青海省柴木铁路冻土低温热棒应用条件和效果研究
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摘要
青藏铁路建设实践证明,“冷却地基”是保证多年冻土区路基工程稳定性的有效方法和关键技术,热棒路基可以作为冻土区铁路路基一种有效的工程结构应用。柴木多年冻土区未进行过任何热棒路基工程的试验研究工作,相关研究文章鲜见报道。由于冻土环境地质条件对热棒路基的工程效果影响不尽相同,因此青藏铁路对热棒制冷效果的研究只是一种借鉴,更多的问题应该结合柴木地方铁路具体环境条件进行针对性研究,才能保证这种结构形式的合理性和科学性,为长期可靠运营提供可靠的技术支撑。
本文在柴木铁路连续两年冻土区气候环境和多年冻土地温监测数据的基础上,分析了该区的寒区环境和冻土条件,通过现场试验和分析计算,研究了热棒应用技术的各项参数、热棒冷却地基效果、柴木铁路热棒路基的长期冷却效果及填土路基潜在病害温度场及其应对措施等各项内容,取得了如下创新性成果：
(1)通过柴木地区气候环境和多年冻土地温数据分析,发现该地区有较强的年过余冻结能力和冻结数,接近甚至超过了青藏铁路沿线部分地区；寒季较深土层地温(热棒蒸发段主要埋设深度)高于柴木多年冻土区气温,具备热棒应用条件；
(2)通过热棒现场试验研究,发现单支热棒对周围冻土具有较好的冷却效果；在热棒路基各路肩孔地表以下1.0m及更深土层负积温总量远远大于天然孔处天然地表的负积温值,热棒路基结构起到了冷却、储冷的作用；
(3)在最大融化季节,热棒实验断面坡脚孔相同深度地温较无热棒断面低,而热棒对路基的冷却作用不明显；与各自断面天然孔比较,热棒断面浅层地表各钻孔地温相对较低,体现了热棒制冷作用,而无热棒断面各位置钻孔与天然孔地温非常接近,甚至高于天然孔地温；
(4)通过对热棒实验断面的变形监测及数据分析,发现无热棒断面路基变形随着时间推移具有较大的波动性,其最大变形量可达236mm,热棒断面的路基变形相对较小,也较为稳定,其最大变形量均值仅为53mm,说明热棒路基具有更佳的稳定性；
(5)考虑年平均气温为-5.3℃,未来50年气温升高2.6℃条件下,数值分析了普通路基与热棒路基未来50年的地温场变化规律,结果显示,通过热棒与非热棒路基左、右坡脚和路基中心地温对比可知,在未来50年,热棒对冻土路基起到了很好的降温效果,冻土地温有明显下降,最大融化深度有所抬升；
(6)在考虑年平均气温为-5.3℃,每年气温升高0.052℃的条件下,对3m高度填土路基进行温度场模拟分析,在未来20年里,路基基底均存在不对称分布的融化盘,可能会造成填土路基纵向断裂病害的发生；热棒路基运行第4年,热棒路基基底不对称融化盘消失,而填土路基融化盘仍然存在,说明热棒的埋设能够较好的减少不对称融化盘的存在时间,热棒的埋设能够较大的减小路基融沉断裂的风险。
The construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway has proved that cooling foundation is the key technology ensuring the stability of embankment in permafrost regions, and heat pipe embankment can be applied to railway embankment in permafrost regions as an effective engineering structures. Research about heat pipe engineering structure in the regions has not been in any progress and research articles related to them has still rare appeared. Due to different geological conditions and permafrost environment on the application technical parameters of heat pipe and engineering effect, investigations on heat pipe during Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction can be referenced for the Chaidaer-Muli Railways, but More issues about heat pipe in the local railway should be combined with specific environmental conditions, and rational and scientific structure can be ensured, then long-term reliable technical support for operation can be provided.
Climatic environment and permafrost conditions of Muli region are analysed in this paper, based on climate and permafrost temperature data during two years, through field test analysis and calculation, technology and embankment parameters of heat pipe are investigated. The cooling effect on embankment is studied, and the long-term cooling effect on embankment is discussed, then potential failure temperature field of filling embankment is discovered and at the same time response measures are proposed by numerical simulation. Innovative results obtained are as follows:
(1) Freezing capacity and frost number in Chaidaer-Muli regionis is close to and even exceeded those in some areas along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway by analysing climate and permafrost temperature data in the region. Temperature of deep soil layer in winter season is higher than the climatic temperature in the permafrost regions. Heat pipe can operate well on the conditions.
(2)A single heat pipe has a good cooling effect on surrounding permafrost, the total of accumulated negative temperature of over 1.0m soil layer below surface at embankment shoulder is much larger than the corresponding layer temperature below natural surface,and heat pipe play a cooling and cold storage role, by field test.
(3) In the greatest thawing season, the same soil layer temperature of slope toe at heat pipe section is lower than the non-heat-pipe section, while cooling effect of heat pipe on embankment is not obvious. Shallow soil layer temperature of heat pipe embankment is lower than the respective natural soil layer temperature, while temperature of non-heat-pipe embankment is very close to and even higher than the natural temperature. That prove cooling effect.
(4) The maximum deformation of 53mm of heat pipe embankment is more lower than 236mm of non-heat-pipe embankment by deformation monitoring and data analysis, and deformation amount of non-heat-pipe embankment has a greater fluctuation with the seasons, showing that heat pipe embankment has a better stability.
(5) In conditions of the annual average climatic temperature of-5.3℃and global warming in the next 50 years, geothermal field characteristics of heat pipe and non-heat-pipe is analysed by numerical analysis, the results show that heat pipe has a good cooling effect on embankment, ground temperature is lowered obviously and the maximum thawing depth is uplifted by comparing temperature of left, right slope toe and center of heat pipe embankment with those of non-heat-pipe.
(6) In conditions of the annual average temperature of-5.3℃and increasing of 0.052℃very year in the next 20 years, there will be an asymmetric distribution of thawbowl under 3m high embankment, which is main reason to produce vertical fracture. In the next 4 years, the elimination of thawbowl under embankment shows heat pipe can shorten existing time of thawbowl and reduce risk of thawing and fracture largely.
本文在柴木铁路连续两年冻土区气候环境和多年冻土地温监测数据的基础上,分析了该区的寒区环境和冻土条件,通过现场试验和分析计算,研究了热棒应用技术的各项参数、热棒冷却地基效果、柴木铁路热棒路基的长期冷却效果及填土路基潜在病害温度场及其应对措施等各项内容,取得了如下创新性成果：
(1)通过柴木地区气候环境和多年冻土地温数据分析,发现该地区有较强的年过余冻结能力和冻结数,接近甚至超过了青藏铁路沿线部分地区；寒季较深土层地温(热棒蒸发段主要埋设深度)高于柴木多年冻土区气温,具备热棒应用条件；
(2)通过热棒现场试验研究,发现单支热棒对周围冻土具有较好的冷却效果；在热棒路基各路肩孔地表以下1.0m及更深土层负积温总量远远大于天然孔处天然地表的负积温值,热棒路基结构起到了冷却、储冷的作用；
(3)在最大融化季节,热棒实验断面坡脚孔相同深度地温较无热棒断面低,而热棒对路基的冷却作用不明显；与各自断面天然孔比较,热棒断面浅层地表各钻孔地温相对较低,体现了热棒制冷作用,而无热棒断面各位置钻孔与天然孔地温非常接近,甚至高于天然孔地温；
(4)通过对热棒实验断面的变形监测及数据分析,发现无热棒断面路基变形随着时间推移具有较大的波动性,其最大变形量可达236mm,热棒断面的路基变形相对较小,也较为稳定,其最大变形量均值仅为53mm,说明热棒路基具有更佳的稳定性；
(5)考虑年平均气温为-5.3℃,未来50年气温升高2.6℃条件下,数值分析了普通路基与热棒路基未来50年的地温场变化规律,结果显示,通过热棒与非热棒路基左、右坡脚和路基中心地温对比可知,在未来50年,热棒对冻土路基起到了很好的降温效果,冻土地温有明显下降,最大融化深度有所抬升；
(6)在考虑年平均气温为-5.3℃,每年气温升高0.052℃的条件下,对3m高度填土路基进行温度场模拟分析,在未来20年里,路基基底均存在不对称分布的融化盘,可能会造成填土路基纵向断裂病害的发生；热棒路基运行第4年,热棒路基基底不对称融化盘消失,而填土路基融化盘仍然存在,说明热棒的埋设能够较好的减少不对称融化盘的存在时间,热棒的埋设能够较大的减小路基融沉断裂的风险。
The construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway has proved that cooling foundation is the key technology ensuring the stability of embankment in permafrost regions, and heat pipe embankment can be applied to railway embankment in permafrost regions as an effective engineering structures. Research about heat pipe engineering structure in the regions has not been in any progress and research articles related to them has still rare appeared. Due to different geological conditions and permafrost environment on the application technical parameters of heat pipe and engineering effect, investigations on heat pipe during Qinghai-Tibet Railway construction can be referenced for the Chaidaer-Muli Railways, but More issues about heat pipe in the local railway should be combined with specific environmental conditions, and rational and scientific structure can be ensured, then long-term reliable technical support for operation can be provided.
Climatic environment and permafrost conditions of Muli region are analysed in this paper, based on climate and permafrost temperature data during two years, through field test analysis and calculation, technology and embankment parameters of heat pipe are investigated. The cooling effect on embankment is studied, and the long-term cooling effect on embankment is discussed, then potential failure temperature field of filling embankment is discovered and at the same time response measures are proposed by numerical simulation. Innovative results obtained are as follows:
(1) Freezing capacity and frost number in Chaidaer-Muli regionis is close to and even exceeded those in some areas along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway by analysing climate and permafrost temperature data in the region. Temperature of deep soil layer in winter season is higher than the climatic temperature in the permafrost regions. Heat pipe can operate well on the conditions.
(2)A single heat pipe has a good cooling effect on surrounding permafrost, the total of accumulated negative temperature of over 1.0m soil layer below surface at embankment shoulder is much larger than the corresponding layer temperature below natural surface,and heat pipe play a cooling and cold storage role, by field test.
(3) In the greatest thawing season, the same soil layer temperature of slope toe at heat pipe section is lower than the non-heat-pipe section, while cooling effect of heat pipe on embankment is not obvious. Shallow soil layer temperature of heat pipe embankment is lower than the respective natural soil layer temperature, while temperature of non-heat-pipe embankment is very close to and even higher than the natural temperature. That prove cooling effect.
(4) The maximum deformation of 53mm of heat pipe embankment is more lower than 236mm of non-heat-pipe embankment by deformation monitoring and data analysis, and deformation amount of non-heat-pipe embankment has a greater fluctuation with the seasons, showing that heat pipe embankment has a better stability.
(5) In conditions of the annual average climatic temperature of-5.3℃and global warming in the next 50 years, geothermal field characteristics of heat pipe and non-heat-pipe is analysed by numerical analysis, the results show that heat pipe has a good cooling effect on embankment, ground temperature is lowered obviously and the maximum thawing depth is uplifted by comparing temperature of left, right slope toe and center of heat pipe embankment with those of non-heat-pipe.
(6) In conditions of the annual average temperature of-5.3℃and increasing of 0.052℃very year in the next 20 years, there will be an asymmetric distribution of thawbowl under 3m high embankment, which is main reason to produce vertical fracture. In the next 4 years, the elimination of thawbowl under embankment shows heat pipe can shorten existing time of thawbowl and reduce risk of thawing and fracture largely.
引文
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