基于GIS的区域水土流失过程模拟研究
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摘要
区域水土流失过程研究对认识土壤侵蚀对环境要素的影响、理解全球变化与区域土壤侵蚀关系具有重要意义,而且能为水土流失治理的宏观规划和区域环境问题决策提供支持。本论文在对区域水土流失过程理论分析和其影响因子分析的基础上,完善了已有的区域水土流失模型的算法,探索了区域尺度上土壤含水量的估算方法,并在ArcGIS环境和.NET Framework2.0下,用C#语言开发了计算机模型系统,在试验流域应用,完成了区域水土流失过程模拟。主要研究结论如下:
(1)探索了区域水土流失模型中土壤含水量的计算方法。考虑到在较大尺度流域影响土壤含水量的气候因子(气温)、土壤因子(容重)、植被因子(土地利用)和地形因子(坡向、地形湿度指数),在GIS支持下,建立藉河示范区土壤含水量模拟方程,回归效果显著。将样点的模拟值和实测值进行分析,得到所有测点模拟值的平均误差为0.105。结果表明,利用地形湿度指数、坡向、土地利用、降水、气温和土壤容重等,以实测的土壤含水量数据为基础,可以建立模型并模拟土壤水分,作为土壤前期含水量用来支持模型中径流的估算;
(2)完善了区域水土流失过程模型的主要算法设计。考虑土壤前期含水量、蒸发、雨滴溅蚀、土壤粘结力和不同产流机制等,完善了区域水土流失中降雨产流过程、侵蚀产沙过程的算法。并在计算机模型系统和GIS支持下完成降雨产流、侵蚀产沙和径流泥沙物质汇集过程的计算。
(3)完成了试验区水土流失过程的模拟。利用藉河示范区2005年7月份数据,采用了不同分辨率、不同时间步长对模型进行测试,结果表明模型设计时的各个模块都能够达到预定功能,输出图形都能反映藉河示范区侵蚀特征,且空间格局和结构都符合实际情况,宏观上主要受土地利用和气候特征影响,微观上主要受地形微起伏影响。将模型应用于藉河示范区,得到2005年藉河示范区汛期的总径流量、侵蚀产沙量分别为为6.73*10~8 m~3和6.74×10~6t ,径流模数和侵蚀模数分别为9.48×10~4 m3/km~2.a、2978t/km~2.a。模拟结果和实际水土流失情况较为符合。
Studying the dynamic process of soil and water loss at regional scale was of great importance to understanding the effects of soil erosion on environmental factors and the relationship between global change and regional soil erosion. Meanwhile, it could provide the basis for governmental planning and decision-making in soil and water conservation. This study made improvement for Regional Soil and Water Loss Model, explored the estimation methods of soil moisture and developed a computer module system under ArcGIS environment and .NET Framework2.0, using C# programming language based on theory analysis of soil erosion process and its influence factors. The result was applied in watersheds and regional soil and water loess process was modeled. The results were as follows:
(1) Explored the estimation methods of regional soil water content. Considering the climatic factors (temperature), soil factors (soil bulk density), vegetation factor(land use)and terrain factor(topographic wetness index, slope aspect), the water moisture was simulated based on GIS, and the regression results were significant. By comparison, the average error between simulated value and the surveyed value was 0.105, which means the simulation accuracy was high. The result showed that the soil moisture could be modeled based on surveyed soil moisture data considering topographic wetness index, slope aspect, land use, rainfall, and temperature and soil bulk density. Modeled soil moisture could be used in estimation of runoff in Regional Soil and Water Loss Model as antecedent soil moisture.
(2) Algorithm design of Regional Soil and Water Loss Model was improved. This research considered antecedent soil moisture, evaporation, raindrop detachment , soil cohesion and different runoff producing mechanisms et al , improved algorithms of the rainfall-runoff process and the soil erosion and sediment yield process in regional soil and water loss. Supported by GIS and computer model system, the process of runoff, sediment, and accumulation were completed.
(3) Completed the simulation of regional soil and water loss process in research areas. The model was tested based on data in Jihe River demonstration zone in July 2005 by using different resolution and time step. The results showed that all of the modules designed can function well. The output maps could characterize the soil erosion in Jihe River demonstration zone properly; the spatial pattern and structure depicted by the map were accordant with the practical situation. The soil erosion in Jihe River was mainly influenced by land using and climatic factors at macro scale, and by terrain microrelief at micro scale. The model was applied in Jihe River demonstration zone. The calculated results of the total runoff and sediment were 6.73 billion m~3 and 6.74×10~6 t , and the modulus of runoff and modulus of erosion were 9.48×104m3/km~2.a and 2978t/km~2.a respectively in Jihe River demonstration zone. The simulation results were comparatively accordant with the practical situation.
(1)探索了区域水土流失模型中土壤含水量的计算方法。考虑到在较大尺度流域影响土壤含水量的气候因子(气温)、土壤因子(容重)、植被因子(土地利用)和地形因子(坡向、地形湿度指数),在GIS支持下,建立藉河示范区土壤含水量模拟方程,回归效果显著。将样点的模拟值和实测值进行分析,得到所有测点模拟值的平均误差为0.105。结果表明,利用地形湿度指数、坡向、土地利用、降水、气温和土壤容重等,以实测的土壤含水量数据为基础,可以建立模型并模拟土壤水分,作为土壤前期含水量用来支持模型中径流的估算;
(2)完善了区域水土流失过程模型的主要算法设计。考虑土壤前期含水量、蒸发、雨滴溅蚀、土壤粘结力和不同产流机制等,完善了区域水土流失中降雨产流过程、侵蚀产沙过程的算法。并在计算机模型系统和GIS支持下完成降雨产流、侵蚀产沙和径流泥沙物质汇集过程的计算。
(3)完成了试验区水土流失过程的模拟。利用藉河示范区2005年7月份数据,采用了不同分辨率、不同时间步长对模型进行测试,结果表明模型设计时的各个模块都能够达到预定功能,输出图形都能反映藉河示范区侵蚀特征,且空间格局和结构都符合实际情况,宏观上主要受土地利用和气候特征影响,微观上主要受地形微起伏影响。将模型应用于藉河示范区,得到2005年藉河示范区汛期的总径流量、侵蚀产沙量分别为为6.73*10~8 m~3和6.74×10~6t ,径流模数和侵蚀模数分别为9.48×10~4 m3/km~2.a、2978t/km~2.a。模拟结果和实际水土流失情况较为符合。
Studying the dynamic process of soil and water loss at regional scale was of great importance to understanding the effects of soil erosion on environmental factors and the relationship between global change and regional soil erosion. Meanwhile, it could provide the basis for governmental planning and decision-making in soil and water conservation. This study made improvement for Regional Soil and Water Loss Model, explored the estimation methods of soil moisture and developed a computer module system under ArcGIS environment and .NET Framework2.0, using C# programming language based on theory analysis of soil erosion process and its influence factors. The result was applied in watersheds and regional soil and water loess process was modeled. The results were as follows:
(1) Explored the estimation methods of regional soil water content. Considering the climatic factors (temperature), soil factors (soil bulk density), vegetation factor(land use)and terrain factor(topographic wetness index, slope aspect), the water moisture was simulated based on GIS, and the regression results were significant. By comparison, the average error between simulated value and the surveyed value was 0.105, which means the simulation accuracy was high. The result showed that the soil moisture could be modeled based on surveyed soil moisture data considering topographic wetness index, slope aspect, land use, rainfall, and temperature and soil bulk density. Modeled soil moisture could be used in estimation of runoff in Regional Soil and Water Loss Model as antecedent soil moisture.
(2) Algorithm design of Regional Soil and Water Loss Model was improved. This research considered antecedent soil moisture, evaporation, raindrop detachment , soil cohesion and different runoff producing mechanisms et al , improved algorithms of the rainfall-runoff process and the soil erosion and sediment yield process in regional soil and water loss. Supported by GIS and computer model system, the process of runoff, sediment, and accumulation were completed.
(3) Completed the simulation of regional soil and water loss process in research areas. The model was tested based on data in Jihe River demonstration zone in July 2005 by using different resolution and time step. The results showed that all of the modules designed can function well. The output maps could characterize the soil erosion in Jihe River demonstration zone properly; the spatial pattern and structure depicted by the map were accordant with the practical situation. The soil erosion in Jihe River was mainly influenced by land using and climatic factors at macro scale, and by terrain microrelief at micro scale. The model was applied in Jihe River demonstration zone. The calculated results of the total runoff and sediment were 6.73 billion m~3 and 6.74×10~6 t , and the modulus of runoff and modulus of erosion were 9.48×104m3/km~2.a and 2978t/km~2.a respectively in Jihe River demonstration zone. The simulation results were comparatively accordant with the practical situation.
引文
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