物体入水问题的分析研究及其在船舶与海洋工程中的应用
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摘要
入水问题作为工程应用中一种比较常见的现象,一直以来都是船舶和海洋工程领域中十分重要的课题。由于涉及到移动物体边界和自由液面,因此能够准确地数值模拟入水过程是具有挑战性的。本文采用自由液面捕捉方法,将自由面作为计算域内的接触间断进行捕捉,建立非均匀不可压缩的欧拉方程作为流场控制方程组。并且利用直角切割网格来离散计算域,通过局部更新物体边界附近的网格信息来解决动边界问题。在此基础上,采用基于单元中心的有限体积法对控制方程进行离散。其中,采用Roe的近似Riemann解算子的复合格式计算流体网格边界处的流通量。边界处的流场变量采用分片线性表达式进行重构,利用最小二乘法求解流场变量梯度,引入限制器来抑制高阶重构方法在间断解附近产生的虚假振动,物体边界处的流通量由Riemann间断理论得出。采用压强分裂算法对压强梯度进行预处理,从而解决由于自由面引起的静压梯度不连续的问题。使用人工压缩法将压强项引入到不可压缩约束方程中,采用双时间推进方法来获得流场的非定常数值解。通过流固耦合算法,将本文方法扩展应用到刚体自由入水问题上。采用二维刚性楔形、圆形剖面常速入水和楔形、船型剖面的自由入水作为实例,验证了本文计算方法的有效性和适用性。
采用上述流场计算方法对双圆柱同步入水问题进行了求解,结果表明双圆柱的相互作用对压强分布和所受水作用力的影响较为显著,并且发现双圆柱半径、间距和入水速度对这种相互作用效果有很大的影响。然后,变换这三个状态参量,设计各种不同的双圆柱同步入水数值试验。根据计算结果,在不同入水阶段,对于附加水作用力分别采用类似正态分布和Weibull分布的解析表达式进行数值拟合。并且通过两个任意双圆柱入水模型对估算表达式进行验证,计算所得结果满足工程精度。这说明本文所得的代数表达式能够用于工程中双圆柱入水的附加水作用力估算。这种思想方法同样可以用于多柱状体的入水分析中。
将造消波理论引入到本文流场计算方法中建立数值波浪水槽。控制圆柱入水的时间和运动形式来研究不同波浪参数对圆柱入水过程的影响。然后在圆柱运动方程中加入绳索张力的作用,从而实现对悬吊圆柱在波浪中入水过程的数值模拟。最后变化计算模型的圆柱运动和波浪参数,分析不同工况下绳索张力变化和重物运动的特性。
将刚架结构有限元理论与本文流场计算方法相结合,并采用单向耦合策略联合计算流场和弹性变形,从而将本文方法扩展应用到水弹性问题的求解中。建立弹性楔形体的自由入水模型,将本文结果与实验数据进行比较,证明了本文方法求解弹性楔形体入水问题的正确性和合理性。然后改变楔形体的入水参数建立不同的模型,分别进行数值计算,并且分析了入水参数对自由入水的弹性楔形体的整体运动和局部变形的影响。
最后针对三维船体从船台上纵向重力式下水这一工程实际问题,采用Fluent软件计算船体下水流场,并在此基础上编制的船体下水三维运动方程的VC源代码来进行二次开发,从而达到动态模拟船体下水过程的目的。对渤海造船厂159000t油船下水实例进行数值计算,结果表明采用本文的下水数值方法分析船体下水过程是准确可行的。然后以大连重工集团的298000t油船首部从H3倾斜平台下水为例,来分析船体和船台各状态参数对下水运动的影响,得到一些有用结论用来指导实船下水工艺。
Water entry problem is of concern in practical application and an important research topic in marine and ocean engineering field. Because of its moving solid boundary and free surface, the water enty model is very difficult to be numerically simulated. In free surface capturing method, this paper presents the incompressible Euler equations for a variable density fluid system as governing equations, and the free surface is captured as a contact discontinuity in density field. Furthermore, due to its convience for treating moving solid boundary by updating a few cut cells locally, Cartesian cut cell mesh system is taken to discrete computational domain. On this basis, a centered finite volume method is adopted for numerical calculation. Therein, Roe's approximate Riemann solver is used to obtain numerical flux on edge of fluid cell, where fluid variables are reconstructed by a piecewise linear expression. Then a least-square method is employed to calculate variable gradients, and limiter is introduced to restrict the false vibration near discontinuity solution. Besides this, the flux on solid boundary is computed by using exact Riemann discontinuous solution. Splitting scheme is used to eliminate the effect of discontinuity of static pressure variable on the calculation of pressure gradient. Dual-time stepping technique with artificial compressibility method is applied for time advancing. A full body-fluid coupled method is taken into account for extending the method to the free-falling water entry problem of rigid body. Four test cases (2D rigid wedge and circle section entering water with a constant velocity, and free-falling water entry models for wedge and ship section) are calculated to verify the efficiency and applicability of the above method.
By the present method, synchronous water entry model of twin cylinders is solved. The results show that the interaction of twin cylinders has obvious influence on pressure distribution and hydrodynamic. Futhermore, it can be found that radius, distance and entry velocity of twin cylinders can affect the interaction. Then according to the three parameters, various different numerical tests for synchronous water entry of twin cylinders are designed. At different water entry phases, analytical expressions of Normal and Weibull distribution are numerically fitted to estimate the additional hydrodynamic on a cylinder. Finally, two arbitrary water entry models of twin cylinders are created to verify the analytical expressions and the results are satisfactory in engineering precision, thus the analytical expressions can be applied in the evaluation of additional hydrodynamic in practical water entry problem of twin cylinders. The above way can also be applied in the water entry problem of multi-bodies.
In combination with the theories of a piston-type wave-making and sponge damping wave-absorbing, the present method of this paper is used to implement numerical wave flume. Then the effect of wave parameters (wave height, wave period, wave phase versus cylinder touching free surface, and so on) on the hydrodynamic is analyzed. By introducing the influence of wire tension into the motion equation of cylinder, water entry model of cylinder in wave by lifting operation is numerically simulated. Finally, according to various parameters of cylinder and wave, the tension variation of wire and motion characteristic of cylinder under different working conditions are mainly studied.
In this section, finite element theory about rigid frame structure is taken to analyze the structural response. On the other hand, the present method is applied in calculation of fluid variables. Futhermore, the above two methods are combined by single-direction coupled method to deal with the hydroelastic problems. Free-falling water entry models of elastic wedge are numerically computed and the results are compared with experimental data to show the feasibility and validaty of the above method. Finally, the effects of different water entry parameters on global motion and local deformation of elastic wedge are discussed.
In order to dynamicly simulate longitudinal gravity launching of a hull along a slipway, CFD software Fluent is used to calculate fluid variables. On the basis, the VC codes about 3D motion equations of ship launching are programmed for secondary development.159 000t oil carrier is taken for numerical example, and it can be found from the results that current method is available and feasible for the calculation of ship launching. Finally, based on the forebody of 298 OOOt oil ship launching from H3 slipway, the influence of various parameters of slipway and hull on motion of ship is studied and some meaningful conclusions are proposed to guide the practical engineering design.
采用上述流场计算方法对双圆柱同步入水问题进行了求解,结果表明双圆柱的相互作用对压强分布和所受水作用力的影响较为显著,并且发现双圆柱半径、间距和入水速度对这种相互作用效果有很大的影响。然后,变换这三个状态参量,设计各种不同的双圆柱同步入水数值试验。根据计算结果,在不同入水阶段,对于附加水作用力分别采用类似正态分布和Weibull分布的解析表达式进行数值拟合。并且通过两个任意双圆柱入水模型对估算表达式进行验证,计算所得结果满足工程精度。这说明本文所得的代数表达式能够用于工程中双圆柱入水的附加水作用力估算。这种思想方法同样可以用于多柱状体的入水分析中。
将造消波理论引入到本文流场计算方法中建立数值波浪水槽。控制圆柱入水的时间和运动形式来研究不同波浪参数对圆柱入水过程的影响。然后在圆柱运动方程中加入绳索张力的作用,从而实现对悬吊圆柱在波浪中入水过程的数值模拟。最后变化计算模型的圆柱运动和波浪参数,分析不同工况下绳索张力变化和重物运动的特性。
将刚架结构有限元理论与本文流场计算方法相结合,并采用单向耦合策略联合计算流场和弹性变形,从而将本文方法扩展应用到水弹性问题的求解中。建立弹性楔形体的自由入水模型,将本文结果与实验数据进行比较,证明了本文方法求解弹性楔形体入水问题的正确性和合理性。然后改变楔形体的入水参数建立不同的模型,分别进行数值计算,并且分析了入水参数对自由入水的弹性楔形体的整体运动和局部变形的影响。
最后针对三维船体从船台上纵向重力式下水这一工程实际问题,采用Fluent软件计算船体下水流场,并在此基础上编制的船体下水三维运动方程的VC源代码来进行二次开发,从而达到动态模拟船体下水过程的目的。对渤海造船厂159000t油船下水实例进行数值计算,结果表明采用本文的下水数值方法分析船体下水过程是准确可行的。然后以大连重工集团的298000t油船首部从H3倾斜平台下水为例,来分析船体和船台各状态参数对下水运动的影响,得到一些有用结论用来指导实船下水工艺。
Water entry problem is of concern in practical application and an important research topic in marine and ocean engineering field. Because of its moving solid boundary and free surface, the water enty model is very difficult to be numerically simulated. In free surface capturing method, this paper presents the incompressible Euler equations for a variable density fluid system as governing equations, and the free surface is captured as a contact discontinuity in density field. Furthermore, due to its convience for treating moving solid boundary by updating a few cut cells locally, Cartesian cut cell mesh system is taken to discrete computational domain. On this basis, a centered finite volume method is adopted for numerical calculation. Therein, Roe's approximate Riemann solver is used to obtain numerical flux on edge of fluid cell, where fluid variables are reconstructed by a piecewise linear expression. Then a least-square method is employed to calculate variable gradients, and limiter is introduced to restrict the false vibration near discontinuity solution. Besides this, the flux on solid boundary is computed by using exact Riemann discontinuous solution. Splitting scheme is used to eliminate the effect of discontinuity of static pressure variable on the calculation of pressure gradient. Dual-time stepping technique with artificial compressibility method is applied for time advancing. A full body-fluid coupled method is taken into account for extending the method to the free-falling water entry problem of rigid body. Four test cases (2D rigid wedge and circle section entering water with a constant velocity, and free-falling water entry models for wedge and ship section) are calculated to verify the efficiency and applicability of the above method.
By the present method, synchronous water entry model of twin cylinders is solved. The results show that the interaction of twin cylinders has obvious influence on pressure distribution and hydrodynamic. Futhermore, it can be found that radius, distance and entry velocity of twin cylinders can affect the interaction. Then according to the three parameters, various different numerical tests for synchronous water entry of twin cylinders are designed. At different water entry phases, analytical expressions of Normal and Weibull distribution are numerically fitted to estimate the additional hydrodynamic on a cylinder. Finally, two arbitrary water entry models of twin cylinders are created to verify the analytical expressions and the results are satisfactory in engineering precision, thus the analytical expressions can be applied in the evaluation of additional hydrodynamic in practical water entry problem of twin cylinders. The above way can also be applied in the water entry problem of multi-bodies.
In combination with the theories of a piston-type wave-making and sponge damping wave-absorbing, the present method of this paper is used to implement numerical wave flume. Then the effect of wave parameters (wave height, wave period, wave phase versus cylinder touching free surface, and so on) on the hydrodynamic is analyzed. By introducing the influence of wire tension into the motion equation of cylinder, water entry model of cylinder in wave by lifting operation is numerically simulated. Finally, according to various parameters of cylinder and wave, the tension variation of wire and motion characteristic of cylinder under different working conditions are mainly studied.
In this section, finite element theory about rigid frame structure is taken to analyze the structural response. On the other hand, the present method is applied in calculation of fluid variables. Futhermore, the above two methods are combined by single-direction coupled method to deal with the hydroelastic problems. Free-falling water entry models of elastic wedge are numerically computed and the results are compared with experimental data to show the feasibility and validaty of the above method. Finally, the effects of different water entry parameters on global motion and local deformation of elastic wedge are discussed.
In order to dynamicly simulate longitudinal gravity launching of a hull along a slipway, CFD software Fluent is used to calculate fluid variables. On the basis, the VC codes about 3D motion equations of ship launching are programmed for secondary development.159 000t oil carrier is taken for numerical example, and it can be found from the results that current method is available and feasible for the calculation of ship launching. Finally, based on the forebody of 298 OOOt oil ship launching from H3 slipway, the influence of various parameters of slipway and hull on motion of ship is studied and some meaningful conclusions are proposed to guide the practical engineering design.
引文
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