磁场、雾化共同作用下电晕放电机理及对微小颗粒荷电与捕集的研究
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摘要
磁场雾化电晕放电技术是一种新式的电晕放电技术,在粉尘去除方面有独特的优势,不仅免清洗,而且效率高,在粘性粉尘去除方面有良好的应用前景。本课题研究了磁场电晕放电、雾化电晕放电和磁场雾化电晕放电的放电特性以及荷电特性,为磁场雾化电晕放电荷电器和磁场雾化电晕放电除尘器的实际应用奠定了理论基础。
本课题的主要研究内容和结论如下:
1)将磁场作用下的电晕放电和雾化电晕放电有效的结合在一起,设计了一种新式的荷电器。这种荷电器不但可以避免粘性粉尘的粘附,而且通过其对粉尘荷电后,更有利于静电捕集器捕捉细小的粉尘,为进一步设计更先进的去除粘性粉尘的装置提供了参考。
2)研究了磁场作用下电晕放电的放电特性,指出了电流的变化规律。磁场负电晕放电中,放电电流的增长可能是因为磁场使自由电子发生偏转或者拉莫运动,增加了自由电子和空气分子的碰撞次数,但放电电流的增长仅仅是电晕区内电离过程的增强,和极间非电晕区自由电子和负离子的偏转无关。放电电流的增长主要是由两个因素决定,第一个是电晕区内自由电子和空气分子的碰撞次数,第二个是电晕区内电子的平均能量。随着电场或磁场的变化碰撞次数和自由电子的平均能量向不同的两个方向变化,所以放电电流的相对增长存在一个最大值。磁场影响下的电晕放电对静电除尘器而言,当极间平均电场强度是4 kV/cm时,使电晕区内的平均磁场强度在0.43T左右,电晕放电电流的相对增长最大,此时电除尘器的效率最高。
3)研究了磁场作用下电晕放电荷电机理。利用磁场电晕放电预荷电器和传统预荷电器分别对细小粉尘进行荷电,然后利用静电捕集器进行捕集,结果表明磁场电晕放电更适合用于对细小粉尘的荷电。我们推断磁场电晕放电荷电机理可能是磁场的应用增加了荷电区负离子浓度。负离子浓度的提高对扩散荷电有利,从而有利于提高去除细小粉尘的效率。因此,说明磁场电晕放电预荷电器对细小粉尘的荷电能力要高于传统的电晕放电。
4)对接地极雾化正负电晕放电进行了比较。接地极雾化电晕放电中,正电晕放电中存在电晕区扩大的现象,而负电晕放电中却不存在这种现象。原因是在接地极雾化负电晕放电中,由于负电晕放电可以形成稳定的特里切利脉冲放电模式,在电压突增之后,迅速的降低,这种放电模式限制了能量的连续输入,所以抑制了电晕区的扩展。而接地极雾化正电晕放电的多锥射流与平行板间形成的放电类似传统针-板式正电晕放电,这种放电容易形成稳定的辉光放电。在接地极雾化电晕放电中,由于电离得到了一定程度的提升,所以电晕区附近的空间电荷对电场的影响增强了。初步分析了接地极雾化电晕放电的电场分布。另外,在接地极雾化电晕放电中,流量要适当。分析了流量对电流和雾化液滴的影响。通过实验我们知道适当的流量有利于起晕电压的降低,流量过大则起晕电压随之增加。当流量恰当时,在接地极雾化电晕放电钟,液滴粒径分布以数十微米的为主。
5)研究了磁场、雾化二者共同作用于电晕放电时的相互影响。磁场雾化电晕放电电流增加的可能原因是磁场的应用使自由电子和空气分子以及水分子的碰撞次数增加,而且水分子的电离能小于空气分子,所以更容易被电离;也有可能是磁场的应用使电晕区的放电通道发生扭曲,使整个电晕区的密度更加均匀,导致电离碰撞的效率被提高。另外,泰勒锥减小了两极之间的距离,并且泰勒锥尖端的曲率小于放电极曲率半径,所以在磁场和雾化的作用下,放电电流得到了大幅度的提升,而起晕电压则因为空间电荷的影响和放电极曲率的影响降低了。分析了固定磁场强度下,不同流量对放电影响。初步分析了磁场雾化电晕放电的电场分布,磁场雾化电晕放电的电场分布和传统电晕放电电场的分布一致,只是在磁场雾化电晕放电中空间电荷的浓度更大,对外加电场的影响增加了。
6)磁场雾化电晕放电荷电器作用下,静电捕集器的效率高于磁场、雾化单独作用下荷电器的荷电效果。分析原因可能是磁场雾化的双重效果增加了极间电荷浓度,另外,液滴可能对粉尘粒子的捕集起辅助作用。在磁场雾化负电晕放电中,在电晕区内空间电荷积累的量大于其他几种放电方式,在荷电区内空间电荷形成的电场与原来电场方向相反,降低了负离子和液滴的迁移速度,所以进一步的增加了荷电区内负离子和带电液滴的浓度,因此,在四种荷电器中,磁场雾化电晕放电荷电器的荷电效率最高。
7)利用密立根油滴仪测量较小液滴的荷电量和粒径,并根据液滴带电量与粒径分布的情况,初步分析了雾化电晕放电与磁场雾化电晕放电的荷电机理。
Magnetic field corona discharge with spraying water is a new-style technique, which has a particular advantage in capturing aerosol particles. This technique is promising for electrostatic precipitators because of its high efficiency and no-clean property. In the current study, both discharging and charging characteristics of magnetic field corona discharges, corona discharge with spraying and magnetic field corona discharge with spraying water were studied and compared. So the theoretical foundation of applying the technique of magnetic field corona discharge with spraying water in pre-chargers and electrostatic precipitators were established.
The research contents and conclusions are as follows:
1) The magnetic field corona discharges and corona discharges with spraying water were effectively combined, and a new-style pre-charger was designed. This new-style pre-charger can not only avoid conglutinations of glutinous aerosol particles, but also it is useful for electrostatic capturer to further capture fine aerosol particles after the dusts are charged by this pre-charger. This could provide helpful reference for the future design of more advanced devices in capturing glutinous aerosol particles.
2) The discharge characteristics of magnetic field corona discharges were studied and the variations in current were revealed. In the magnetic field negative corona discharges, the corona discharge current was enhanced perhaps because the collisions between the gas molecules and free electrons increased in the ionization region due to the Larmor movements or deflexions of free electrons. It is assumed that the increase of the discharge currents only attributes to the enhanced ionization process in the small ionization region, but is not relevant to the lengthening trajectory of free electrons in the inter-electrode non-corona region. On the whole, the increase of the discharge current is mainly determined by two factors: (1) The collision number between the free electrons and the gas molecules in the ionization region; and (2) The mean energy of free electrons. The relative increase of collision number as well as the mean energy of free electrons changes along the two opposite directions with the changing magnetic field or electric field. Therefore, the relative increase of corona discharge current could achieve a maximum value. For the electrostatic precipitators with magnetic field corona discharges, the relative increase of the discharge current could attain the maximum value when the using magnetic field is about 0.43T and the mean electric field intensity is 4 kV/cm. And at the same time the electrostatic precipitators also achieve the highest efficiency.
3) The charging mechanism of corona discharges was studied under magnetic field. The electrostatic capturer was used to capture aerosol particles after the dusts were respectively charged by magnetic field corona discharge pre-charger and conventional pre-charger. The results showed that it is adaptive for magnetic field corona discharge to charging fine dusts. According to this, the charging mechanism could be analyzed and revealed. When the magnetic field is used, the concentration of negative ions increases, which is favorable for diffusion charging. As a result, the capture efficiency is enhanced. So the capability for charging aerosol particles of magnetic field corona discharges was better than that of conventional pre-chargers.
4) The comparative researches on both positive- and negative- earthed atomizing corona discharges were carried out. In the atomizing positive corona discharge, the volume of corona region expanded. But the similar phenomenon has not occurred in the atomizing negative corona discharge. The reason is that steady Trichel pulses was formed in negative corona discharge, so the voltage at first increased sharply, and then reduced quickly. As a result, both the energy input and expanding of ionization region were restrained due to this discharge mode. On the contrary, steady glow discharges could be formed in conventional needle-plate corona discharges, because the discharge configuration was formed between the numerous cone-jet mode and plate electrode, which was similar to needle-plate configuration. In the atomizing corona discharge, the influence of space charges on electric field was enhanced near the corona region because of the enhanced ionization. The distribution of electric field was primarily analyzed in the atomizing corona discharge. Otherwise, the proper flux is essential. The influences of flux on both currents and atomizing drips were analyzed. The corona starting voltage decreased when the proper flux was used, but increased when the excessive flux was selected. Given the proper flux, the drips of several tens microns were dominated in granulometric distribution.
5)The mutual influences between magnetic field and electric field were studied when both magnetic field and electric field were used in corona discharges. The reason why the discharge currents were enhanced is that the collision numbers increase between free electrons and air molecules or water molecules, moreover, the ionization of water molecules is easier than air molecules because the ionization energy of water molecules is lower than that of air molecules. Another possible reason for the currents increasing is the distortion of discharge alleyway of corona plasma when the magnetic field was applied. When the magnetic field was used, the entire corona plasma is more uniform. So the efficiency of ionization collisions was enhanced. Otherwise, the interelectrode distance was decreased because of the thaler tapers, and the curvature radius of thaler tapers was smaller than that of the discharge electrode. Therefore, the discharge currents were obviously enhanced. But the corona starting voltage decreased because of the influences of both space charges and curvature radius of discharge electrode. The influences of flux on discharges were analyzed when the magnetic field was fixed. And the electric field distribution was primary analyzed in the magnetic field corona discharge with spraying water. The electric field distribution was consistent with conventional corona discharges, except that the concentration of space charges was thicker and the influence of space charges was enhanced.
6)The efficiency of electrostatic capturer was higher when magnetic field corona discharges with spraying water was used than only magnetic field or atomizing water was applied. The possible reason is the increasing concentration of interelectrode space charges benefit from magnetic field and atomizing water. In addition, water drips might be assistant action for capturing dusts. In magnetic field negative-corona discharges with spraying water, the accumulated space charges were larger than the other discharge mode and the space charges electric field is contrary to the original electric field, so the moving speed of negative ions and electrification drips in the charging region were decreased, in contrast, the concentrations of negative ions and electrification drips were increased. Therefore, the charging efficiency of magnetic field corona discharges is highest among the four pre-chargers.
7)The diameters and charging quantity of small drips were measured. And based on the charging quantity of drips and granulometric distribution, the charging mechanisms of the magnetic field corona discharges with spraying water and the corona discharges with spraying were primarily analyzed.
本课题的主要研究内容和结论如下:
1)将磁场作用下的电晕放电和雾化电晕放电有效的结合在一起,设计了一种新式的荷电器。这种荷电器不但可以避免粘性粉尘的粘附,而且通过其对粉尘荷电后,更有利于静电捕集器捕捉细小的粉尘,为进一步设计更先进的去除粘性粉尘的装置提供了参考。
2)研究了磁场作用下电晕放电的放电特性,指出了电流的变化规律。磁场负电晕放电中,放电电流的增长可能是因为磁场使自由电子发生偏转或者拉莫运动,增加了自由电子和空气分子的碰撞次数,但放电电流的增长仅仅是电晕区内电离过程的增强,和极间非电晕区自由电子和负离子的偏转无关。放电电流的增长主要是由两个因素决定,第一个是电晕区内自由电子和空气分子的碰撞次数,第二个是电晕区内电子的平均能量。随着电场或磁场的变化碰撞次数和自由电子的平均能量向不同的两个方向变化,所以放电电流的相对增长存在一个最大值。磁场影响下的电晕放电对静电除尘器而言,当极间平均电场强度是4 kV/cm时,使电晕区内的平均磁场强度在0.43T左右,电晕放电电流的相对增长最大,此时电除尘器的效率最高。
3)研究了磁场作用下电晕放电荷电机理。利用磁场电晕放电预荷电器和传统预荷电器分别对细小粉尘进行荷电,然后利用静电捕集器进行捕集,结果表明磁场电晕放电更适合用于对细小粉尘的荷电。我们推断磁场电晕放电荷电机理可能是磁场的应用增加了荷电区负离子浓度。负离子浓度的提高对扩散荷电有利,从而有利于提高去除细小粉尘的效率。因此,说明磁场电晕放电预荷电器对细小粉尘的荷电能力要高于传统的电晕放电。
4)对接地极雾化正负电晕放电进行了比较。接地极雾化电晕放电中,正电晕放电中存在电晕区扩大的现象,而负电晕放电中却不存在这种现象。原因是在接地极雾化负电晕放电中,由于负电晕放电可以形成稳定的特里切利脉冲放电模式,在电压突增之后,迅速的降低,这种放电模式限制了能量的连续输入,所以抑制了电晕区的扩展。而接地极雾化正电晕放电的多锥射流与平行板间形成的放电类似传统针-板式正电晕放电,这种放电容易形成稳定的辉光放电。在接地极雾化电晕放电中,由于电离得到了一定程度的提升,所以电晕区附近的空间电荷对电场的影响增强了。初步分析了接地极雾化电晕放电的电场分布。另外,在接地极雾化电晕放电中,流量要适当。分析了流量对电流和雾化液滴的影响。通过实验我们知道适当的流量有利于起晕电压的降低,流量过大则起晕电压随之增加。当流量恰当时,在接地极雾化电晕放电钟,液滴粒径分布以数十微米的为主。
5)研究了磁场、雾化二者共同作用于电晕放电时的相互影响。磁场雾化电晕放电电流增加的可能原因是磁场的应用使自由电子和空气分子以及水分子的碰撞次数增加,而且水分子的电离能小于空气分子,所以更容易被电离;也有可能是磁场的应用使电晕区的放电通道发生扭曲,使整个电晕区的密度更加均匀,导致电离碰撞的效率被提高。另外,泰勒锥减小了两极之间的距离,并且泰勒锥尖端的曲率小于放电极曲率半径,所以在磁场和雾化的作用下,放电电流得到了大幅度的提升,而起晕电压则因为空间电荷的影响和放电极曲率的影响降低了。分析了固定磁场强度下,不同流量对放电影响。初步分析了磁场雾化电晕放电的电场分布,磁场雾化电晕放电的电场分布和传统电晕放电电场的分布一致,只是在磁场雾化电晕放电中空间电荷的浓度更大,对外加电场的影响增加了。
6)磁场雾化电晕放电荷电器作用下,静电捕集器的效率高于磁场、雾化单独作用下荷电器的荷电效果。分析原因可能是磁场雾化的双重效果增加了极间电荷浓度,另外,液滴可能对粉尘粒子的捕集起辅助作用。在磁场雾化负电晕放电中,在电晕区内空间电荷积累的量大于其他几种放电方式,在荷电区内空间电荷形成的电场与原来电场方向相反,降低了负离子和液滴的迁移速度,所以进一步的增加了荷电区内负离子和带电液滴的浓度,因此,在四种荷电器中,磁场雾化电晕放电荷电器的荷电效率最高。
7)利用密立根油滴仪测量较小液滴的荷电量和粒径,并根据液滴带电量与粒径分布的情况,初步分析了雾化电晕放电与磁场雾化电晕放电的荷电机理。
Magnetic field corona discharge with spraying water is a new-style technique, which has a particular advantage in capturing aerosol particles. This technique is promising for electrostatic precipitators because of its high efficiency and no-clean property. In the current study, both discharging and charging characteristics of magnetic field corona discharges, corona discharge with spraying and magnetic field corona discharge with spraying water were studied and compared. So the theoretical foundation of applying the technique of magnetic field corona discharge with spraying water in pre-chargers and electrostatic precipitators were established.
The research contents and conclusions are as follows:
1) The magnetic field corona discharges and corona discharges with spraying water were effectively combined, and a new-style pre-charger was designed. This new-style pre-charger can not only avoid conglutinations of glutinous aerosol particles, but also it is useful for electrostatic capturer to further capture fine aerosol particles after the dusts are charged by this pre-charger. This could provide helpful reference for the future design of more advanced devices in capturing glutinous aerosol particles.
2) The discharge characteristics of magnetic field corona discharges were studied and the variations in current were revealed. In the magnetic field negative corona discharges, the corona discharge current was enhanced perhaps because the collisions between the gas molecules and free electrons increased in the ionization region due to the Larmor movements or deflexions of free electrons. It is assumed that the increase of the discharge currents only attributes to the enhanced ionization process in the small ionization region, but is not relevant to the lengthening trajectory of free electrons in the inter-electrode non-corona region. On the whole, the increase of the discharge current is mainly determined by two factors: (1) The collision number between the free electrons and the gas molecules in the ionization region; and (2) The mean energy of free electrons. The relative increase of collision number as well as the mean energy of free electrons changes along the two opposite directions with the changing magnetic field or electric field. Therefore, the relative increase of corona discharge current could achieve a maximum value. For the electrostatic precipitators with magnetic field corona discharges, the relative increase of the discharge current could attain the maximum value when the using magnetic field is about 0.43T and the mean electric field intensity is 4 kV/cm. And at the same time the electrostatic precipitators also achieve the highest efficiency.
3) The charging mechanism of corona discharges was studied under magnetic field. The electrostatic capturer was used to capture aerosol particles after the dusts were respectively charged by magnetic field corona discharge pre-charger and conventional pre-charger. The results showed that it is adaptive for magnetic field corona discharge to charging fine dusts. According to this, the charging mechanism could be analyzed and revealed. When the magnetic field is used, the concentration of negative ions increases, which is favorable for diffusion charging. As a result, the capture efficiency is enhanced. So the capability for charging aerosol particles of magnetic field corona discharges was better than that of conventional pre-chargers.
4) The comparative researches on both positive- and negative- earthed atomizing corona discharges were carried out. In the atomizing positive corona discharge, the volume of corona region expanded. But the similar phenomenon has not occurred in the atomizing negative corona discharge. The reason is that steady Trichel pulses was formed in negative corona discharge, so the voltage at first increased sharply, and then reduced quickly. As a result, both the energy input and expanding of ionization region were restrained due to this discharge mode. On the contrary, steady glow discharges could be formed in conventional needle-plate corona discharges, because the discharge configuration was formed between the numerous cone-jet mode and plate electrode, which was similar to needle-plate configuration. In the atomizing corona discharge, the influence of space charges on electric field was enhanced near the corona region because of the enhanced ionization. The distribution of electric field was primarily analyzed in the atomizing corona discharge. Otherwise, the proper flux is essential. The influences of flux on both currents and atomizing drips were analyzed. The corona starting voltage decreased when the proper flux was used, but increased when the excessive flux was selected. Given the proper flux, the drips of several tens microns were dominated in granulometric distribution.
5)The mutual influences between magnetic field and electric field were studied when both magnetic field and electric field were used in corona discharges. The reason why the discharge currents were enhanced is that the collision numbers increase between free electrons and air molecules or water molecules, moreover, the ionization of water molecules is easier than air molecules because the ionization energy of water molecules is lower than that of air molecules. Another possible reason for the currents increasing is the distortion of discharge alleyway of corona plasma when the magnetic field was applied. When the magnetic field was used, the entire corona plasma is more uniform. So the efficiency of ionization collisions was enhanced. Otherwise, the interelectrode distance was decreased because of the thaler tapers, and the curvature radius of thaler tapers was smaller than that of the discharge electrode. Therefore, the discharge currents were obviously enhanced. But the corona starting voltage decreased because of the influences of both space charges and curvature radius of discharge electrode. The influences of flux on discharges were analyzed when the magnetic field was fixed. And the electric field distribution was primary analyzed in the magnetic field corona discharge with spraying water. The electric field distribution was consistent with conventional corona discharges, except that the concentration of space charges was thicker and the influence of space charges was enhanced.
6)The efficiency of electrostatic capturer was higher when magnetic field corona discharges with spraying water was used than only magnetic field or atomizing water was applied. The possible reason is the increasing concentration of interelectrode space charges benefit from magnetic field and atomizing water. In addition, water drips might be assistant action for capturing dusts. In magnetic field negative-corona discharges with spraying water, the accumulated space charges were larger than the other discharge mode and the space charges electric field is contrary to the original electric field, so the moving speed of negative ions and electrification drips in the charging region were decreased, in contrast, the concentrations of negative ions and electrification drips were increased. Therefore, the charging efficiency of magnetic field corona discharges is highest among the four pre-chargers.
7)The diameters and charging quantity of small drips were measured. And based on the charging quantity of drips and granulometric distribution, the charging mechanisms of the magnetic field corona discharges with spraying water and the corona discharges with spraying were primarily analyzed.
引文
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