at lean combustion conditions constrains the development of lean combustion gasoline engines. In this paper, the lean combustion and NOx emissions control technology on 4G15 gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine which is researched and developed by our own are studied.
Firstly, this paper studies the components, structure and control of the tumble-stratification lean combustion system on GDI engine. The intake flow tumble characteristics of 4G15 GDI engine are analyzed by using both flow rig and CFD transient numerical simulation. The results show that a rather strong tumble motion exists in this GDI engine, which is beneficial to the formation of stratified mixture and lean combustion. Then, the lean combustion is achieved successfully by adopting reasonable control strategies, and the lean combustion limit can reach 25~27. Formation mechanisms and characteristics of the gasoline engine emissions at lean combustion conditions and the methods to reduce NOx emissions in the cylinder, such as increasing air-fuel ratio, optimizing spark timing and injection timing and applying EGR system, are examined.
The mechanism of adsorbing NO in three-way catalyst is analyzed. Based on the characteristics of emissions on GDI engines at lean combustion conditions, combining leaner combustion and NOx emissions control experiments by using three-way catalyst, a new method is proposed, which utilizes the mechanism of NO adsorption and reduction in three-way catalyst. It can reduce the NO concentration in the exhaust significantly and make full use of the reductive gas such as carbon monoxide in the rich period to increase the NOx conversion efficiency of three-way catalyst.
With CHEMKIN 4.0 chemical kinetic software, the rationality of controlling lean-combustion NOx emissions on GDI engine by utilizing the mechanism of NO adsorption and reduction in three-way catalyst is studied from the perspective of transient simulation. The impact on emissions and the causes of key parameters in the conversion strategies of air-fuel ratio from rich to lean, such as conversion ratio and frequency, exhaust flow and exhaust temperature, are analyzed deeply.
A large number of experiments on NOx emissions control by utilizing the mechanism of NO adsorption and reduction in three-way catalyst are carried out. The results show that the conversion ratio and frequency of air-fuel ratio from rich to lean and the rich air-fuel ratio have a great relationship with air pollution emissions and fuel economy of lean combustion GDI engine. The selection of these control strategy parameters should consider the NOx, HC and CO emissions and the fuel consumption rate of the engine comprehensively. Simultaneously, the speed and load conditions of the engine also have a influence on NOx emissions and catalytic conversion efficiency. The bench test results show that the NOx catalytic conversion efficiency on leaner combustion conditions can be increased to 50% or more and the NOx emissions can reach a lower level by taking this method. Because the lean-combustion catalyst can not be promoted and popularized currently, so this method in which the relatively mature commercial three-way catalyst at present is used has important practical significance.
首先,研究了直喷汽油机滚流稀薄燃烧系统的组成、结构及其控制。通过稳流气道试验和CFD瞬态数值模拟研究了4G15型直喷汽油机的进气滚流特性。结果表明,该直喷汽油机具有较强的滚流性能,有利于分层混合气的形成和稀薄燃烧。进而采用合理的控制策略,成功实现了稀薄燃烧,稀燃极限可达25~27,并分析了汽油机排放生成机理、稀燃排放特性以及机内净化控制NOx排放的措施。
研究了三效催化器吸附NO的机理,结合直喷汽油机稀燃排放特征,在高空燃比稀燃和三效催化器控制NOx排放试验的基础上,进一步提出了利用三效催化器NO吸附还原机理控制稀燃NOx排放的新方法,可以较大程度上降低排气中的NO浓度,并充分利用浓燃时的高浓度还原性气体CO,提高三效催化器对NOx的转化效率。
采用化学反应动力学计算软件CHEMKIN 4.0,从瞬态模拟的角度研究了通过三效催化器对NO吸附还原进而控制直喷汽油机稀燃NOx排放机理的合理性。深入分析了空燃比浓稀转换策略中的关键参数,如转换比例和频率、排气流量和排气温度对稀燃NOx排放控制的影响及其原因。
针对利用三效催化器NO吸附还原机理控制稀燃NOx排放进行了大量的试验研究,结果显示,空燃比浓稀转换的比例、频率和浓燃空燃比与稀燃直喷汽油机有害气体排放及燃油经济性有很大关系,对这些策略控制参数的选取要综合考虑NOx排放、HC和CO排放以及发动机的燃油消耗率。同时,发动机的转速负荷工况不同,也会对NOx排放及其催化转化率产生影响。台架排放试验证明,通过这种方法可以将高空燃比稀燃条件下NOx的转化效率提高到50%以上,使稀燃排放达到较低水平。该方法采用目前比较成熟的商用三效催化器,在稀燃催化器尚无法推广普及的情况下,具有重要的现实意义。
The development of the automobile industry has been greatly affected by more and more severe problems of energy source lacking and environment pollution. The further development of internal combustion engines has to meet the demands of low fuel consumption and low emissions. Lean combustion techniques in gasoline engines can both reduce fuel consumption effectively so as to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas and lower the emissions of HC and CO significantly. However, the problem of controlling NOx emissions at lean combustion conditions constrains the development of lean combustion gasoline engines. In this paper, the lean combustion and NOx emissions control technology on 4G15 gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine which is researched and developed by our own are studied.
Firstly, this paper studies the components, structure and control of the tumble-stratification lean combustion system on GDI engine. The intake flow tumble characteristics of 4G15 GDI engine are analyzed by using both flow rig and CFD transient numerical simulation. The results show that a rather strong tumble motion exists in this GDI engine, which is beneficial to the formation of stratified mixture and lean combustion. Then, the lean combustion is achieved successfully by adopting reasonable control strategies, and the lean combustion limit can reach 25~27. Formation mechanisms and characteristics of the gasoline engine emissions at lean combustion conditions and the methods to reduce NOx emissions in the cylinder, such as increasing air-fuel ratio, optimizing spark timing and injection timing and applying EGR system, are examined.
The mechanism of adsorbing NO in three-way catalyst is analyzed. Based on the characteristics of emissions on GDI engines at lean combustion conditions, combining leaner combustion and NOx emissions control experiments by using three-way catalyst, a new method is proposed, which utilizes the mechanism of NO adsorption and reduction in three-way catalyst. It can reduce the NO concentration in the exhaust significantly and make full use of the reductive gas such as carbon monoxide in the rich period to increase the NOx conversion efficiency of three-way catalyst.
With CHEMKIN 4.0 chemical kinetic software, the rationality of controlling lean-combustion NOx emissions on GDI engine by utilizing the mechanism of NO adsorption and reduction in three-way catalyst is studied from the perspective of transient simulation. The impact on emissions and the causes of key parameters in the conversion strategies of air-fuel ratio from rich to lean, such as conversion ratio and frequency, exhaust flow and exhaust temperature, are analyzed deeply.
A large number of experiments on NOx emissions control by utilizing the mechanism of NO adsorption and reduction in three-way catalyst are carried out. The results show that the conversion ratio and frequency of air-fuel ratio from rich to lean and the rich air-fuel ratio have a great relationship with air pollution emissions and fuel economy of lean combustion GDI engine. The selection of these control strategy parameters should consider the NOx, HC and CO emissions and the fuel consumption rate of the engine comprehensively. Simultaneously, the speed and load conditions of the engine also have a influence on NOx emissions and catalytic conversion efficiency. The bench test results show that the NOx catalytic conversion efficiency on leaner combustion conditions can be increased to 50% or more and the NOx emissions can reach a lower level by taking this method. Because the lean-combustion catalyst can not be promoted and popularized currently, so this method in which the relatively mature commercial three-way catalyst at present is used has important practical significance.
引文
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