高温高压条件下冲击—切削钻孔破岩实验研究
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摘要
地热开发被越来越多的国家关注并采取实质性的开发行动。中国有极丰富的高温岩体地热资源,仅云南腾冲和西藏羊八井两地可开发的资源量就超过1.56×1011Kw.a,它的开发利用对改善我国能源结构,保证我国能源安全具有重大战略意义。高温岩体地热主要蕴藏在花岗岩体中,从其中提取地热能,就需要在花岗岩中施工钻孔,进行以水压致裂技术为主的人工储留层建造。钻孔施工的机械方式主要有三种:冲击破岩、切削破岩、冲击-切削复合破岩。在常温下,冲击破岩一般用于钻进坚硬岩石;切削破岩一般用于钻进较软的岩层。
对钻井工程而言,破岩效率的实质是提高机械钻速,而影响机械钻速的首要因素是地层岩石性质。地热钻井中随着钻井深度的增加,岩石温度逐渐升高,岩石内部发生了热破裂,导致岩石的性质发生变化:强度降低、塑性增强等。研究高温高压条件下以上几种破岩方式的破岩效率随着温度升高如何变化,在不同的温度下哪种破岩方式能取得更佳效果具有重要的工程意义。
在高温岩体地热开发钻井施工中,钻孔围岩的稳定性受到温度应力、钻井液特性及原岩应力等多种因素的影响,钻井围岩在温度场、渗流场、应力场的多场耦合作用下,在钻井施工中会发生缩颈、变形失稳、井壁坍塌等事故。致使钻井费用及井壁维护费用大幅增加,工程计划难以实现。
为此,本文对高温高压条件下(4000m埋深、500℃以内)大尺寸(φ200mm×400mm)花岗岩试件的破碎规律进行实验研究,通过理论分析得出三种破岩方式的破岩效果随温度变化的趋势,总结出高温下钻进速度、破岩能耗与钻进参数的关系,给出了不同温度下的最佳破岩方式。对高温岩石钻进中的井壁稳定机理进行分析,得出钻进中井壁失稳的条件。钻井液的密度和滤失性对井壁稳定具有重要影响,本文对高温钻井液的特性及配制也做了初步研究。
主要研究内容及结论如下:
(1)在高围压状态下,温度升高时破岩速度的变化趋势研究。在4000m埋深静水压力,不同的温度状态下,三种破岩方式采用不同的参数组合进行正交试验,通过分析得出:在高温下花岗岩内部发生热破裂,强度降低,三种破岩方式的钻进速度随着温度的升高而增大,但冲击凿岩速度在150℃以上时增幅较小。
(2)在高围压状态下,温度升高时单位破岩能耗的变化趋势研究。利用破碎单位体积岩石所做功来衡量岩石破碎的难易程度,通过计算分析得出:在4000m埋深静水压力下,三种破岩方式的单位破岩能耗随着温度的升高而减小。
(3)在高温高压状态下,钻进参数与钻进速度的关系研究。通过分析实验数据得出:在4000m埋深静水压力、高温状态下,在一定的钻压范围内,三种破岩方式的钻进速度随着钻压、冲击功率、钻头转速的增大而增大,冲击凿岩时,单纯靠增大钻压或冲击功率不能有效提高凿岩速度。
(4)在高温高压状态下,钻进参数与单位破岩能耗的关系研究。通过分析实验数据得出:在4000m埋深静水压力、高温状态下,三种破岩方式的单位破岩能耗随着钻压的增大而减小;切削破岩、冲击-切削复合破岩单位破岩能耗随着转速的增大而增大;冲击-切削复合破岩单位破岩能耗随着冲击功率的增大而减小。
(5)冲击凿岩方式适用于不超过150℃左右的低温坚硬岩石地层的钻进中,不适合高温条件下的钻井;切削破岩可以应用在高温(约300℃以上)岩层钻进中,建议使用耐高温的钻头和保证钻井液排量;冲击-切削复合破岩方式在温度不太高(约150℃~300℃)的岩层钻进中可以取得较好的钻进效果。
(6)钻进中的钻孔围岩稳定机理研究。通过试验得出在花岗岩钻进中,4000m埋深静水压力、300℃条件下,花岗岩体具有明显的加速蠕变现象,500℃时产生明显的破坏。
(7)高温钻井液配方初步研究。通过试验研制了高密度无极欠饱和盐水聚磺钻井液在220℃高温下能达到良好的流动性和较小的滤失量。
Geothermal development has been paid attention to by more and more countries, and has been put into practice. China is rich in geothermal resources of hi-temp rock body. The resources available in Chunteng of Yunnan area and Yangbajin of Tibet area are more than 1.56×1011Kw.a, whose development is of great strategic significance to improving the energy structure of our country and ensuring the energy safety of our country. Since geothermal resources of hi-temp rock body are mainly deposited in the granite, drilling hole in it is necessary to construct the artificial deposit space under hydraulic cracking technique in order to get thermal resources from it. Mechanical manner for drilling hole includes mainly three as follows: impacting, cutting, and impacting plus cutting. Under normal temperature, impacting is generally used to drill the hard rock, and cutting is used to drill the soft one.
As far as the drilling engineering is concerned, rock breaking efficiency means the higher drilling speed. However, it is affected most by the property of the rock. As the drilling depth increases during the geothermal drilling process, temperature of rock increases gradually and thermal cracking arises inside the rock, leading to the variation of the rock property. That is, its intensity decreases and its plasticity increases. Study on variation of rock breaking efficiency caused by using different manners with the increase in temperature, and study on which manner can lead to the best cracking effect under different temperatures are of significant engineering meaning.
In the drilling process of geothermal development to hi-temp rock body, stability of wall rock is influenced by temperature stress, property of drilling fluid, and virgin rock stress, etc. The wall rock may become neck-closed, distorted and instable, and even wall breaking down under the coupled influence from temperature field, seepage field, and stress field. This shall result in the enormous increase in the cost of drilling and wall maintenance, making the engineering program impossible to carry out.
In this paper, crashing rule of granite (φ200mm×400mm) under hi-temp and hi-press (4000 meter depth and 500℃limited) is tested and studied. Through theoretical analysis, variation trend of crashing efficiency under different crashing manners is concluded; relationship between drilling speed, energy cost, and drilling parameter under high temperature is concluded; the best crashing manner under different temperature is advised. Moreover, wall stabilizing principle in hi-temp rock drilling process is discussed; and its wall instability condition is studied. Density of drilling fluid and its fluid loss capacity can greatly influence the stability of the wall, so, this article also discusses the property and the manufacturing manner of the hi-temp drilling fluid.
Research and conclusion of this study mainly includes:
a. This paper studies the variation of rock-breaking progress against temperature rising at higher surrounding pressure. It also studies the relationship between drilling progress and temperature variation in those three rock-breaking manners at static hydraulic pressure in 4000 meter depth. Through orthogonal experiment on those three rock-breaking manners at different parameter group in a particular temperature condition, the following conclusion can be reached: with the temperature rising, granitite becomes thermal cracking, and drilling progress of those three manners is improved greatly. Meanwhile, impact drilling progress is seldom improved at 150℃above.
b. This paper studies unit energy consumption against temperature rising at higher surrounding temperature. It also studies the relationship between unit energy consumption and temperature variation in those three rock-breaking manners at static hydraulic pressure at 4000 meter depth. Through the calculation of power consumption to unit cubic rock, the following conclusion can be reached: with the temperature rising, the intensity of granitite becomes weak, and power consumption of those three manners decreases.
c. This paper studies the relationship between drilling progress and drilling parameters under hi-temp and hi-press condition. Through the analysis of experiment, the following conclusion can be reached: under the condition of static hydraulic pressure at 4000 meter depth, and temperature of 300℃, but a limited drilling weight range, drilling progress of those three rock-breaking manners is improved with the increase in drilling weight, impact power, and drilling revolution; simply increasing drilling weight or impact power can’t improve the drilling progress effectively.
d. This paper studies the relationship between drilling parameter and unit power consumption at hi-temp and hi-press condition. Through the analysis of experiment data, the following conclusion can be reached: under the condition of static hydraulic pressure at 4000 meter depth, and temperature of 300℃, power consumption of those three rock-breaking manners decreases with the increase in drilling weight; power consumption in cutting manner increases with the increase in revolution; power consumption in cutting plus impacting manner decreases with the increase in impact power.
e. Impacting drilling technique is available in lower temperature (within 150℃) for hard rock, and is not available in higher temperature condition. Cutting drilling technique is available in higher temperature (300℃above) condition, whereas the hot-endurable pit and drilling fluid discharging is required. Cutting plus impacting technique can achieve a better drilling progress under temperature range of 150℃to 300℃, and the harder rock condition.
f. This paper describes wall satiability principle in drilling operation. Through the experiment under condition of static hydraulic pressure at 4000 meter depth, and temperature of 300℃, the following conclusion can be reached: the granite creeps at a faster rate, and is obviously damaged under 500℃condition.
g. The property and the manufacturing manner of the hi-temp drilling fluid is discussed in this article. Through the test developed high-density non-polar polysulfide drilling fluid saturation owe salt in 220 degrees Celsius can achieve good under the liquidity and smaller filtration.
对钻井工程而言,破岩效率的实质是提高机械钻速,而影响机械钻速的首要因素是地层岩石性质。地热钻井中随着钻井深度的增加,岩石温度逐渐升高,岩石内部发生了热破裂,导致岩石的性质发生变化:强度降低、塑性增强等。研究高温高压条件下以上几种破岩方式的破岩效率随着温度升高如何变化,在不同的温度下哪种破岩方式能取得更佳效果具有重要的工程意义。
在高温岩体地热开发钻井施工中,钻孔围岩的稳定性受到温度应力、钻井液特性及原岩应力等多种因素的影响,钻井围岩在温度场、渗流场、应力场的多场耦合作用下,在钻井施工中会发生缩颈、变形失稳、井壁坍塌等事故。致使钻井费用及井壁维护费用大幅增加,工程计划难以实现。
为此,本文对高温高压条件下(4000m埋深、500℃以内)大尺寸(φ200mm×400mm)花岗岩试件的破碎规律进行实验研究,通过理论分析得出三种破岩方式的破岩效果随温度变化的趋势,总结出高温下钻进速度、破岩能耗与钻进参数的关系,给出了不同温度下的最佳破岩方式。对高温岩石钻进中的井壁稳定机理进行分析,得出钻进中井壁失稳的条件。钻井液的密度和滤失性对井壁稳定具有重要影响,本文对高温钻井液的特性及配制也做了初步研究。
主要研究内容及结论如下:
(1)在高围压状态下,温度升高时破岩速度的变化趋势研究。在4000m埋深静水压力,不同的温度状态下,三种破岩方式采用不同的参数组合进行正交试验,通过分析得出:在高温下花岗岩内部发生热破裂,强度降低,三种破岩方式的钻进速度随着温度的升高而增大,但冲击凿岩速度在150℃以上时增幅较小。
(2)在高围压状态下,温度升高时单位破岩能耗的变化趋势研究。利用破碎单位体积岩石所做功来衡量岩石破碎的难易程度,通过计算分析得出:在4000m埋深静水压力下,三种破岩方式的单位破岩能耗随着温度的升高而减小。
(3)在高温高压状态下,钻进参数与钻进速度的关系研究。通过分析实验数据得出:在4000m埋深静水压力、高温状态下,在一定的钻压范围内,三种破岩方式的钻进速度随着钻压、冲击功率、钻头转速的增大而增大,冲击凿岩时,单纯靠增大钻压或冲击功率不能有效提高凿岩速度。
(4)在高温高压状态下,钻进参数与单位破岩能耗的关系研究。通过分析实验数据得出:在4000m埋深静水压力、高温状态下,三种破岩方式的单位破岩能耗随着钻压的增大而减小;切削破岩、冲击-切削复合破岩单位破岩能耗随着转速的增大而增大;冲击-切削复合破岩单位破岩能耗随着冲击功率的增大而减小。
(5)冲击凿岩方式适用于不超过150℃左右的低温坚硬岩石地层的钻进中,不适合高温条件下的钻井;切削破岩可以应用在高温(约300℃以上)岩层钻进中,建议使用耐高温的钻头和保证钻井液排量;冲击-切削复合破岩方式在温度不太高(约150℃~300℃)的岩层钻进中可以取得较好的钻进效果。
(6)钻进中的钻孔围岩稳定机理研究。通过试验得出在花岗岩钻进中,4000m埋深静水压力、300℃条件下,花岗岩体具有明显的加速蠕变现象,500℃时产生明显的破坏。
(7)高温钻井液配方初步研究。通过试验研制了高密度无极欠饱和盐水聚磺钻井液在220℃高温下能达到良好的流动性和较小的滤失量。
Geothermal development has been paid attention to by more and more countries, and has been put into practice. China is rich in geothermal resources of hi-temp rock body. The resources available in Chunteng of Yunnan area and Yangbajin of Tibet area are more than 1.56×1011Kw.a, whose development is of great strategic significance to improving the energy structure of our country and ensuring the energy safety of our country. Since geothermal resources of hi-temp rock body are mainly deposited in the granite, drilling hole in it is necessary to construct the artificial deposit space under hydraulic cracking technique in order to get thermal resources from it. Mechanical manner for drilling hole includes mainly three as follows: impacting, cutting, and impacting plus cutting. Under normal temperature, impacting is generally used to drill the hard rock, and cutting is used to drill the soft one.
As far as the drilling engineering is concerned, rock breaking efficiency means the higher drilling speed. However, it is affected most by the property of the rock. As the drilling depth increases during the geothermal drilling process, temperature of rock increases gradually and thermal cracking arises inside the rock, leading to the variation of the rock property. That is, its intensity decreases and its plasticity increases. Study on variation of rock breaking efficiency caused by using different manners with the increase in temperature, and study on which manner can lead to the best cracking effect under different temperatures are of significant engineering meaning.
In the drilling process of geothermal development to hi-temp rock body, stability of wall rock is influenced by temperature stress, property of drilling fluid, and virgin rock stress, etc. The wall rock may become neck-closed, distorted and instable, and even wall breaking down under the coupled influence from temperature field, seepage field, and stress field. This shall result in the enormous increase in the cost of drilling and wall maintenance, making the engineering program impossible to carry out.
In this paper, crashing rule of granite (φ200mm×400mm) under hi-temp and hi-press (4000 meter depth and 500℃limited) is tested and studied. Through theoretical analysis, variation trend of crashing efficiency under different crashing manners is concluded; relationship between drilling speed, energy cost, and drilling parameter under high temperature is concluded; the best crashing manner under different temperature is advised. Moreover, wall stabilizing principle in hi-temp rock drilling process is discussed; and its wall instability condition is studied. Density of drilling fluid and its fluid loss capacity can greatly influence the stability of the wall, so, this article also discusses the property and the manufacturing manner of the hi-temp drilling fluid.
Research and conclusion of this study mainly includes:
a. This paper studies the variation of rock-breaking progress against temperature rising at higher surrounding pressure. It also studies the relationship between drilling progress and temperature variation in those three rock-breaking manners at static hydraulic pressure in 4000 meter depth. Through orthogonal experiment on those three rock-breaking manners at different parameter group in a particular temperature condition, the following conclusion can be reached: with the temperature rising, granitite becomes thermal cracking, and drilling progress of those three manners is improved greatly. Meanwhile, impact drilling progress is seldom improved at 150℃above.
b. This paper studies unit energy consumption against temperature rising at higher surrounding temperature. It also studies the relationship between unit energy consumption and temperature variation in those three rock-breaking manners at static hydraulic pressure at 4000 meter depth. Through the calculation of power consumption to unit cubic rock, the following conclusion can be reached: with the temperature rising, the intensity of granitite becomes weak, and power consumption of those three manners decreases.
c. This paper studies the relationship between drilling progress and drilling parameters under hi-temp and hi-press condition. Through the analysis of experiment, the following conclusion can be reached: under the condition of static hydraulic pressure at 4000 meter depth, and temperature of 300℃, but a limited drilling weight range, drilling progress of those three rock-breaking manners is improved with the increase in drilling weight, impact power, and drilling revolution; simply increasing drilling weight or impact power can’t improve the drilling progress effectively.
d. This paper studies the relationship between drilling parameter and unit power consumption at hi-temp and hi-press condition. Through the analysis of experiment data, the following conclusion can be reached: under the condition of static hydraulic pressure at 4000 meter depth, and temperature of 300℃, power consumption of those three rock-breaking manners decreases with the increase in drilling weight; power consumption in cutting manner increases with the increase in revolution; power consumption in cutting plus impacting manner decreases with the increase in impact power.
e. Impacting drilling technique is available in lower temperature (within 150℃) for hard rock, and is not available in higher temperature condition. Cutting drilling technique is available in higher temperature (300℃above) condition, whereas the hot-endurable pit and drilling fluid discharging is required. Cutting plus impacting technique can achieve a better drilling progress under temperature range of 150℃to 300℃, and the harder rock condition.
f. This paper describes wall satiability principle in drilling operation. Through the experiment under condition of static hydraulic pressure at 4000 meter depth, and temperature of 300℃, the following conclusion can be reached: the granite creeps at a faster rate, and is obviously damaged under 500℃condition.
g. The property and the manufacturing manner of the hi-temp drilling fluid is discussed in this article. Through the test developed high-density non-polar polysulfide drilling fluid saturation owe salt in 220 degrees Celsius can achieve good under the liquidity and smaller filtration.
引文
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