中国明对虾丝氨酸蛋白酶、活性氧的产生与消除及其半胱氨酸蛋白酶研究
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摘要
中国明对虾是重要的经济水产养殖物种,主要分布于黄海和渤海。最近对虾的养殖受到各种微生物的干扰,包括白斑综合症病毒,黄头病毒和陶拉病毒在内的比较严重的对虾病毒。和许多无脊椎动物一样,中国明对虾没有获得性免疫系统,只有先天免疫系统。先天免疫包括细胞免疫和体液免疫。细胞免疫主要有包被,吞噬和结节的形成。体液免疫则包括血液凝集,抗菌肽的合成和酚氧化酶原的活化。酚氧化酶原的活化可以导致黑色素的生成。在黑色素生成的同时,还会产生副产物活性氧自由基。吞噬作用,作为一种细胞免疫,主要由血细胞完成,在抵御外界微生物中起到重要的作用。血细胞可以产生活性氧自由基,例如超氧阴离子,羟自由基和过氧化氢,这些活性分子在感染的组织中含量很高,具有杀灭细菌的作用。因为高水平的活性氧对宿主的细胞产生毒害作用,有机体在长期的进化中,发展出了不同的策略,以减少活性氧自由基对机体的负面影响。在本论文中,我们主要关注的是对虾的丝氨酸蛋白酶,和酚氧化酶原的活化有关。我们还关注了对虾的硫氧还蛋白,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和谷胱甘肽转移酶和脂肪酸结合蛋白,在活性氧自由基的清除中起到重要的作用。另外,我们还研究了两个半胱氨酸蛋白酶,可能参与了对虾的先天免疫。
一.中国明对虾丝氨酸蛋白酶及其同系物对弧菌的感染的免疫应答
发夹结构域的丝氨酸蛋白酶和同系物参与了无脊椎动物的先天免疫,包括血淋巴凝集,抗菌肽合成,细胞黏附和黑化反应。模式识别受体识别病原相关分子模式,启动丝氨酸蛋白酶级联反应。我们从中国明对虾中克隆到了一个丝氨酸蛋白酶和一个该蛋白酶的同系物基因。丝氨酸蛋白酶和同系物都含有一个位于N-端的发夹结构域和羧基端的丝氨酸蛋白酶或者丝氨酸蛋白酶样结构域。与丝氨酸蛋白酶不同,同系物缺少了一个催化残基,丧失了催化功能。我们研究了这两个基因的组织分布,并研究了其在血细胞,肝胰腺和肠中受到弧菌刺激表达模式的变化。原位杂交结果显示,丝氨酸蛋白酶在鳃和血细胞中可以检测到阳性信号,在鳃中的信号主要来自于血细胞。在正常对虾中,丝氨酸蛋白酶同系物在蛋白水平上主要分布于鳃和胃中。免疫印迹显示,在鳃和胃中可以检测到丝氨酸蛋白酶的两条带。丝氨酸蛋白酶在正常对虾组织中有部分被活化,同系物在正常对虾中处于非活化状态,只有在受到弧菌刺激后,才部分被活化。我们的研究结果表明,中国明对虾的丝氨酸蛋白酶和其同系物可能在中国明对虾的先天免疫中起到定的作用。
二.中国明对虾硒依赖的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和两个谷胱甘肽转移酶
谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPxs)是细胞解毒系统的必要组分,可以防御活性氧自由基(ROSs)对机体造成的损伤。在中国明对虾中克隆到了两个谷胱甘肽转移酶基因,一个命名为FcMuGST,另一个命名为FcThetaGS。在中国明对虾中,还克隆到了一个硒谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Se-GPx)。多重序列比对显示,来自不同物种的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶或者谷胱甘肽转移酶,对酶活性必须的氨基酸残基是保守的。用RT-PCR的方法研究了这三个基因的组织分布,和受到病原刺激的变化。结果显示,FcMuGST和]FcGPx转录本在受到弧菌感染后上调,FcThetaGST在转录水平上受到弧菌刺激后变化不大。在鳃中,GPx活性在受到弧菌刺激6h后上调,从6到12h维持在相对高的水平。在肝胰腺和肠中,总的GST活性受到细菌刺激后6h上调,从12到24h逐渐恢复到正常水平。这三个基因在解毒防御中起到重要的作用。FcMuGST主要负责清除因细菌刺激产生的ROS,而FcThetaGST负责内源有毒物质的清除。三.中国明对虾硫氧还蛋白在白斑综合症病毒感染后的变化
硫氧还蛋白(TRX)参与细胞的氧还原调控,维持细胞蛋白处于还原状态。我们从中国明对虾中鉴定了一个硫氧还蛋白基因,命名为FcTRX。该基因全长含有777 bp核苷酸,包括一个60 bp 5’非翻译区(UTR),一个318 bp开放阅读框(ORF),编码105个氨基酸的蛋白,一个399 bp 3’UTR。FcTRX含有一个TRX结构域,在该结构域内,有一个保守的基序(CGPC)。SMART分析显示,该蛋白不含有信号肽。FcTRX的分子量和等电点分别为12 kDa和4.62。FcTRX是一个广泛分布的基因,其nRNA在血细胞,心,肝胰腺,鳃,胃和肠中可以检测到,在肝胰腺中表达水平最高,受到白斑病毒刺激12h后,在肝胰腺中表达水平降到最低。在鳃中,受白斑病毒刺激后6h,达到最高水平。免疫印迹结果显示,在肝胰腺中,FcTRX蛋白在受到白斑病毒刺激2到12 h下调,然后恢复到正常水平。在鳃中,从6到24 h,该蛋白逐渐升高。中国明对虾的硫氧还蛋白在抗白斑病毒中起到一定的作用。四.中国明对虾脂肪酸结合蛋白
脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABP)参与了脂肪酸代谢。FABPs,属于脂质结合蛋白超家族,在脂肪酸代谢中发挥重要的作用,同时参与了脊椎动物的先天免疫。从中国明对虾的肝胰腺中克隆到了脂肪酸结合蛋白基因,命名为FcFABP,大小715bp,编码一个14 kDa蛋白。FcFABP是一个碱性脂肪酸结合蛋白,等电点为9.16。和脊椎动物,无脊椎动物的脂肪酸结合蛋白都有相似性。进化树分析显示,中国明对虾的脂肪酸结合蛋白和凡纳对虾的脂肪酸结合蛋白属于一个分支。FcFABP在肝胰腺中表达,受到白斑病毒刺激上调表达。但是,在受到弧菌刺激后却下调表达。重组表达的蛋白还具有细菌结合活性。我们的研究显示,该脂肪酸代谢相关的蛋白可能参与了对虾的先天免疫。五.中国明对虾两个半胱氨酸蛋白酶
组织蛋白酶L (CathL) and legumain/天冬酰胺内肽酶(AEP)是两种半胱氨酸蛋白酶(CPs).在中国明对虾中克隆到了两个半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因,命名为,FcCathL和FcLegu。FcCathL蛋白含有一个信号肽,一个Inhibitor_I29结构域和一个Pept_C1结构域。FcLegu蛋白含有一个信号肽和一个Peptidase_C13结构域。FcCathL和FcLegu mRNA在正常对虾中,主要表达于肝胰腺中。FcCathL在胃和肠中受到弧菌刺激24h后也可以检测到。在白斑病毒刺激后12h对虾的肝胰腺中,FcCathL受上调表达。在受到弧菌刺激的肝胰腺中,与对照没有统计学上的差异。FcLegu mRNA在肝胰腺中受弧菌刺激下调。受到白斑病毒刺激后,FcLegu从2到6h,首先下调,然后从12到24h逐渐恢复。FcCathL蛋白在血细胞,肝胰腺,鳃,胃和肠中都可以检测到。免疫印迹显示,在某些组织中,可以检测到三条带,分别代表组织蛋白酶L的前体形式,单链形式和成熟的双链形式。在鳃中,还可以检测到另一条带。在胃中,只有在受到白斑病毒刺激24h后,才可以检测到组织蛋白酶L成熟的双链形式。在肠中,受白斑病毒或者弧菌刺激24h后都可以检测到双链形式。在血细胞中,只能检测到前体的酶,受到弧菌或者病毒刺激后,有所上调。在肠和鳃中,单链形式受弧菌和病毒上调。在胃中,只有在受到白斑病毒刺激后,单链形式上调。在所有检测的组织中,FcLegu蛋白都可以检测到。在肝胰腺中,只能检测到FcLegu蛋白的前体形式。在其它检测的组织中,只能检测到活性形式。在胃和鳃中,该蛋白受到弧菌和病毒刺激后下调。我们首次报道了中国明对虾的两个半胱氨酸蛋白酶在中国明对虾中可能的免疫防御功能
In China, Chinese white shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis) was an economically important cultivation and was mainly distributed in Yellow and Bo sea. Recently, the cultivation of F. chinensis has been beset with serious problems linked to the viral outbreak such as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), yellow head virus (YHV), and Taura syndrome virus (TSV), which have been regarded as the most serious shrimp viruses. Like most arthropods, shrimp relies on innate immunity. Innate immunity includes cellular and humoral responses. Cellular responses includes encapsulation, phagocytosis, and nodule formation while humoral responses include clotting, synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, and activation of the prophenoloxidase (proPO) system. Activation of proPO can induce the production of melanin. During the process of melanin synthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) is also produced as byproducts. Phagocytosis, as one of the cellular immunity, primarily by hemocytes, have important role in combating infection. Hemocytes kill invading bacteria through the production of large amounts of ROS, such as superoxide anion (02·-), hydroxyl radical (OH·) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which become abundant in inflamed tissues following respiratory bursts in response to bacterial challenge. Because high levels of ROS can cause cytotoxicity to host cells, organisms have evolved different strategies for coping with the negative reactions of ROS. In this paper, we mainly focused on the shrimp serine proteases related to the proPO activation and we are also interesting in shrimp thioredoxin, GPx, GST and FABP, which function in the clearance of ROS. In addition, we study another two cystein protease, which may participation of shrimp innate immunity.
1. Clip domain serine protease and its homolog respond to Vibrio challenge in Chinese white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis
Clip domain serine proteases and their homologs are involved in invertebrate innate immunity, including hemolymph coagulation, antimicrobial peptide synthesis, cell adhesion, and melanization. Recognition of pathogens by pattern recognition receptors can trigger activation of a serine protease cascade. We report here the cDNA cloning of a serine protease (FcSP) and a serine protease homolog (FcSPH) from Chinese white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Both FcSP and FcSPH possess a clip domain at the N-terminal and an SP or SP-like domain at the C-terminal. In contrast to FcSP, FcSPH lacks a catalytic residue and is catalytically inactive. Tissue distribution and time course qRT-PCR analysis indicates that FcSP and FcSPH can respond to Vibrio anguillarum challenge in hemocytes, hepatopancreas and intestine. In situ hybridization analysis shows that FcSP is distributed in hemocytes and gills, and originated mainly from the hemocytes. FcSPH protein is expressed in gills and stomach of non-challenged shrimp. Its expression in gill mainly originates from the hemocytes in it. Two immunoreactive bands of FcSP can be detected in gills and stomach of non-challenged shrimp. FcSP protein is partially cleaved in non-challenged shrimp, while FcSPH protein is unprocessed in unchallenged shrimp and is partially cleaved after V. anguillarum challenge. Our results suggest that this Clip domain serine protease and its homolog may be involved in the serine protease cascade and play an important role in innate immunity of the shrimp.
2. A selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) and two glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) from Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) are essential components of cellular detoxification systems that defend cells against reactive oxygen species (ROSs). Two GSTgenes have recently been cloned from Fenneropenaeus chinensis and BLAST P analysis shows that one GST, designated FcMuGST, is similar to members of MuGST while the other has similarities to ThetaGST (FcThetaGST). A selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) has also been cloned from F. chinensis. The alignment of the deduced GST and GPx amino acid sequences with those from other species showed that the residues essential for enzymatic function of these three proteins are highly conserved. Tissue distribution and response to pathogens for the three genes was investigated by RT-PCR analysis, which showed that the transcript of FcMuGST and FcGPx increased in response to Vibrio anguillarum infection, while FcThetaGST showed little change at the transcript level. GPx activity in gill tissues quickly increased at 6 h after V. anguillarum challenge and maintained at a relatively high level from 6 h to 24 h. Total GST activity in hepatopancreas and intestines of the bacterial challenged shrimp was increased at 6 h, and gradually recovered from 12 and 24 h to the normal level. These three genes were all predicted to play an important role in detoxification defense reactions. FcMuGST primarily scavenges excess ROS produced after bacterial infection, while clearance of endogenous hydrophobic electrophile molecules was mainly dependent on activities of FcThetaGST.
3. A thioredoxin response to the WSSV challenge on the Chinese white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis
Thioredoxin (TRX) is involved in cell redox homeostasis. In addition, it is responsible for maintaining proteins in their reduced state. In our study, a Fenneropenaeus chinensis thioredoxin (FcTRX) gene was identified from the Chinese white shrimp. The full length of FcTRX was 777 bp, including a 60 bp 5'untranslated region (UTR), a 318 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 105amino acids protein, and a 399 bp 3'UTR. FcTRX contained a TRX domain with a conserved motif of Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys (CGPC). No signal peptide was predicted by SMART analysis. The molecular mass and pI of FcTRX were 12 kDa and 4.62, respectively. FcTRX is awidely distributed gene, and its mRNA is detected in hemocytes, hearts, hepatopancreas, gills, stomach, and intestine from an unchallenged shrimp. The expression level of FcTRX was the highest in hepatopancreas, where it was down-regulated to the lowest level at 12 h white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge. In the gills, itwent up to the highest level at 6 h. Western blot showed that FcTRX protein in hepatopancreas challengedwithWSSV was down-regulated from2 h to 12 h and then restored to the level similar to that of unchallenged shrimp at 24 h. In the gills challenged with WSSV, the FcTRX protein was up-regulated from 6 h to 24 h. Our research indicated its possible role in the anti-WSSV innate immunity of shrimps.
4. A fatty acid binding protein (FcFABP) respond to microbial infection in Chinese white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis
Fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) are involved in lipid metabolism. FABPs, members of the lipid-binding protein superfamily, play an important role in lipid metabolism and also participate in vertebrate innate immunity. A cDNA of FABP (FcFABP) cloned from the hepatopancreas of the shrimp was 715 bp in size and encoded a 14 kDa protein. FcFABP appeared to be a basic fatty acid binding protein with a predicted isoelectric point of 9.16. It showed sequence similarity to both vertebrate and invertebrate FABPs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that FcFABP, together with LvFABP, were clustered into one group. FcFABP was detected mainly in the hepatopancreas and expression level increased after a challenge with WSSV. FcFABP was down-regulated by V. anguillarum challenge. The protein also had bacterial binding activity. This lipid metabolism related proteins may play important roles in shrimp innate immunity.
5. Two Cysteine Proteinases respond to Bacterial and WSSV Challenge in Chinese white shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis
Cathepsin L (CathL) and legumain/asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) are two kinds of cysteine proteases (CPs). The cDNAs encoding CathL and legumain from Chinese white shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis (FcCathL, FcLegu) were obtained. FcCathL protein includes a signal peptide, an Inhibitor_I29 domain and a Pept_C1 domain. FcLegu protein has a signal peptide and a Peptidase_C13 domain. Both FcCathL and FcLegu mRNA were expressed mainly in the hepatopancreas of unchallenged shrimp. FcCathL was also detected in the stomach and intestine post 24 h Vibrio anguillarum challenge. Time-course analysis of FcCathL showed that FcCathL was up-regulated in the hepatopancreas of shrimp challenged with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) at 12 h. There was no significant difference in the statistical analysis post Vibrio challenge. FcLegu mRNA in hepatopancreas was down-regulated by Vibrio. FcLegu transcript first declined from 2 h to 6 h and then recovered from 12 h to 24 h in hepatopancreas challenged with WSSV. FcCathL protein was detected in the hemocytes, hepatopancreas, gill, stomach, and intestine of unchallenged shrimp. Three bands of FcCathL protein detected in some tissues may represent preproenzyme, single chain and mature double chain form respectively. An additional band could be detected only in gills. Mature double chain of FcCathL could be detected in stomach only in shrimp challenged with WSSV for 24 h and in intestine post 24 challenge with V. anguillarum or WSSV. In hemocytes, only preproenzyme of FcCathL could be detected and it was up-regulated by Vibrio or WSSV. In intestine and gills, single chain of FcCathL was upregulated by Vibrio or WSSV. In stomach, FcCathL single chain was upregulated only by WSSV. FcLegu protein was detected in all detected tissues. In hepatopancreas, FcLegu was detected in the proenzyme form. In other tissues, only active form could be detected. The protein of FcLegu was down-regulated by Vibrio or WSSV challenge in the stomach and gills. FcCathL and FcLegu were proposed to play a role in shrimp innate immunity for the first time.
一.中国明对虾丝氨酸蛋白酶及其同系物对弧菌的感染的免疫应答
发夹结构域的丝氨酸蛋白酶和同系物参与了无脊椎动物的先天免疫,包括血淋巴凝集,抗菌肽合成,细胞黏附和黑化反应。模式识别受体识别病原相关分子模式,启动丝氨酸蛋白酶级联反应。我们从中国明对虾中克隆到了一个丝氨酸蛋白酶和一个该蛋白酶的同系物基因。丝氨酸蛋白酶和同系物都含有一个位于N-端的发夹结构域和羧基端的丝氨酸蛋白酶或者丝氨酸蛋白酶样结构域。与丝氨酸蛋白酶不同,同系物缺少了一个催化残基,丧失了催化功能。我们研究了这两个基因的组织分布,并研究了其在血细胞,肝胰腺和肠中受到弧菌刺激表达模式的变化。原位杂交结果显示,丝氨酸蛋白酶在鳃和血细胞中可以检测到阳性信号,在鳃中的信号主要来自于血细胞。在正常对虾中,丝氨酸蛋白酶同系物在蛋白水平上主要分布于鳃和胃中。免疫印迹显示,在鳃和胃中可以检测到丝氨酸蛋白酶的两条带。丝氨酸蛋白酶在正常对虾组织中有部分被活化,同系物在正常对虾中处于非活化状态,只有在受到弧菌刺激后,才部分被活化。我们的研究结果表明,中国明对虾的丝氨酸蛋白酶和其同系物可能在中国明对虾的先天免疫中起到定的作用。
二.中国明对虾硒依赖的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和两个谷胱甘肽转移酶
谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPxs)是细胞解毒系统的必要组分,可以防御活性氧自由基(ROSs)对机体造成的损伤。在中国明对虾中克隆到了两个谷胱甘肽转移酶基因,一个命名为FcMuGST,另一个命名为FcThetaGS。在中国明对虾中,还克隆到了一个硒谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Se-GPx)。多重序列比对显示,来自不同物种的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶或者谷胱甘肽转移酶,对酶活性必须的氨基酸残基是保守的。用RT-PCR的方法研究了这三个基因的组织分布,和受到病原刺激的变化。结果显示,FcMuGST和]FcGPx转录本在受到弧菌感染后上调,FcThetaGST在转录水平上受到弧菌刺激后变化不大。在鳃中,GPx活性在受到弧菌刺激6h后上调,从6到12h维持在相对高的水平。在肝胰腺和肠中,总的GST活性受到细菌刺激后6h上调,从12到24h逐渐恢复到正常水平。这三个基因在解毒防御中起到重要的作用。FcMuGST主要负责清除因细菌刺激产生的ROS,而FcThetaGST负责内源有毒物质的清除。三.中国明对虾硫氧还蛋白在白斑综合症病毒感染后的变化
硫氧还蛋白(TRX)参与细胞的氧还原调控,维持细胞蛋白处于还原状态。我们从中国明对虾中鉴定了一个硫氧还蛋白基因,命名为FcTRX。该基因全长含有777 bp核苷酸,包括一个60 bp 5’非翻译区(UTR),一个318 bp开放阅读框(ORF),编码105个氨基酸的蛋白,一个399 bp 3’UTR。FcTRX含有一个TRX结构域,在该结构域内,有一个保守的基序(CGPC)。SMART分析显示,该蛋白不含有信号肽。FcTRX的分子量和等电点分别为12 kDa和4.62。FcTRX是一个广泛分布的基因,其nRNA在血细胞,心,肝胰腺,鳃,胃和肠中可以检测到,在肝胰腺中表达水平最高,受到白斑病毒刺激12h后,在肝胰腺中表达水平降到最低。在鳃中,受白斑病毒刺激后6h,达到最高水平。免疫印迹结果显示,在肝胰腺中,FcTRX蛋白在受到白斑病毒刺激2到12 h下调,然后恢复到正常水平。在鳃中,从6到24 h,该蛋白逐渐升高。中国明对虾的硫氧还蛋白在抗白斑病毒中起到一定的作用。四.中国明对虾脂肪酸结合蛋白
脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABP)参与了脂肪酸代谢。FABPs,属于脂质结合蛋白超家族,在脂肪酸代谢中发挥重要的作用,同时参与了脊椎动物的先天免疫。从中国明对虾的肝胰腺中克隆到了脂肪酸结合蛋白基因,命名为FcFABP,大小715bp,编码一个14 kDa蛋白。FcFABP是一个碱性脂肪酸结合蛋白,等电点为9.16。和脊椎动物,无脊椎动物的脂肪酸结合蛋白都有相似性。进化树分析显示,中国明对虾的脂肪酸结合蛋白和凡纳对虾的脂肪酸结合蛋白属于一个分支。FcFABP在肝胰腺中表达,受到白斑病毒刺激上调表达。但是,在受到弧菌刺激后却下调表达。重组表达的蛋白还具有细菌结合活性。我们的研究显示,该脂肪酸代谢相关的蛋白可能参与了对虾的先天免疫。五.中国明对虾两个半胱氨酸蛋白酶
组织蛋白酶L (CathL) and legumain/天冬酰胺内肽酶(AEP)是两种半胱氨酸蛋白酶(CPs).在中国明对虾中克隆到了两个半胱氨酸蛋白酶基因,命名为,FcCathL和FcLegu。FcCathL蛋白含有一个信号肽,一个Inhibitor_I29结构域和一个Pept_C1结构域。FcLegu蛋白含有一个信号肽和一个Peptidase_C13结构域。FcCathL和FcLegu mRNA在正常对虾中,主要表达于肝胰腺中。FcCathL在胃和肠中受到弧菌刺激24h后也可以检测到。在白斑病毒刺激后12h对虾的肝胰腺中,FcCathL受上调表达。在受到弧菌刺激的肝胰腺中,与对照没有统计学上的差异。FcLegu mRNA在肝胰腺中受弧菌刺激下调。受到白斑病毒刺激后,FcLegu从2到6h,首先下调,然后从12到24h逐渐恢复。FcCathL蛋白在血细胞,肝胰腺,鳃,胃和肠中都可以检测到。免疫印迹显示,在某些组织中,可以检测到三条带,分别代表组织蛋白酶L的前体形式,单链形式和成熟的双链形式。在鳃中,还可以检测到另一条带。在胃中,只有在受到白斑病毒刺激24h后,才可以检测到组织蛋白酶L成熟的双链形式。在肠中,受白斑病毒或者弧菌刺激24h后都可以检测到双链形式。在血细胞中,只能检测到前体的酶,受到弧菌或者病毒刺激后,有所上调。在肠和鳃中,单链形式受弧菌和病毒上调。在胃中,只有在受到白斑病毒刺激后,单链形式上调。在所有检测的组织中,FcLegu蛋白都可以检测到。在肝胰腺中,只能检测到FcLegu蛋白的前体形式。在其它检测的组织中,只能检测到活性形式。在胃和鳃中,该蛋白受到弧菌和病毒刺激后下调。我们首次报道了中国明对虾的两个半胱氨酸蛋白酶在中国明对虾中可能的免疫防御功能
In China, Chinese white shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis) was an economically important cultivation and was mainly distributed in Yellow and Bo sea. Recently, the cultivation of F. chinensis has been beset with serious problems linked to the viral outbreak such as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), yellow head virus (YHV), and Taura syndrome virus (TSV), which have been regarded as the most serious shrimp viruses. Like most arthropods, shrimp relies on innate immunity. Innate immunity includes cellular and humoral responses. Cellular responses includes encapsulation, phagocytosis, and nodule formation while humoral responses include clotting, synthesis of antimicrobial peptides, and activation of the prophenoloxidase (proPO) system. Activation of proPO can induce the production of melanin. During the process of melanin synthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) is also produced as byproducts. Phagocytosis, as one of the cellular immunity, primarily by hemocytes, have important role in combating infection. Hemocytes kill invading bacteria through the production of large amounts of ROS, such as superoxide anion (02·-), hydroxyl radical (OH·) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which become abundant in inflamed tissues following respiratory bursts in response to bacterial challenge. Because high levels of ROS can cause cytotoxicity to host cells, organisms have evolved different strategies for coping with the negative reactions of ROS. In this paper, we mainly focused on the shrimp serine proteases related to the proPO activation and we are also interesting in shrimp thioredoxin, GPx, GST and FABP, which function in the clearance of ROS. In addition, we study another two cystein protease, which may participation of shrimp innate immunity.
1. Clip domain serine protease and its homolog respond to Vibrio challenge in Chinese white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis
Clip domain serine proteases and their homologs are involved in invertebrate innate immunity, including hemolymph coagulation, antimicrobial peptide synthesis, cell adhesion, and melanization. Recognition of pathogens by pattern recognition receptors can trigger activation of a serine protease cascade. We report here the cDNA cloning of a serine protease (FcSP) and a serine protease homolog (FcSPH) from Chinese white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Both FcSP and FcSPH possess a clip domain at the N-terminal and an SP or SP-like domain at the C-terminal. In contrast to FcSP, FcSPH lacks a catalytic residue and is catalytically inactive. Tissue distribution and time course qRT-PCR analysis indicates that FcSP and FcSPH can respond to Vibrio anguillarum challenge in hemocytes, hepatopancreas and intestine. In situ hybridization analysis shows that FcSP is distributed in hemocytes and gills, and originated mainly from the hemocytes. FcSPH protein is expressed in gills and stomach of non-challenged shrimp. Its expression in gill mainly originates from the hemocytes in it. Two immunoreactive bands of FcSP can be detected in gills and stomach of non-challenged shrimp. FcSP protein is partially cleaved in non-challenged shrimp, while FcSPH protein is unprocessed in unchallenged shrimp and is partially cleaved after V. anguillarum challenge. Our results suggest that this Clip domain serine protease and its homolog may be involved in the serine protease cascade and play an important role in innate immunity of the shrimp.
2. A selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) and two glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) from Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) are essential components of cellular detoxification systems that defend cells against reactive oxygen species (ROSs). Two GSTgenes have recently been cloned from Fenneropenaeus chinensis and BLAST P analysis shows that one GST, designated FcMuGST, is similar to members of MuGST while the other has similarities to ThetaGST (FcThetaGST). A selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) has also been cloned from F. chinensis. The alignment of the deduced GST and GPx amino acid sequences with those from other species showed that the residues essential for enzymatic function of these three proteins are highly conserved. Tissue distribution and response to pathogens for the three genes was investigated by RT-PCR analysis, which showed that the transcript of FcMuGST and FcGPx increased in response to Vibrio anguillarum infection, while FcThetaGST showed little change at the transcript level. GPx activity in gill tissues quickly increased at 6 h after V. anguillarum challenge and maintained at a relatively high level from 6 h to 24 h. Total GST activity in hepatopancreas and intestines of the bacterial challenged shrimp was increased at 6 h, and gradually recovered from 12 and 24 h to the normal level. These three genes were all predicted to play an important role in detoxification defense reactions. FcMuGST primarily scavenges excess ROS produced after bacterial infection, while clearance of endogenous hydrophobic electrophile molecules was mainly dependent on activities of FcThetaGST.
3. A thioredoxin response to the WSSV challenge on the Chinese white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis
Thioredoxin (TRX) is involved in cell redox homeostasis. In addition, it is responsible for maintaining proteins in their reduced state. In our study, a Fenneropenaeus chinensis thioredoxin (FcTRX) gene was identified from the Chinese white shrimp. The full length of FcTRX was 777 bp, including a 60 bp 5'untranslated region (UTR), a 318 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 105amino acids protein, and a 399 bp 3'UTR. FcTRX contained a TRX domain with a conserved motif of Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys (CGPC). No signal peptide was predicted by SMART analysis. The molecular mass and pI of FcTRX were 12 kDa and 4.62, respectively. FcTRX is awidely distributed gene, and its mRNA is detected in hemocytes, hearts, hepatopancreas, gills, stomach, and intestine from an unchallenged shrimp. The expression level of FcTRX was the highest in hepatopancreas, where it was down-regulated to the lowest level at 12 h white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge. In the gills, itwent up to the highest level at 6 h. Western blot showed that FcTRX protein in hepatopancreas challengedwithWSSV was down-regulated from2 h to 12 h and then restored to the level similar to that of unchallenged shrimp at 24 h. In the gills challenged with WSSV, the FcTRX protein was up-regulated from 6 h to 24 h. Our research indicated its possible role in the anti-WSSV innate immunity of shrimps.
4. A fatty acid binding protein (FcFABP) respond to microbial infection in Chinese white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis
Fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) are involved in lipid metabolism. FABPs, members of the lipid-binding protein superfamily, play an important role in lipid metabolism and also participate in vertebrate innate immunity. A cDNA of FABP (FcFABP) cloned from the hepatopancreas of the shrimp was 715 bp in size and encoded a 14 kDa protein. FcFABP appeared to be a basic fatty acid binding protein with a predicted isoelectric point of 9.16. It showed sequence similarity to both vertebrate and invertebrate FABPs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that FcFABP, together with LvFABP, were clustered into one group. FcFABP was detected mainly in the hepatopancreas and expression level increased after a challenge with WSSV. FcFABP was down-regulated by V. anguillarum challenge. The protein also had bacterial binding activity. This lipid metabolism related proteins may play important roles in shrimp innate immunity.
5. Two Cysteine Proteinases respond to Bacterial and WSSV Challenge in Chinese white shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis
Cathepsin L (CathL) and legumain/asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) are two kinds of cysteine proteases (CPs). The cDNAs encoding CathL and legumain from Chinese white shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis (FcCathL, FcLegu) were obtained. FcCathL protein includes a signal peptide, an Inhibitor_I29 domain and a Pept_C1 domain. FcLegu protein has a signal peptide and a Peptidase_C13 domain. Both FcCathL and FcLegu mRNA were expressed mainly in the hepatopancreas of unchallenged shrimp. FcCathL was also detected in the stomach and intestine post 24 h Vibrio anguillarum challenge. Time-course analysis of FcCathL showed that FcCathL was up-regulated in the hepatopancreas of shrimp challenged with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) at 12 h. There was no significant difference in the statistical analysis post Vibrio challenge. FcLegu mRNA in hepatopancreas was down-regulated by Vibrio. FcLegu transcript first declined from 2 h to 6 h and then recovered from 12 h to 24 h in hepatopancreas challenged with WSSV. FcCathL protein was detected in the hemocytes, hepatopancreas, gill, stomach, and intestine of unchallenged shrimp. Three bands of FcCathL protein detected in some tissues may represent preproenzyme, single chain and mature double chain form respectively. An additional band could be detected only in gills. Mature double chain of FcCathL could be detected in stomach only in shrimp challenged with WSSV for 24 h and in intestine post 24 challenge with V. anguillarum or WSSV. In hemocytes, only preproenzyme of FcCathL could be detected and it was up-regulated by Vibrio or WSSV. In intestine and gills, single chain of FcCathL was upregulated by Vibrio or WSSV. In stomach, FcCathL single chain was upregulated only by WSSV. FcLegu protein was detected in all detected tissues. In hepatopancreas, FcLegu was detected in the proenzyme form. In other tissues, only active form could be detected. The protein of FcLegu was down-regulated by Vibrio or WSSV challenge in the stomach and gills. FcCathL and FcLegu were proposed to play a role in shrimp innate immunity for the first time.
引文
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