经验格林函数方法模拟地震动研究
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摘要
随着重大工程不断建设和大地震的频发,经验的地震动参数统计方法已经不能满足抗震设计要求。《建筑抗震设计规范》规定对重要建(构)筑物的抗震设计都必须进行地震反应时程分析。但建(构)筑物所在区域往往缺乏地震动记录,正是地震动记录的匮乏使得地震动模拟研究一直是地震工程领域重要的研究课题之一。目前模拟地震动常用的经验格林函数方法和随机方法都有各自的优缺点,为更好地模拟地震动,本文对上述两种模拟地震动方法进行了深入系统研究,提出了一些新的观点和改进,具体研究成果如下：
经验格林函数方法是用大地震的前震或余震作为经验格林函数合成大地震的方法,目前的经验格林函数方法对大地震断层位错的不均匀考虑得不充分。但实际地震,特别是大地震断层面上的滑动速度和位错分布不可能是均匀的,而滑动分布的不均匀正是造成高频辐射的重要原因。本文从假定大小地震断层具有不同滑动速度入手,提出了改进的经验格林函数方法。该方法由于考虑了地震断层滑动的不均匀性,使得模拟结果与记录符合得比较好。
经验格林函数方法中合成大地震用的小震数目是根据大小地震的长度、宽度和位错比值等决定的,这个比值一般不为整数。但小震数目必须为整数,所以,目前的经验格林函数方法不是高估就是低估了地震动。并且这个整数取值只能靠经验判断,经验判断有失经验格林函数方法的严密性。本文提出把长、宽和位错的比值—律向上取整,整数部分合成大地震时不改变小震地震动幅值,小数部分的小震地震动幅值根据小数部分数值适当减小,该方法使小震数目的确定有了统一标准。
目前的经验格林函数方法大都认为大小地震应满足“相似条件”或“准相似条件”,这无疑限制了经验格林函数的适用范围。罗奇峰已经把经验格林函数方法推广到矩形走滑断层不满足相似条件的情况。本文在此基础上把经验格林函数方法推广到倾滑断层不满足相似条件和同时存在走滑和倾滑分量的断层不满足相似条件的情况,由于汶川地震断层同时存在倾滑和走滑部分,该推广对汶川地震的研究有重要意义。另外本文还从理论上把经验格林函数方法推广到已知大小地震断层长、宽比和应力降比,而未知位错比的情况。
本文把Miyake提出的强震生成区概念引进经验格林函数方法中,只用一部分对地震动起主要作用的断层模拟地震动,解决了地震动幅值随震中距减小而无限增大的问题。本文采用这种方法对汶川地震近断层地震动场进行了模拟研究,验证了该方法的可行性,为近场地震动的模拟和预测提供了有效方法。
本文用改进的经验格林函数方法模拟了唐山、卢龙和汶川地震。模拟结果表明：用改进的经验格林函数方法模拟的加速度反应谱与记录符合得比较好,从而验证了本文提出的改进方法的可行性。
本文以唐山、卢龙和汶川等地震为例比较了用经验格林函数方法和随机方法模拟地震动效果。结果表明：用经验格林函数方法模拟地震动的反应谱与记录总体符合得很好,说明经验格林函数方法是有效的人工合成地震动方法。用随机方法模拟卢龙等中等强度地震动反应谱与记录差异不太大,所以用随机方法模拟中国大陆中等强度地震动是可以接受的。本文用随机方法合成都江堰地区小震时程,并利用汶川地震有限的流动台站余震记录,把这些小震时程作为经验格林函数给出该地区地震动场。有效解决了用经验格林函数方法模拟地震动缺乏小震记录问题,为都江堰地区建(构)筑物的抗震设防提供了基础资料。
With the continued construction of major projects and frequent large earthquakes, the experiential statistic mehod for setting sesmic parameters has been unable to satisfy the anti-sesmic design. Anti-sesmic design criterion of construction requires that important buildings must be analysed with the Time History Analysis method in anti-sesmic design, which can simulate the real sesmic affection. But there is always a lack of ethquake time-histories in the regions where buildings are constructed,which makes ground motion simulation is one of the most important problem in earthquake engineering domain. The most commonly used methods of ground motion simulation, the Empirical Green Function method and the Stochastic method, have their own advantages and disadvantages.This paper conducts systematic reserch on the two methods above, comes up with some new viewpoints, and obtains the achievements below:
The Empirical Green Function method takes the foreshock or aftershock as empirical green functions to synthesize the main shock. At present, there is a lack of consideration about the dislocation's unevenness on large earthquake faults. Slip velocities and dislocations on earthquake faults, especially on large earthquake faults, are usually uneven, and the unevenness of slip distributions is an important reason for high frequency emission.This paper starts with assuming both large and small earthquakes have inequable slip velocities, then comes up with the Improved Empirical Green Function method. Because the formula has taken the unevenness of the fault slip into account, ground motion simulation with this method accords well with record.
The number of small earthquakes that synthesize the big earthquake depends on the ratio of length, width and dislocation. The ratios is usually not integer, but the number of small earthquakes should be integer. So it is either overestimating or underestimating the ground motion. And the method to set the integer just depends on experience, which leads less rigorous of this method. This paper tends to round up the ratio of length, width and dislocation. The amplitude of small earthquakes of the integral part remain as it is when synthesizing big earthquake, while the amplitude of the decimal part decreases properly in accordance with the decimal value. This method makes an uniform standard for the confirmation of the small earthquake number.
At present, many researchers think the Empirical Green Function method must satisfy "similarity conditions" and "quasi- similarity conditions", which limits the application ranges of this method. Luo Qifeng popularizes the Empirical Green Function method to the situation that rectangular slip fault doesn't satisfy similar conditions. On the basis of Luo's theory, this paper extends Empirical Green Function method to the situation that dip fault and dip fault with slip component don't satisfy similar conditions. Because there are both slip and dip components in wenchuan earthquake fault, the generalization has important meanings to the study of wenchuan earthquake.Futhermore, the paper theoretically generalizes the Empirical Green Function method to the situation that the ratio of length,width and stress drop about big and small earthquakes is known but the ratio of dislocation is unknown.
The paper introduces the conception of "strong motion generation area"(by Miyake) into the Empirical Green Function method. Only part fault which is important to ground motion is used to simulate ground motion. This method solves the problem that the ground motion amplitude increases infinitely when the epicenter distance decreases. This paper has simulated the ground motion near Wenchuan fault with this method, and the efficiency of this method is proved.
This paper has simulated Tangshan, Lulong and Wenchuan Earthquakes with the Improved Empirical Green Function method. The simulation results show that the response spectrums accord with the records very well, and the efficiency of this method is proved.
This paper takes the examples of Tangshan Earthquake, Lulong Earthquake and Wenchuan Earthquake to compare the two methods of ground motion simulation--the Empirical Green Function method and the Stochastic method. The results show: When using the Empirical Green Function method to simulate ground motion, response spectrums accord with the records perfectly. It suggests that the Empirical Green Function method is the most effective way to simulate ground motion. When using the Stochastic method to simulate ground motion, the response spectrum of Lulong earthquake(as an example of middle intensity earthquake) does not accord with the record very well, yet the differences are not very big. Thus, it is acceptable to simulate middle intensity ground motion of Chinese mainland with the Stochastic method. Just because of that, this paper synthesizes small earthquake time-histories of Dujiangyan region with the Stochastic method. Together with the finite records of ambulatory stations, this paper set the small earthquake time-histories as Empirical green functions to simulate the main shock time-history. The work above provides basic information to the construction's anti-seismic design in Dujiangyan.
经验格林函数方法是用大地震的前震或余震作为经验格林函数合成大地震的方法,目前的经验格林函数方法对大地震断层位错的不均匀考虑得不充分。但实际地震,特别是大地震断层面上的滑动速度和位错分布不可能是均匀的,而滑动分布的不均匀正是造成高频辐射的重要原因。本文从假定大小地震断层具有不同滑动速度入手,提出了改进的经验格林函数方法。该方法由于考虑了地震断层滑动的不均匀性,使得模拟结果与记录符合得比较好。
经验格林函数方法中合成大地震用的小震数目是根据大小地震的长度、宽度和位错比值等决定的,这个比值一般不为整数。但小震数目必须为整数,所以,目前的经验格林函数方法不是高估就是低估了地震动。并且这个整数取值只能靠经验判断,经验判断有失经验格林函数方法的严密性。本文提出把长、宽和位错的比值—律向上取整,整数部分合成大地震时不改变小震地震动幅值,小数部分的小震地震动幅值根据小数部分数值适当减小,该方法使小震数目的确定有了统一标准。
目前的经验格林函数方法大都认为大小地震应满足“相似条件”或“准相似条件”,这无疑限制了经验格林函数的适用范围。罗奇峰已经把经验格林函数方法推广到矩形走滑断层不满足相似条件的情况。本文在此基础上把经验格林函数方法推广到倾滑断层不满足相似条件和同时存在走滑和倾滑分量的断层不满足相似条件的情况,由于汶川地震断层同时存在倾滑和走滑部分,该推广对汶川地震的研究有重要意义。另外本文还从理论上把经验格林函数方法推广到已知大小地震断层长、宽比和应力降比,而未知位错比的情况。
本文把Miyake提出的强震生成区概念引进经验格林函数方法中,只用一部分对地震动起主要作用的断层模拟地震动,解决了地震动幅值随震中距减小而无限增大的问题。本文采用这种方法对汶川地震近断层地震动场进行了模拟研究,验证了该方法的可行性,为近场地震动的模拟和预测提供了有效方法。
本文用改进的经验格林函数方法模拟了唐山、卢龙和汶川地震。模拟结果表明：用改进的经验格林函数方法模拟的加速度反应谱与记录符合得比较好,从而验证了本文提出的改进方法的可行性。
本文以唐山、卢龙和汶川等地震为例比较了用经验格林函数方法和随机方法模拟地震动效果。结果表明：用经验格林函数方法模拟地震动的反应谱与记录总体符合得很好,说明经验格林函数方法是有效的人工合成地震动方法。用随机方法模拟卢龙等中等强度地震动反应谱与记录差异不太大,所以用随机方法模拟中国大陆中等强度地震动是可以接受的。本文用随机方法合成都江堰地区小震时程,并利用汶川地震有限的流动台站余震记录,把这些小震时程作为经验格林函数给出该地区地震动场。有效解决了用经验格林函数方法模拟地震动缺乏小震记录问题,为都江堰地区建(构)筑物的抗震设防提供了基础资料。
With the continued construction of major projects and frequent large earthquakes, the experiential statistic mehod for setting sesmic parameters has been unable to satisfy the anti-sesmic design. Anti-sesmic design criterion of construction requires that important buildings must be analysed with the Time History Analysis method in anti-sesmic design, which can simulate the real sesmic affection. But there is always a lack of ethquake time-histories in the regions where buildings are constructed,which makes ground motion simulation is one of the most important problem in earthquake engineering domain. The most commonly used methods of ground motion simulation, the Empirical Green Function method and the Stochastic method, have their own advantages and disadvantages.This paper conducts systematic reserch on the two methods above, comes up with some new viewpoints, and obtains the achievements below:
The Empirical Green Function method takes the foreshock or aftershock as empirical green functions to synthesize the main shock. At present, there is a lack of consideration about the dislocation's unevenness on large earthquake faults. Slip velocities and dislocations on earthquake faults, especially on large earthquake faults, are usually uneven, and the unevenness of slip distributions is an important reason for high frequency emission.This paper starts with assuming both large and small earthquakes have inequable slip velocities, then comes up with the Improved Empirical Green Function method. Because the formula has taken the unevenness of the fault slip into account, ground motion simulation with this method accords well with record.
The number of small earthquakes that synthesize the big earthquake depends on the ratio of length, width and dislocation. The ratios is usually not integer, but the number of small earthquakes should be integer. So it is either overestimating or underestimating the ground motion. And the method to set the integer just depends on experience, which leads less rigorous of this method. This paper tends to round up the ratio of length, width and dislocation. The amplitude of small earthquakes of the integral part remain as it is when synthesizing big earthquake, while the amplitude of the decimal part decreases properly in accordance with the decimal value. This method makes an uniform standard for the confirmation of the small earthquake number.
At present, many researchers think the Empirical Green Function method must satisfy "similarity conditions" and "quasi- similarity conditions", which limits the application ranges of this method. Luo Qifeng popularizes the Empirical Green Function method to the situation that rectangular slip fault doesn't satisfy similar conditions. On the basis of Luo's theory, this paper extends Empirical Green Function method to the situation that dip fault and dip fault with slip component don't satisfy similar conditions. Because there are both slip and dip components in wenchuan earthquake fault, the generalization has important meanings to the study of wenchuan earthquake.Futhermore, the paper theoretically generalizes the Empirical Green Function method to the situation that the ratio of length,width and stress drop about big and small earthquakes is known but the ratio of dislocation is unknown.
The paper introduces the conception of "strong motion generation area"(by Miyake) into the Empirical Green Function method. Only part fault which is important to ground motion is used to simulate ground motion. This method solves the problem that the ground motion amplitude increases infinitely when the epicenter distance decreases. This paper has simulated the ground motion near Wenchuan fault with this method, and the efficiency of this method is proved.
This paper has simulated Tangshan, Lulong and Wenchuan Earthquakes with the Improved Empirical Green Function method. The simulation results show that the response spectrums accord with the records very well, and the efficiency of this method is proved.
This paper takes the examples of Tangshan Earthquake, Lulong Earthquake and Wenchuan Earthquake to compare the two methods of ground motion simulation--the Empirical Green Function method and the Stochastic method. The results show: When using the Empirical Green Function method to simulate ground motion, response spectrums accord with the records perfectly. It suggests that the Empirical Green Function method is the most effective way to simulate ground motion. When using the Stochastic method to simulate ground motion, the response spectrum of Lulong earthquake(as an example of middle intensity earthquake) does not accord with the record very well, yet the differences are not very big. Thus, it is acceptable to simulate middle intensity ground motion of Chinese mainland with the Stochastic method. Just because of that, this paper synthesizes small earthquake time-histories of Dujiangyan region with the Stochastic method. Together with the finite records of ambulatory stations, this paper set the small earthquake time-histories as Empirical green functions to simulate the main shock time-history. The work above provides basic information to the construction's anti-seismic design in Dujiangyan.
引文
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