基于空间信息技术的呼伦湖水量动态演化研究
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摘要
湖泊水体是全球水资源的重要组成部分,与人类的生存和发展密切相关,而现在湖泊水量锐减、水质污染和富营养化等问题日益严重。呼伦湖地处内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原,是我国北方生态屏障的重要组成部分。近年来,呼伦湖水位逐年下降,湖面持续萎缩,严重影响了湖区渔业及周边生态,致使呼伦贝尔草原也不断恶化。本文针对上述情况,以呼伦湖为研究对象,对水量动态演化进行了研究,主要得出以下结论:
(1)以DEM数据为基础,通过提取的数字河网和流域边界分析得知,呼伦湖流域范围分布广,全流域共包括七个子流域,流域总面积为20.2万km2,我国所占比例为19.3%,蒙古国比例为80.7%。对全流域做地形分析得知,流域内60%左右的区域为平坦草原,产汇流条件好的的陡坡和的急坡所占比例较小,主要分布在蒙古国,为克鲁伦河、哈拉哈河的上游地区,这说明了蒙古国流入我国的水量多少在很大程度上决定了呼伦湖的扩张与萎缩的命运。
(2)为了揭示呼伦湖近年来湖面变化情况,本研究选择了近24年的landsat影像资料作为研究数据,作相关预处理后,首先对各波段的反射光谱特性进行分析,分析显示,以第4波段与其他波段的相关性为最低,有很大的独立性,在对三种假彩色合成方法对比分析后,确定选择RGB=742的彩色合成图为水面提取图像。提取结果显示,呼伦湖水面变化较为明显的区域主要集中在坡度小、水深浅的左下角的湖湾和东岸的湖滩,由呼伦湖水面面积与水位变化图可知,面积的大小主要由水位上下波动决定,并不存在水生植物沉积、沼泽化进程、大量泥沙淤积等其他现象。
(3)针对北方寒旱区的湖泊特征,应用秋季湖水的热对流原理,以太阳辐射波段和与湖水热红外辐射波段进行多波段组合建立水深反演模型。对多种模型进行回归计算后,模型的绝对误差值平均值在0.2m～0.6m之间,相对误差平均值在6%～13%之间,其中对数模型为最优模型。对波段作敏感性分析得知,以波段6的敏感度为最大,说明了在对水深反演时波段6的贡献为最大,这也进一步证明了热红外波段反演水深理论的正确性。通过波段运算,得到全湖的水深反演结果,以2007-09-24为反演效果的最优年份。
(4)应用水深反演的结果,对其进行矢量化操作,最终生成TIN三维模型。使用3D分析工具对TIN模型进行三维分析,计算了水位与面积、库容的关系式。进一步对TIN模型进行三维可视化操作,显示出呼伦湖在不同水位下的三维状态图。
(5)在对水文资料收集、整理、研究的基础上,结合面积、水深的解译及三维模型,对呼伦湖进行长时间序列的水量平衡分析,得出呼伦湖除大气降水与河川径流补给以外应存在地下水补给。水量动态演化分析显示呼伦湖不断萎缩的主要原因为河川径流量的减少,呼伦湖地区的气候呈干化趋势发展。
(6)在根据全文的研究结果及目前湖泊保护与管理的经验,最终提出了保护呼伦湖的几点对策与建议,以期望能对呼伦湖保护的决策者提供部分依据:①引水补给呼伦湖;②加强流域综合管理;③重视国家间的交流和基础数据共享;④建立良好的体制;⑤对水资源的调度进行科学的论证;⑥加强公众意识,构建公众参与体系。
The lake water are important component of global water resources, are closely related with human survival and development, nowadays lake water sharply reduced, water pollution and eutrophication were getting worse. Hulun Lake is located in the Inner Mongolia grassland, is an important ecological barrier of northern China. In recent years, the water level droped , area dwindling in Hulun Lake year by year, have affected the fishing and the surrounding ecosystem seriously, and causing the Hulunbeier grasslands change desertification constantly. This paper was studied of the water dynamic change in Hulun Lake, the conclusions as following:
(1) By extracting and analysis the digital river network and basin boundary based on DEM. The Hulun Lake Basin were distributed widely range, including of seven sub-basins, the basin total area are 202,000 km2, accounted of 19.3% in China, 80.7% in Mongolia.The terrain analysis showed, 60% of the area are flat grassland, the steep slope and acute slope are small proportion, mainly in Mongolia, these regions the runoff conditions are good. The above indicates, the amount of water into our country from Mongolia were determine the expansion or contraction of Hulun Lake.
(2) In order to explain the change of Hulun Lake suface, selected image data nearly 24 years to research. After pretreatment, to analysis the band reflected spectrum and correlation, showed the band 4 had considerable independence, the correlation coefficient with other band were minimum. Analysis three methods of False color composite image to determine choice the color RGB = 742 image was water extraction image. Extract result showed more changes were concentrated in the lower left corner and the east coast of lake beach in Hulun surface area.
(3) Application the solar radiation band and thermal infrared radiation band to establishment water depth retrieval model. After the model calculation showed, model average absolute error were 0.2m to 0.6m, average relative error were 6% to 13%, the logarithmic models on the optimal model. The sensitivity analysis showed that the band 6 has maximum sensitivity, the contribution of band 6 was largest, also confirmed the theory correctness of thermal infrared band retrieval water depth. Through band math operation to acquired the water depth distribute results of all lake, and 2007-09-24 was the best year.
(4) Application the results of water depth to maked vector operation, final generated the three-dimensional TIN model of Hulun Lake. Then using 3D analysis tools to calculate TIN model, got the relationship of water level and area, volume. Take visualization operations for TIN model, showed the 3D state of Hulun Lake change process under different water level.
(5) The long time series water balance analysis of Hulun Lake showed, The water supply addition to precipitation and river flow should be have groundwater recharge, The main reason for the Hulun Lake dwindling was river runoff reduction, Hulun Lake region's climate was drying trend.
(6) According to the findings of full text and the current lake protection and management experience, finally give some countermeasures and suggestions for protect the Hulun Lake, look forward to provide some basis for decision makers.
(1)以DEM数据为基础,通过提取的数字河网和流域边界分析得知,呼伦湖流域范围分布广,全流域共包括七个子流域,流域总面积为20.2万km2,我国所占比例为19.3%,蒙古国比例为80.7%。对全流域做地形分析得知,流域内60%左右的区域为平坦草原,产汇流条件好的的陡坡和的急坡所占比例较小,主要分布在蒙古国,为克鲁伦河、哈拉哈河的上游地区,这说明了蒙古国流入我国的水量多少在很大程度上决定了呼伦湖的扩张与萎缩的命运。
(2)为了揭示呼伦湖近年来湖面变化情况,本研究选择了近24年的landsat影像资料作为研究数据,作相关预处理后,首先对各波段的反射光谱特性进行分析,分析显示,以第4波段与其他波段的相关性为最低,有很大的独立性,在对三种假彩色合成方法对比分析后,确定选择RGB=742的彩色合成图为水面提取图像。提取结果显示,呼伦湖水面变化较为明显的区域主要集中在坡度小、水深浅的左下角的湖湾和东岸的湖滩,由呼伦湖水面面积与水位变化图可知,面积的大小主要由水位上下波动决定,并不存在水生植物沉积、沼泽化进程、大量泥沙淤积等其他现象。
(3)针对北方寒旱区的湖泊特征,应用秋季湖水的热对流原理,以太阳辐射波段和与湖水热红外辐射波段进行多波段组合建立水深反演模型。对多种模型进行回归计算后,模型的绝对误差值平均值在0.2m～0.6m之间,相对误差平均值在6%～13%之间,其中对数模型为最优模型。对波段作敏感性分析得知,以波段6的敏感度为最大,说明了在对水深反演时波段6的贡献为最大,这也进一步证明了热红外波段反演水深理论的正确性。通过波段运算,得到全湖的水深反演结果,以2007-09-24为反演效果的最优年份。
(4)应用水深反演的结果,对其进行矢量化操作,最终生成TIN三维模型。使用3D分析工具对TIN模型进行三维分析,计算了水位与面积、库容的关系式。进一步对TIN模型进行三维可视化操作,显示出呼伦湖在不同水位下的三维状态图。
(5)在对水文资料收集、整理、研究的基础上,结合面积、水深的解译及三维模型,对呼伦湖进行长时间序列的水量平衡分析,得出呼伦湖除大气降水与河川径流补给以外应存在地下水补给。水量动态演化分析显示呼伦湖不断萎缩的主要原因为河川径流量的减少,呼伦湖地区的气候呈干化趋势发展。
(6)在根据全文的研究结果及目前湖泊保护与管理的经验,最终提出了保护呼伦湖的几点对策与建议,以期望能对呼伦湖保护的决策者提供部分依据:①引水补给呼伦湖;②加强流域综合管理;③重视国家间的交流和基础数据共享;④建立良好的体制;⑤对水资源的调度进行科学的论证;⑥加强公众意识,构建公众参与体系。
The lake water are important component of global water resources, are closely related with human survival and development, nowadays lake water sharply reduced, water pollution and eutrophication were getting worse. Hulun Lake is located in the Inner Mongolia grassland, is an important ecological barrier of northern China. In recent years, the water level droped , area dwindling in Hulun Lake year by year, have affected the fishing and the surrounding ecosystem seriously, and causing the Hulunbeier grasslands change desertification constantly. This paper was studied of the water dynamic change in Hulun Lake, the conclusions as following:
(1) By extracting and analysis the digital river network and basin boundary based on DEM. The Hulun Lake Basin were distributed widely range, including of seven sub-basins, the basin total area are 202,000 km2, accounted of 19.3% in China, 80.7% in Mongolia.The terrain analysis showed, 60% of the area are flat grassland, the steep slope and acute slope are small proportion, mainly in Mongolia, these regions the runoff conditions are good. The above indicates, the amount of water into our country from Mongolia were determine the expansion or contraction of Hulun Lake.
(2) In order to explain the change of Hulun Lake suface, selected image data nearly 24 years to research. After pretreatment, to analysis the band reflected spectrum and correlation, showed the band 4 had considerable independence, the correlation coefficient with other band were minimum. Analysis three methods of False color composite image to determine choice the color RGB = 742 image was water extraction image. Extract result showed more changes were concentrated in the lower left corner and the east coast of lake beach in Hulun surface area.
(3) Application the solar radiation band and thermal infrared radiation band to establishment water depth retrieval model. After the model calculation showed, model average absolute error were 0.2m to 0.6m, average relative error were 6% to 13%, the logarithmic models on the optimal model. The sensitivity analysis showed that the band 6 has maximum sensitivity, the contribution of band 6 was largest, also confirmed the theory correctness of thermal infrared band retrieval water depth. Through band math operation to acquired the water depth distribute results of all lake, and 2007-09-24 was the best year.
(4) Application the results of water depth to maked vector operation, final generated the three-dimensional TIN model of Hulun Lake. Then using 3D analysis tools to calculate TIN model, got the relationship of water level and area, volume. Take visualization operations for TIN model, showed the 3D state of Hulun Lake change process under different water level.
(5) The long time series water balance analysis of Hulun Lake showed, The water supply addition to precipitation and river flow should be have groundwater recharge, The main reason for the Hulun Lake dwindling was river runoff reduction, Hulun Lake region's climate was drying trend.
(6) According to the findings of full text and the current lake protection and management experience, finally give some countermeasures and suggestions for protect the Hulun Lake, look forward to provide some basis for decision makers.
引文
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