荒漠草原坡面侵蚀分异规律及防控措施研究
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摘要
随着全球环境的变异,伴随人类强烈的负面干扰,使得我国北方原本脆弱的荒漠草原发生不同程度的退化、沙化。本文以希拉穆仁荒漠草原为研究对象,采用野外定期观测和人工模拟相结合的方法,系统研究了坡面生境分异特征;重点研究坡面风、水侵蚀特性并进行相关机理分析;有针对性地开展侵蚀坡面对位修复研究,并对后期保水抑蚀效应进行了初步探讨,主要研究结论如下:
(1)坡顶部地表粗化比较严重,粗粒含量较多,细颗粒明显减少;土壤颗粒分形维数的分布与等高线走向呈现出一定的规律,随着地形由高到低,土壤颗粒分形维数由小变大,颗粒分形维数与砂粒含量呈显著负相关,与粘粒含量呈显著正相关。土壤的质地状况对土壤有机质有非常重要的影响,不同坡位由于地表植被覆盖的差异,导致坡顶细颗粒物质和有机质含量较少;有机质含量与粗砂呈显著负相关,与粉粒含量呈显著正相关。
(2)不同的空间尺度上,土壤水分受不同的影响因子,低洼地和坡底土壤0-30 cm的土壤含水量具有较好的空间连续性,坡中含水量总体呈斑点状不均匀分布,水分格局分布空间连续性较差;低洼地、坡底土壤的供水、持水性能要优于坡顶;入渗速率表现为坡顶>坡中>坡底>低洼地,土壤初始含水量、总孔隙和土壤紧实度与土壤入渗率存在显著相关性,Horton入渗方程能够更好地反映荒漠草原土壤水分入渗过程。
(3)风蚀强度存在较大的空间差异,风蚀量从坡面顶部到下部依次递减;植被盖度与土壤风蚀量呈幂函数相关。草原地表抗风蚀的有效植被盖度为60%;地表含水量与风速之间表现为负相关关系;输沙量随风速增大而增加。植被覆盖度、风速以及土壤含水量3个影响因子对输沙都存在不同程度的交互作用,风速和植被盖度交互作用的主效应标准回归系数绝对值最大,风速和土壤水分交互作用次之,最小的是土壤水分和植被盖度交互。
(4)地表产流前期泥沙含量最高,占据收集泥沙总重量的69.06%,土壤损失主要在坡面前期产流,流失泥沙中砂粒含量在产流初期较高,粉粒、粘粒含量在径流后期明显增多;径流含沙量与土壤前期水分之间的关系呈近似一元二次方程抛物线变化,荒漠草原坡面土壤流失最少的前期最优土壤含水量值为17.5%。植被覆盖可以减少地表径流,地表植被的截流作用主要表现在产流前期。
(5)保水剂处理后,土壤的持水能力不同程度降低,释放水分能力增强,随着保水剂用量的增加,土壤侵蚀量逐渐减小。枯落物、砾石覆盖具有显著的减沙减水效应;补充灌溉对于植物生长有明显的促进作用。
As the changing of global environment and the negative disturb by human being, the vulnerable desert grassland in north of China had different kinds of degradation and desertification. Based on this, the study conducted on Xilamuren desert grassland, and did the research on environmental variation character systematically by using the method combining field periodic observation with artificial simulation. The paper focus on wind erosion and water erosion on the slope, the related mechanical analyses was done. The research also covered the counter points restore of slope and discussed a little on water conservation and erosion control. The result showed as follow:
(1) Coarse grained in the top slope, fine particle significantly reduced. The distribution of fractal dimension of soil particle and isohypse line showed some regulations, as the topography went from high to low, the fractal dimension increased. Fractal dimension of soil particle and sand grain content were negative related, but positive related with clay content. The soil texture had important effect on soil organic matter. The fine particle and organic matter reduced because of the different vegetation coverage in different position of slope. The organic matter had the negative relationship with coarse grain, but positive relationship with fine particle.
(2) In the different spatial scale, soil moisture affected by many factors. For 0-30cm layer, the soil moisture had the better consistence in the low swale, while the soil moisture in the middle of slope showed uneven distribution, and the worse consistence. Soil water supply ability and water holding ability in low land and bottom of swale were better. The infiltration rate was top of slope >middle of slope>bottom of slope> low swale. Soil initial moisture content , total pore space and soil compaction were significantly related with soil infiltration rate. The procedure of soil water infiltration can be better reflected by Horton infiltration equation.
(3) Big spatial differences were among the intensities of wind erosion, the wind erosion decreased from top of slope to the bottom. Vegetation coverage and wind erosion showed power function relationship. The effective vegetation coverage of resisting wind erosion in grassland was 60%. The surface soil moisture and wind velocity had negative relationship, sediment discharge improved as the wind velocity increased. The different interactions were found among vegetation coverage, wind velocity and soil moisture on sediment discharge. The interaction of wind velocity and vegetation coverage was the most effective one.
(4) Highest silt content appeared in runoff yield prophase, it took 69.06% of all collected silt content, the most soil lost in runoff yield prophase. Gravel content was high in runoff prophase, the content of silt、clay obviously increased in the late part of runoff. The relationship of sediment content and antecedent soil moisture showed the parabolic trend. In desert grassland, the soil moisture is 17.5% in the early time of surface soil loss. Vegetation can help in reduce soil surface runoff, the river closure function of vegetation acted early stage of runoff yield.
(5) After applying of water-retaining agent, the water holding capacity decreased in different level. The ability of releasing water improved and as more water-retaining agent was applied, the soil erosion was decreased. Cover of litter and rocks had the significant effect on reducing sand and water. Irrigation showed the significant improving effect on the growth of vegetation.
(1)坡顶部地表粗化比较严重,粗粒含量较多,细颗粒明显减少;土壤颗粒分形维数的分布与等高线走向呈现出一定的规律,随着地形由高到低,土壤颗粒分形维数由小变大,颗粒分形维数与砂粒含量呈显著负相关,与粘粒含量呈显著正相关。土壤的质地状况对土壤有机质有非常重要的影响,不同坡位由于地表植被覆盖的差异,导致坡顶细颗粒物质和有机质含量较少;有机质含量与粗砂呈显著负相关,与粉粒含量呈显著正相关。
(2)不同的空间尺度上,土壤水分受不同的影响因子,低洼地和坡底土壤0-30 cm的土壤含水量具有较好的空间连续性,坡中含水量总体呈斑点状不均匀分布,水分格局分布空间连续性较差;低洼地、坡底土壤的供水、持水性能要优于坡顶;入渗速率表现为坡顶>坡中>坡底>低洼地,土壤初始含水量、总孔隙和土壤紧实度与土壤入渗率存在显著相关性,Horton入渗方程能够更好地反映荒漠草原土壤水分入渗过程。
(3)风蚀强度存在较大的空间差异,风蚀量从坡面顶部到下部依次递减;植被盖度与土壤风蚀量呈幂函数相关。草原地表抗风蚀的有效植被盖度为60%;地表含水量与风速之间表现为负相关关系;输沙量随风速增大而增加。植被覆盖度、风速以及土壤含水量3个影响因子对输沙都存在不同程度的交互作用,风速和植被盖度交互作用的主效应标准回归系数绝对值最大,风速和土壤水分交互作用次之,最小的是土壤水分和植被盖度交互。
(4)地表产流前期泥沙含量最高,占据收集泥沙总重量的69.06%,土壤损失主要在坡面前期产流,流失泥沙中砂粒含量在产流初期较高,粉粒、粘粒含量在径流后期明显增多;径流含沙量与土壤前期水分之间的关系呈近似一元二次方程抛物线变化,荒漠草原坡面土壤流失最少的前期最优土壤含水量值为17.5%。植被覆盖可以减少地表径流,地表植被的截流作用主要表现在产流前期。
(5)保水剂处理后,土壤的持水能力不同程度降低,释放水分能力增强,随着保水剂用量的增加,土壤侵蚀量逐渐减小。枯落物、砾石覆盖具有显著的减沙减水效应;补充灌溉对于植物生长有明显的促进作用。
As the changing of global environment and the negative disturb by human being, the vulnerable desert grassland in north of China had different kinds of degradation and desertification. Based on this, the study conducted on Xilamuren desert grassland, and did the research on environmental variation character systematically by using the method combining field periodic observation with artificial simulation. The paper focus on wind erosion and water erosion on the slope, the related mechanical analyses was done. The research also covered the counter points restore of slope and discussed a little on water conservation and erosion control. The result showed as follow:
(1) Coarse grained in the top slope, fine particle significantly reduced. The distribution of fractal dimension of soil particle and isohypse line showed some regulations, as the topography went from high to low, the fractal dimension increased. Fractal dimension of soil particle and sand grain content were negative related, but positive related with clay content. The soil texture had important effect on soil organic matter. The fine particle and organic matter reduced because of the different vegetation coverage in different position of slope. The organic matter had the negative relationship with coarse grain, but positive relationship with fine particle.
(2) In the different spatial scale, soil moisture affected by many factors. For 0-30cm layer, the soil moisture had the better consistence in the low swale, while the soil moisture in the middle of slope showed uneven distribution, and the worse consistence. Soil water supply ability and water holding ability in low land and bottom of swale were better. The infiltration rate was top of slope >middle of slope>bottom of slope> low swale. Soil initial moisture content , total pore space and soil compaction were significantly related with soil infiltration rate. The procedure of soil water infiltration can be better reflected by Horton infiltration equation.
(3) Big spatial differences were among the intensities of wind erosion, the wind erosion decreased from top of slope to the bottom. Vegetation coverage and wind erosion showed power function relationship. The effective vegetation coverage of resisting wind erosion in grassland was 60%. The surface soil moisture and wind velocity had negative relationship, sediment discharge improved as the wind velocity increased. The different interactions were found among vegetation coverage, wind velocity and soil moisture on sediment discharge. The interaction of wind velocity and vegetation coverage was the most effective one.
(4) Highest silt content appeared in runoff yield prophase, it took 69.06% of all collected silt content, the most soil lost in runoff yield prophase. Gravel content was high in runoff prophase, the content of silt、clay obviously increased in the late part of runoff. The relationship of sediment content and antecedent soil moisture showed the parabolic trend. In desert grassland, the soil moisture is 17.5% in the early time of surface soil loss. Vegetation can help in reduce soil surface runoff, the river closure function of vegetation acted early stage of runoff yield.
(5) After applying of water-retaining agent, the water holding capacity decreased in different level. The ability of releasing water improved and as more water-retaining agent was applied, the soil erosion was decreased. Cover of litter and rocks had the significant effect on reducing sand and water. Irrigation showed the significant improving effect on the growth of vegetation.
引文
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