基于面向对象技术的遥感震害信息提取与评价方法研究
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摘要
在各种自然灾害中,地震灾害是最为严重的自然灾害之一。由于它具有突发性、持续时间短和破坏性强的特点,对人民的生命和财产安全构成了极大的威胁。我国是一个遭受地震灾害破坏严重的国家,然而目前,对于地震发生的时间、地点以及震级都不能实现准确的预报,在这种情况之下,震前积极做好防震减灾防御工程,震后第一时间获取震害信息,快速完成调查评估工作,组织起有效的抗震救灾工作是降低地震损失保证人民生命财产安全的重要途径。遥感技术凭借其获取信息的同步性、时效性、综合性和经济性的特点,为震害信息的快速获取与评价提供了一种新的技术手段。随着高分辨率、高光谱、多平台、多时相遥感信息技术的出现,使遥感震害信息的获取方式发生了根本性变革,进入了一个全新的发展阶段。
本论文以“快速、准确、高效”为目标,围绕“高分辨率遥感技术在震害信息的提取和评价中的应用”展开研究,力求探索一套遥感震害信息提取与评价的方法和流程,为该领域的研究积累一些宝贵经验,做出自己的贡献。论文研究内容分为两个大的方面：①遥感震害信息的提取。主要内容有：多时相遥感数据的预处理、基于遥感变化检测技术的震害信息提取(变化信息检测方法、图像分割、震害信息的识别与提取)、基于像元级别和面向对象级别的震害滑坡信息提取、基于像元和面向对象的震害损毁建筑物的提取。②遥感震害信息的评价。提出遥感地震灾害破坏危险性评价的概念、模型和标准,对研究区震害破坏危险性进行评价。
论文的主要研究成果和创新点总结如下：
(1)提出了多时相遥感震害信息提取数据预处理的技术流程。对遥感数据经历从“粗”→“细”→“精”三次几何校正的过程,在对两时相影像进行几何校正的同时,完成了影像的镶嵌与分幅、影像的融合以及数据的辐射增强处理,内容全面,操作设计合理,能够充分满足震害变化信息检测对遥感数据的高质量要求。
(2)提出了基于MNF/ICA多源遥感变化信息检测方法,该方法成功消除了遥感数据之间的高阶相关性,抑制了噪声的出现,实现了变化信息与噪声的有效分离,进一步集中和突出了不同时相间的变化信息,与常用变化信息检测方法相比,明显提高了变化检测的效果和精度。
(3)提出了双阈值模糊识别分割算法,该算法能够在一定程度上消除单阈值(最优阈值)分割法中混杂在变化信息中的离散噪声和个别地类,使得变化信息的表达更加准确、集中,从而提高了变化信息分割的精度。
(4)针对研究区震害滑坡信息发生的特征,提出了一种基于标准化植被指数(NDVI)和坡度信息的快速、高效的地震滑坡信息提取思路,分别从基于像元和面向对象的两个角度进行了验证。实践证明,面向对象方法成功的避免了高分辨率遥感影像由于单个像元光谱异质性大而产生的NDVI差值“亮点噪声”效应,使得提取的结果更加科学可靠,效果更好,精度更高。
(5)针对像元级别,提出基于“多层次区域分割”思想的震害损毁建筑物提取方法,与传统的分类提取方法相比,它体现着面向对象分析方法中的多层、分割的思想,是一种全新的尝试。基于对象级别,利用多尺度分割思想,按照分割尺度的大小建立了三层体系结构,根据每一层的特征提取不同地物类别,分析其光谱、纹理、形状、上下文关系、空间位置等特征,建立各自的模糊判定规则,进行损毁建筑物的提取。分别从方法原理、目视效果和精度评价三个方面对两种提取结果进行综合比较,结果显示面向对象提取方法(总体精度90.38%)有着比基于像元方法(总体精度76.84%)更高的精度。实践证明,面向对象影像分析技术在遥感震害信息提取方面有着巨大的潜力和广阔的应用前景。
(6)在地震灾害破坏危险性评价中,选取高程、坡度、水系、土地利用、植被覆盖以及特殊因子6种影响因子建立评价指标体系,利用层次分析模型(AHP)构建遥感震害破坏危险性评价指数(EDRI),实现对研究区遥感震害破坏危险性的评价。由于在评价指标中引入了特殊因子(震害信息因子),并在比较判断矩阵中发挥着重要的作用,使得评价具有很强的针对性,对震害信息极其敏感,结果科学可靠。
Earthquake, being bursty, transitory and powerful is thought as one of the greatest natural disasters in the world, it poses a grievous threat to human's lives and properties. China is a country who suffers badly from the earthquake disaster. But up till now, it is impossible to forecast the exactly time, place and magnitude of an earthquake. Under this situation, the efficient way to reduce the earthquake loss and protect human lives is to do well in protecting against and emitipung earthquake disasters project pre-earthquake and to obtain the earthquake information at the first time and finish the evaluation work quickly so as to organize the anti-quake and relief work as soon as possible. Remote sensing characterized with synchronism, timeliness, comprehensiveness and economy of information provides a new technology to earthquake information extraction and assessment. With the development of high-resolution, hyper-spectral, multi-platform and multi-date remote sensing technology, the method of earthquake information extraction has changed fundamentally and step into a new stage.
This paper, aimed at quick, precise and efficient, did research in application of High-resolution remote sensing on earthquake information extraction and assessment in order to explore a suite of procedure and way so as to accumulate some valuable experience and make a contribution to this field. There are two contents of this paper:On the one hand, the research of earthquake information extraction, including:the preprocessing of multi-source remote sensing data, the information extraction based on change detection technology (change detection method, image segment and earthquake information identification and extraction), the slope information extraction with pixel-oriented and object-oriented method, the dilapidated buildings extraction with pixel-oriented and object-oriented method; On the other hand, earthquake information evaluation, this paper brings forward the concept of earthquake disaster damage risk, assessment model as well as criterion and proceeds the assessment of the study area.
The main research findings and innovations are summarized as follows:
(1) The study put forward the preprocessing technique flow of multi-sources remote sensing data; there are three stages of geometric correction. Besides the geometric correction, the technique flow can also accomplish the image mosaicking, image subdivision, image fusion and radiometric enhancement. The result shows that the procedure feasible and reliable enough to meet the high-quality requirement of remote sensing data for earthquake information change detection.
(2) A new change detection method of multi-sources data based on MNF/ICA theory was brought forward. Compared to other traditional change detection ways, this method can not only reduce the appearance of noise by overcoming the high-order relevance of remote sensing data but also detach change information from noise so as to concentrate and highlight the change information of different data. The outcome suggests the MNF/ICA method enhances the accuracy and effect of change information detection obviously.
(3) The research put up with an image segment algorithm called two-threshold fuzzy recognition algorithm. This algorithm can eliminate the noise and some individual land cover classes mixed in change information to some extent as compared to one-threshold segmental algorithm. The segmental image shows more precise result.
(4) By analyzing the landslide characters of study area, the present study advanced a quick-and-effective way of landslide extraction with NDVI and slope information and validated with pixel-oriented and object-oriented methods. It is shown that the object-oriented way can successfully avoid the phenomenon of NDVI-differential bright noise caused by the spectral diversity of high-resolution remote sensing data and make the result more scientific and accurate.
(5) A pixel-oriented method on the basis of the multi-layer regional segment idea which embodies the thoughts of layer and segment from object-oriented was applied to collapsed buildings extraction. As compared to traditional way, it is an innovative experiment. When it comes to object-oriented method, the multi-scale segment algorithm is applied on order to build up three-layer hierarchy. Then by analyzing the spectrum, texture, shape, location and context of individual classes in different layer, the fuzzy determined rule system is established for earthquake collapsed buildings extraction. We compared with the two results from three aspects which are principle, visual impact and precision assessment. It is depicted that the object-oriented analyzing method has good potential and prospect of application to earthquake information extraction as the overall accuracy of 90.3% as compared to 76.84% of pixel-oriented method.
(6) The elevation, slope, hydrographic net, land use, vegetation cover and special factor were selected as the indicators to build up the estimation system. Then the AHP was applied to set up EDRI index in order to assess the earthquake damage risk of study area. As the factor of earthquake information is introduced to the assessment indicators and plays an important role in determination matrix, the evaluation result is reliable, scientific and sensitive to earthquake information.
本论文以“快速、准确、高效”为目标,围绕“高分辨率遥感技术在震害信息的提取和评价中的应用”展开研究,力求探索一套遥感震害信息提取与评价的方法和流程,为该领域的研究积累一些宝贵经验,做出自己的贡献。论文研究内容分为两个大的方面：①遥感震害信息的提取。主要内容有：多时相遥感数据的预处理、基于遥感变化检测技术的震害信息提取(变化信息检测方法、图像分割、震害信息的识别与提取)、基于像元级别和面向对象级别的震害滑坡信息提取、基于像元和面向对象的震害损毁建筑物的提取。②遥感震害信息的评价。提出遥感地震灾害破坏危险性评价的概念、模型和标准,对研究区震害破坏危险性进行评价。
论文的主要研究成果和创新点总结如下：
(1)提出了多时相遥感震害信息提取数据预处理的技术流程。对遥感数据经历从“粗”→“细”→“精”三次几何校正的过程,在对两时相影像进行几何校正的同时,完成了影像的镶嵌与分幅、影像的融合以及数据的辐射增强处理,内容全面,操作设计合理,能够充分满足震害变化信息检测对遥感数据的高质量要求。
(2)提出了基于MNF/ICA多源遥感变化信息检测方法,该方法成功消除了遥感数据之间的高阶相关性,抑制了噪声的出现,实现了变化信息与噪声的有效分离,进一步集中和突出了不同时相间的变化信息,与常用变化信息检测方法相比,明显提高了变化检测的效果和精度。
(3)提出了双阈值模糊识别分割算法,该算法能够在一定程度上消除单阈值(最优阈值)分割法中混杂在变化信息中的离散噪声和个别地类,使得变化信息的表达更加准确、集中,从而提高了变化信息分割的精度。
(4)针对研究区震害滑坡信息发生的特征,提出了一种基于标准化植被指数(NDVI)和坡度信息的快速、高效的地震滑坡信息提取思路,分别从基于像元和面向对象的两个角度进行了验证。实践证明,面向对象方法成功的避免了高分辨率遥感影像由于单个像元光谱异质性大而产生的NDVI差值“亮点噪声”效应,使得提取的结果更加科学可靠,效果更好,精度更高。
(5)针对像元级别,提出基于“多层次区域分割”思想的震害损毁建筑物提取方法,与传统的分类提取方法相比,它体现着面向对象分析方法中的多层、分割的思想,是一种全新的尝试。基于对象级别,利用多尺度分割思想,按照分割尺度的大小建立了三层体系结构,根据每一层的特征提取不同地物类别,分析其光谱、纹理、形状、上下文关系、空间位置等特征,建立各自的模糊判定规则,进行损毁建筑物的提取。分别从方法原理、目视效果和精度评价三个方面对两种提取结果进行综合比较,结果显示面向对象提取方法(总体精度90.38%)有着比基于像元方法(总体精度76.84%)更高的精度。实践证明,面向对象影像分析技术在遥感震害信息提取方面有着巨大的潜力和广阔的应用前景。
(6)在地震灾害破坏危险性评价中,选取高程、坡度、水系、土地利用、植被覆盖以及特殊因子6种影响因子建立评价指标体系,利用层次分析模型(AHP)构建遥感震害破坏危险性评价指数(EDRI),实现对研究区遥感震害破坏危险性的评价。由于在评价指标中引入了特殊因子(震害信息因子),并在比较判断矩阵中发挥着重要的作用,使得评价具有很强的针对性,对震害信息极其敏感,结果科学可靠。
Earthquake, being bursty, transitory and powerful is thought as one of the greatest natural disasters in the world, it poses a grievous threat to human's lives and properties. China is a country who suffers badly from the earthquake disaster. But up till now, it is impossible to forecast the exactly time, place and magnitude of an earthquake. Under this situation, the efficient way to reduce the earthquake loss and protect human lives is to do well in protecting against and emitipung earthquake disasters project pre-earthquake and to obtain the earthquake information at the first time and finish the evaluation work quickly so as to organize the anti-quake and relief work as soon as possible. Remote sensing characterized with synchronism, timeliness, comprehensiveness and economy of information provides a new technology to earthquake information extraction and assessment. With the development of high-resolution, hyper-spectral, multi-platform and multi-date remote sensing technology, the method of earthquake information extraction has changed fundamentally and step into a new stage.
This paper, aimed at quick, precise and efficient, did research in application of High-resolution remote sensing on earthquake information extraction and assessment in order to explore a suite of procedure and way so as to accumulate some valuable experience and make a contribution to this field. There are two contents of this paper:On the one hand, the research of earthquake information extraction, including:the preprocessing of multi-source remote sensing data, the information extraction based on change detection technology (change detection method, image segment and earthquake information identification and extraction), the slope information extraction with pixel-oriented and object-oriented method, the dilapidated buildings extraction with pixel-oriented and object-oriented method; On the other hand, earthquake information evaluation, this paper brings forward the concept of earthquake disaster damage risk, assessment model as well as criterion and proceeds the assessment of the study area.
The main research findings and innovations are summarized as follows:
(1) The study put forward the preprocessing technique flow of multi-sources remote sensing data; there are three stages of geometric correction. Besides the geometric correction, the technique flow can also accomplish the image mosaicking, image subdivision, image fusion and radiometric enhancement. The result shows that the procedure feasible and reliable enough to meet the high-quality requirement of remote sensing data for earthquake information change detection.
(2) A new change detection method of multi-sources data based on MNF/ICA theory was brought forward. Compared to other traditional change detection ways, this method can not only reduce the appearance of noise by overcoming the high-order relevance of remote sensing data but also detach change information from noise so as to concentrate and highlight the change information of different data. The outcome suggests the MNF/ICA method enhances the accuracy and effect of change information detection obviously.
(3) The research put up with an image segment algorithm called two-threshold fuzzy recognition algorithm. This algorithm can eliminate the noise and some individual land cover classes mixed in change information to some extent as compared to one-threshold segmental algorithm. The segmental image shows more precise result.
(4) By analyzing the landslide characters of study area, the present study advanced a quick-and-effective way of landslide extraction with NDVI and slope information and validated with pixel-oriented and object-oriented methods. It is shown that the object-oriented way can successfully avoid the phenomenon of NDVI-differential bright noise caused by the spectral diversity of high-resolution remote sensing data and make the result more scientific and accurate.
(5) A pixel-oriented method on the basis of the multi-layer regional segment idea which embodies the thoughts of layer and segment from object-oriented was applied to collapsed buildings extraction. As compared to traditional way, it is an innovative experiment. When it comes to object-oriented method, the multi-scale segment algorithm is applied on order to build up three-layer hierarchy. Then by analyzing the spectrum, texture, shape, location and context of individual classes in different layer, the fuzzy determined rule system is established for earthquake collapsed buildings extraction. We compared with the two results from three aspects which are principle, visual impact and precision assessment. It is depicted that the object-oriented analyzing method has good potential and prospect of application to earthquake information extraction as the overall accuracy of 90.3% as compared to 76.84% of pixel-oriented method.
(6) The elevation, slope, hydrographic net, land use, vegetation cover and special factor were selected as the indicators to build up the estimation system. Then the AHP was applied to set up EDRI index in order to assess the earthquake damage risk of study area. As the factor of earthquake information is introduced to the assessment indicators and plays an important role in determination matrix, the evaluation result is reliable, scientific and sensitive to earthquake information.
引文
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