微震空间自相关法在地下空间探测中的可行性研究
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摘要
利用环境背景噪声发展的微震勘查方法是一个非常便利又适合于常规地震方法很难去实现的区域,比如城市、环境易遭到破坏的区域,近年来此方法已经得到广泛的应用。但由于是利用随机噪声,该方法的精度问题一直受人们关注。本论文主要研究微震勘查法中的空间自相关法的勘探精度问题,探索该方法的精度改善技术路线。空间自相关法是基于利用小规模圆形地震仪排列的微震观测方法,用于探测地下S波速度构造的经济捷快方法,该方法自开发以来到目前为止主要在地震工程学的地层研究中应用,但是因为其精度上的问题该方法还属于普查法,还未引入到需要精密性较高的地下勘探工作中。这说明,在微震排列观测、地层参数反演等空间自相关法每个过程中依然存在不完善的地方,研究这些问题是本论文研究的主要工作。
本文从考察该方法中瑞雷波频散曲线正演及反演、微震观测及频散曲线提取等几个阶段入手,研究了一些造成偏差的原因和相应的措施。论文在第2章中简单考察一个瑞雷波频散曲线正演计算方法及其精度问题。在第3章中通过模型计算评价遗传算法在瑞雷频散曲线反演中的性能,并且探索克服其算法弱点的方法。本论文第4章中研究微震观测以及瑞雷波频散曲线提取工作中可能出现的误差和其特性,研究中主要采用模拟实验分析方法,这为本身带有被动性的空间自相关法偏差特性研究提供便利。通过模拟记录分析,可以给出一些在实际现场实验实验中不易发现的问题。
在瑞雷波相速度反演工作中,提出全局优化的遗传算法和局域搜索技术的联合思想、微震观测和人工波观测的配合方法等,提升了空间自相关法精度。
As a convenient survey method, the Microtremor Survey Method (MSM) that uses background ambient noise, is very suitable for surveying environment-sensitive areas such as urban. It has already found its broad application. Nevertheless, because of using ambient ground noise, the accuracy of that method still would not be able to compare with ordinary seismic method. This treatise mainly studies the problem of accuracy in the spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method-a kind of the MSM. The SPAC method detects underground S-wave velocity structure by using a small scale seismic circular array, it has been known as a very rapid and economized survey method. It has been mainly applied to the underground research work for earthquake engineering. But, because of low accuracy level of the results, the method has still not found its application in the high-grade survey work such as oil exploration. It means that there still exist some imperfect aspects to be study in each stage such as measuring and data processing in the SPAC method, and that it would be needed to introduce some useful schemes for to accomplish acculate survey under the random wave-fields. To solve the problems has become major objectives in this work.
In this treatise, attention was paid in every aspects of the method, such as the forward calculation & inversion of Rayleigh-wave dispersion curve, the measuring of microseism and extracting the phase velocity dispersion in order to find the origins of error and corresponding way from it. In Chapter 2, it discusses briefly a calculation method of Rayleigh-wave dispersion curve and its accuracy. In Chapter 3, it analyses some results of invertion using genetic algorithm and discusses a way of overcoming its weakness. The main works in Chapter 4 of this treatise are related with the study of errors and their properties which would occur in the courses of field observation and in the extracting of Rayleigh-wave dispersion from microtremor records, for such complicated study, this work mainly adopts simulated experiment method, it is found to be a convenient approach for the study of self-passive SPAC method. Through the simulated experiments and accompanied analyses, it become clear some important aspects of the method that could not distinguish through ordinary field experiment.
This paper shows some useful results and proposes such as joint inversion of the global optimizing GA with the LM algorithm in the local researching technique and the idea of the combination measurement of ambient noise with the measurement of waves from an active source in a given special direction, which would essentially improve the SPAC method.
Main results obtained through this study on SPAC method can be summarized as follows:
1) In SPAC method, there are three parts of implementation. Those are theprocedure of extracting of dispersion feature of Rayleigh-wave from the array recordsmicrotremors, the procedure of forward calculation of dispersion curve using theparameters of layered earth, and the procedure of inversion of ground layerparameters from the dispersion curve. Through the study, it can be accomplished thebases for carrying such procedures: the base of study on the estimation of dispersionby accomplishing the algorithm based Haskell's transfer matrix method; the base ofinversion calculation using GA and LM algorithm; and the numerical procedureextracting SPAC coefficients.
2) It presents some methodological issues for enhancing the accuracy in forward andinversion calculation of dispersion. It includes the estimation of phase velocity usingcurve-fitting and the idea of joint inversion of genetic algorithm in the globalsearching and LM algorithm in the local searching.
3) In this study, it introduces the technique of simulation of the array-based recordsmicrotremors. For the study of the deviation properties of the SPAC coefficientsestimates incurred by various conditions, it provides convenience.
4) By using the technique of simulated experiment, it can be able to obtain someattributes of deviation in SPAC coefficients estimates that is difficult to detect in fieldsurvey. Through the simulated experiments and accompanied analysis, it has beenmade clear the combined effect of finite array nature and azimuth-restricted waveincidence (directional aliasing) on the deviation of SPAC coefficients, and obtainedfigures exhibiting the structures of such deviations. And, it presents some usefulsuggests and implications for field survey, an important one in them is the suggestionof combination of the traditional measurement of microtremors with the additionalmeasurement of artificial seismic waves in the SPAC method, which will provide us apossibility to positively overcome the deviation in high frequency range of SPACcoefficient estimates which inccured in relation with random wave-field and limitedmumber of stations in array. In this paper, the effect of irregular installing of circulararray on the deviation of SPAC coefficients is exhibited in intuitive manner. It mainlycomes from radial irregularity. In the end of chapter 4, a particular consideration ismade on the deviation features occurred in the case of omni-directional waveincidence. Main attention is paid on the systematic deviation of SPAC coefficients inlow frequency ranges below its first minimum. This fact provides us a new view onthe SPAC method: provided that microseism sources are distributed in all azimuthes,the array measerved SPAC coefficients exhibits a definite deviation from the targetideal SPAC coefficients, which is not incurred by the directional aliasing effect andhas no relation with the mumber of stations in arrays. The deviation effect diminisheswith decreasing the azimuth range in which wave sources distributed, and so, whenthe sources restricted in a direction, the observed SPAC curves just closely coinside with the ideal Bessel curves. Although still having not plenty of field verification, the deviation property that has not yet discussed in earier studies seems to be worth of further study. Additionally is mentioned the problem of appropriate selection of array radius.
In brief, errors in the exploration works using SPAC method that would be incurred by various reasons would have their more deep interpretation through this study. It will give significant contribution for development and improvement of the method.
本文从考察该方法中瑞雷波频散曲线正演及反演、微震观测及频散曲线提取等几个阶段入手,研究了一些造成偏差的原因和相应的措施。论文在第2章中简单考察一个瑞雷波频散曲线正演计算方法及其精度问题。在第3章中通过模型计算评价遗传算法在瑞雷频散曲线反演中的性能,并且探索克服其算法弱点的方法。本论文第4章中研究微震观测以及瑞雷波频散曲线提取工作中可能出现的误差和其特性,研究中主要采用模拟实验分析方法,这为本身带有被动性的空间自相关法偏差特性研究提供便利。通过模拟记录分析,可以给出一些在实际现场实验实验中不易发现的问题。
在瑞雷波相速度反演工作中,提出全局优化的遗传算法和局域搜索技术的联合思想、微震观测和人工波观测的配合方法等,提升了空间自相关法精度。
As a convenient survey method, the Microtremor Survey Method (MSM) that uses background ambient noise, is very suitable for surveying environment-sensitive areas such as urban. It has already found its broad application. Nevertheless, because of using ambient ground noise, the accuracy of that method still would not be able to compare with ordinary seismic method. This treatise mainly studies the problem of accuracy in the spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method-a kind of the MSM. The SPAC method detects underground S-wave velocity structure by using a small scale seismic circular array, it has been known as a very rapid and economized survey method. It has been mainly applied to the underground research work for earthquake engineering. But, because of low accuracy level of the results, the method has still not found its application in the high-grade survey work such as oil exploration. It means that there still exist some imperfect aspects to be study in each stage such as measuring and data processing in the SPAC method, and that it would be needed to introduce some useful schemes for to accomplish acculate survey under the random wave-fields. To solve the problems has become major objectives in this work.
In this treatise, attention was paid in every aspects of the method, such as the forward calculation & inversion of Rayleigh-wave dispersion curve, the measuring of microseism and extracting the phase velocity dispersion in order to find the origins of error and corresponding way from it. In Chapter 2, it discusses briefly a calculation method of Rayleigh-wave dispersion curve and its accuracy. In Chapter 3, it analyses some results of invertion using genetic algorithm and discusses a way of overcoming its weakness. The main works in Chapter 4 of this treatise are related with the study of errors and their properties which would occur in the courses of field observation and in the extracting of Rayleigh-wave dispersion from microtremor records, for such complicated study, this work mainly adopts simulated experiment method, it is found to be a convenient approach for the study of self-passive SPAC method. Through the simulated experiments and accompanied analyses, it become clear some important aspects of the method that could not distinguish through ordinary field experiment.
This paper shows some useful results and proposes such as joint inversion of the global optimizing GA with the LM algorithm in the local researching technique and the idea of the combination measurement of ambient noise with the measurement of waves from an active source in a given special direction, which would essentially improve the SPAC method.
Main results obtained through this study on SPAC method can be summarized as follows:
1) In SPAC method, there are three parts of implementation. Those are theprocedure of extracting of dispersion feature of Rayleigh-wave from the array recordsmicrotremors, the procedure of forward calculation of dispersion curve using theparameters of layered earth, and the procedure of inversion of ground layerparameters from the dispersion curve. Through the study, it can be accomplished thebases for carrying such procedures: the base of study on the estimation of dispersionby accomplishing the algorithm based Haskell's transfer matrix method; the base ofinversion calculation using GA and LM algorithm; and the numerical procedureextracting SPAC coefficients.
2) It presents some methodological issues for enhancing the accuracy in forward andinversion calculation of dispersion. It includes the estimation of phase velocity usingcurve-fitting and the idea of joint inversion of genetic algorithm in the globalsearching and LM algorithm in the local searching.
3) In this study, it introduces the technique of simulation of the array-based recordsmicrotremors. For the study of the deviation properties of the SPAC coefficientsestimates incurred by various conditions, it provides convenience.
4) By using the technique of simulated experiment, it can be able to obtain someattributes of deviation in SPAC coefficients estimates that is difficult to detect in fieldsurvey. Through the simulated experiments and accompanied analysis, it has beenmade clear the combined effect of finite array nature and azimuth-restricted waveincidence (directional aliasing) on the deviation of SPAC coefficients, and obtainedfigures exhibiting the structures of such deviations. And, it presents some usefulsuggests and implications for field survey, an important one in them is the suggestionof combination of the traditional measurement of microtremors with the additionalmeasurement of artificial seismic waves in the SPAC method, which will provide us apossibility to positively overcome the deviation in high frequency range of SPACcoefficient estimates which inccured in relation with random wave-field and limitedmumber of stations in array. In this paper, the effect of irregular installing of circulararray on the deviation of SPAC coefficients is exhibited in intuitive manner. It mainlycomes from radial irregularity. In the end of chapter 4, a particular consideration ismade on the deviation features occurred in the case of omni-directional waveincidence. Main attention is paid on the systematic deviation of SPAC coefficients inlow frequency ranges below its first minimum. This fact provides us a new view onthe SPAC method: provided that microseism sources are distributed in all azimuthes,the array measerved SPAC coefficients exhibits a definite deviation from the targetideal SPAC coefficients, which is not incurred by the directional aliasing effect andhas no relation with the mumber of stations in arrays. The deviation effect diminisheswith decreasing the azimuth range in which wave sources distributed, and so, whenthe sources restricted in a direction, the observed SPAC curves just closely coinside with the ideal Bessel curves. Although still having not plenty of field verification, the deviation property that has not yet discussed in earier studies seems to be worth of further study. Additionally is mentioned the problem of appropriate selection of array radius.
In brief, errors in the exploration works using SPAC method that would be incurred by various reasons would have their more deep interpretation through this study. It will give significant contribution for development and improvement of the method.
引文
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