城市居民能源消费行为研究
|
摘要
能源对国家的经济发展和人民的生活有重要的影响。随着社会的发展进步,经济的不断增长,能源问题越来越受到世界的普遍关注。近年来我国居民能源消费量快速递增,成为能源消耗的主要增长点;同时我国正处于社会转型时期,城乡结构和居民消费结构的变化对我国未来的能源消费和生态环境保护将产生重要影响。为应对这些挑战,居民能源消费亟待科学地加以引导。以往关于居民能源问题的研究,往往聚焦于政府行为或者技术节能,忽视了居民在能源消费上的主体作用。另外,由于研究者研究领域的不同,研究中侧重的角度不同,对居民能源消费行为的研究不够全面,国内此类研究还很有限。
针对以上背景,本研究设定了三个研究目标:(1)筛选并分类我国城市居民能源消费行为及其影响因素。(2)确定各种因素对居民实施能源消费行为的影响与作用。(3)验证情境结构因素对个人特征因素与能源消费行为关系的调节作用。三个目标逐步解析了各种影响因素对城市居民能源消费行为的作用机理以及构建起城市居民能源消费行为模型,从而为相关市政部门制定促进居民节能减排的政策法规提供决策参考。
本研究将我国居民能源消费行为划分为选择性能源消费行为和习惯性能源消费行为两类,习惯性能源消费行为具体包括家庭能源行为、公共场所能源行为和交通能源行为三类;从个体、家庭和环境三个层次归纳城市居民能源消费行为的影响因素:个人特征因素、生活方式因素和情境结构因素。调查研究以大连为例,选取大连市城市居民作为研究对象,采用文献探讨、访谈和问卷调查等方式构建研究架构和获取调研数据;主要得到三组结论:
(1)不同的习惯性能源消费行为和选择性能源消费行为的主要影响因素存在差异;个人特征因素中关注度、责任感、能源知识和生态中心价值观与三种习惯能源消费行为都相关;生活方式因素之习惯心理与三种习惯性能源消费行为均不显著相关;个人特征因素中责任感、购买知识和经济中心价值观与四种选择性能源消费行为相关;生活方式因素中家庭结构与四种选择性能源消费行为相关,情境结构因素中的政策法规与两类能源消费行为均不相关。
(2)个人特征因素对习惯性能源消费行为的预测力最大,情境结构因素对选择性能源消费行为的预测力最大;
(3)情境结构因素既是能源消费行为的影响因素又是个人特征因素对能源消费行为影响力的调节变量;对于习惯性能源消费行为,实施该行为是否方便省时是最重要的调节变量:而对于选择性能源消费行为,宣传教育和社会规范的力量是最重要的调节变量。而宣传及社会规范的调节作用对两类能源消费行为都具有普遍效果。
本研究理论贡献在于开发本领域研究的中国本土化测量量表,解决目前国内此类研究不足、缺乏本土化测量工具的问题;综合微观和宏观研究视角,吸收社会心理学、社会学的研究所长,归纳总结出城市居民能源消费行为的影响因素集;构建居民能源消费行为模型,深刻剖析行为的形成机理,考察行为的驱动力和行为改变的原因,有助于基础性研究成果转化为对管理政策制定的应用性指导。
本研究的实践意义在于发现我国居民能源消费行为引导政策的缺失,提出尽快出台具有针对性的引导政策;证实了能源知识、道德责任感和价值观和社会宣传及规范对各类能源消费行为具有重要作用,提出通过宣传教育,建立有益环境的公民责任感和价值观,形成正确的社会规范;证明了家庭层面的因素对我国居民能源消费行为的重要影响,从而指出重视家庭的作用,倡导绿色家庭,培养节能的生活习惯和方式:验证了创造利于居民实施能源消费行为的“情境”的重要意义。
Energy has great impact on national economic development and people's life. With the social advance and economic continuous development, energy problem has more and more attracted extensive attention worldwide. In recent years residential energy consumption in our country has increased rapidly and become a key growth point for energy consumption. Now China is in the social transition period, when the changes of urban and rural structure and residential consumption structure have an important influence on the future energy consumption and environmental protection. To meet these challenges, residential energy consumption should be guided scientifically. The past studies in this field always focused on government behavior or conservation by technologies, while ignored the principal part of residents on the issue of energy consumption. In addition, for the diversity of study fields and perspectives, the recent studies on residential energy consumption behavior are not in-depth and domestic studies are absent.
With the background, three research goals are set up, (1) to screen out and categorize urban residential energy consumption behavior and its influencing factors; (2) to confirm the impact and function of various factors on urban residential energy consumption behavior; (3) to validate the moderating effect of situational structure factors on the relation of individual characteristics factors and energy consumption behaviors. These three goals gradually resolve the functioning mechanism of various influencing factors on energy consumption behavior and build up the model of urban residential energy consumption behavior, and consequently provide reference for correlated governmental departments making polices and regulations to promote residents to lower energy consumption and reduce pollutants.
The dissertation classifies Chinese residential energy consumption behavior into two categories, selective energy consumption behavior and habitual energy consumption behavior. Selective energy consumption behavior includes home energy behavior, public energy behavior and transportation energy behavior. From individual, family and situation three levels, the influencing factors are concluded into individual characteristics factors, life style factors and situational structure factors. With Dalian as example and urban residents in Dalian as study object, the study constructs research framework and obtain data by literature review, interview and questionnaire survey. There are three principal conclusions:
(1)different kinds of habitual energy consumption behavior and selective energy consumption behavior have different influencing factors; concern, responsibility, knowledge and ecological centric value relate with three kinds of habitual energy consumption behavior; habitual mentality of life style factors relate with none of three kinds of habitual energy consumption behavior; responsibility, knowledge and economic centric value of individual characteristics factors relate with four kinds of selective energy consumption behavior; family structure of life style factors relates with four kinds of selective energy consumption behavior; and policy and regulation of situational structure factors relates with neither of habitual or selective energy consumption behavior.
(2) Individual characteristics factors have the strongest predicting power for habitual energy consumption behavior; while situational structure factors have the strongest predicting power for selective energy consumption behavior.
(3) Situational structure factors are both the influencing factors of energy consumption behavior and the moderator for the relation of individual characteristics factors and energy consumption behaviors. For habitual energy consumption behavior, it is the most important moderator that if it is convenient and saving-time as behaving; while for selective energy consumption behavior, the effect of education and social norms is the most important moderator. At the same time, the moderating effect of education and social norms works on both two categories of behaviors.
The theoretical contributions of the dissertation lie in the following findings, firstly developing local measurement scales so to resolve the shortage of studies in this field and local measuring tools in China; secondly with both micro and macro perspectives drawing advantages from social psychology and sociology to conclude the influencing factors assembly of urban residential energy consumption behavior; thirdly constructing the model of energy consumption behavior to analyze deeply the behavior's formation mechanism, which helps the transition from fundamental study findings into applicable instructions for policy making.
The practical values are to point out it is urgent to come out with specific guiding policies as finding out the lack of guiding policies for urban residential energy consumption behavior in China; to testify the important impact of knowledge, responsibility, values and education and norms on various energy consumption behaviors, and further propose that by education and promotion to build up positive citizen responsibility and values and form proper social norms; to testify the significant influence of factors from family level on residential energy consumption behavior, and consequently indicate paying attention to the impact of family, advocating green family and cultivating life style and habits of energy conservation; otherwise, prove the significant meaning of creating favorable situation for residents doing energy consumption behavior.
针对以上背景,本研究设定了三个研究目标:(1)筛选并分类我国城市居民能源消费行为及其影响因素。(2)确定各种因素对居民实施能源消费行为的影响与作用。(3)验证情境结构因素对个人特征因素与能源消费行为关系的调节作用。三个目标逐步解析了各种影响因素对城市居民能源消费行为的作用机理以及构建起城市居民能源消费行为模型,从而为相关市政部门制定促进居民节能减排的政策法规提供决策参考。
本研究将我国居民能源消费行为划分为选择性能源消费行为和习惯性能源消费行为两类,习惯性能源消费行为具体包括家庭能源行为、公共场所能源行为和交通能源行为三类;从个体、家庭和环境三个层次归纳城市居民能源消费行为的影响因素:个人特征因素、生活方式因素和情境结构因素。调查研究以大连为例,选取大连市城市居民作为研究对象,采用文献探讨、访谈和问卷调查等方式构建研究架构和获取调研数据;主要得到三组结论:
(1)不同的习惯性能源消费行为和选择性能源消费行为的主要影响因素存在差异;个人特征因素中关注度、责任感、能源知识和生态中心价值观与三种习惯能源消费行为都相关;生活方式因素之习惯心理与三种习惯性能源消费行为均不显著相关;个人特征因素中责任感、购买知识和经济中心价值观与四种选择性能源消费行为相关;生活方式因素中家庭结构与四种选择性能源消费行为相关,情境结构因素中的政策法规与两类能源消费行为均不相关。
(2)个人特征因素对习惯性能源消费行为的预测力最大,情境结构因素对选择性能源消费行为的预测力最大;
(3)情境结构因素既是能源消费行为的影响因素又是个人特征因素对能源消费行为影响力的调节变量;对于习惯性能源消费行为,实施该行为是否方便省时是最重要的调节变量:而对于选择性能源消费行为,宣传教育和社会规范的力量是最重要的调节变量。而宣传及社会规范的调节作用对两类能源消费行为都具有普遍效果。
本研究理论贡献在于开发本领域研究的中国本土化测量量表,解决目前国内此类研究不足、缺乏本土化测量工具的问题;综合微观和宏观研究视角,吸收社会心理学、社会学的研究所长,归纳总结出城市居民能源消费行为的影响因素集;构建居民能源消费行为模型,深刻剖析行为的形成机理,考察行为的驱动力和行为改变的原因,有助于基础性研究成果转化为对管理政策制定的应用性指导。
本研究的实践意义在于发现我国居民能源消费行为引导政策的缺失,提出尽快出台具有针对性的引导政策;证实了能源知识、道德责任感和价值观和社会宣传及规范对各类能源消费行为具有重要作用,提出通过宣传教育,建立有益环境的公民责任感和价值观,形成正确的社会规范;证明了家庭层面的因素对我国居民能源消费行为的重要影响,从而指出重视家庭的作用,倡导绿色家庭,培养节能的生活习惯和方式:验证了创造利于居民实施能源消费行为的“情境”的重要意义。
Energy has great impact on national economic development and people's life. With the social advance and economic continuous development, energy problem has more and more attracted extensive attention worldwide. In recent years residential energy consumption in our country has increased rapidly and become a key growth point for energy consumption. Now China is in the social transition period, when the changes of urban and rural structure and residential consumption structure have an important influence on the future energy consumption and environmental protection. To meet these challenges, residential energy consumption should be guided scientifically. The past studies in this field always focused on government behavior or conservation by technologies, while ignored the principal part of residents on the issue of energy consumption. In addition, for the diversity of study fields and perspectives, the recent studies on residential energy consumption behavior are not in-depth and domestic studies are absent.
With the background, three research goals are set up, (1) to screen out and categorize urban residential energy consumption behavior and its influencing factors; (2) to confirm the impact and function of various factors on urban residential energy consumption behavior; (3) to validate the moderating effect of situational structure factors on the relation of individual characteristics factors and energy consumption behaviors. These three goals gradually resolve the functioning mechanism of various influencing factors on energy consumption behavior and build up the model of urban residential energy consumption behavior, and consequently provide reference for correlated governmental departments making polices and regulations to promote residents to lower energy consumption and reduce pollutants.
The dissertation classifies Chinese residential energy consumption behavior into two categories, selective energy consumption behavior and habitual energy consumption behavior. Selective energy consumption behavior includes home energy behavior, public energy behavior and transportation energy behavior. From individual, family and situation three levels, the influencing factors are concluded into individual characteristics factors, life style factors and situational structure factors. With Dalian as example and urban residents in Dalian as study object, the study constructs research framework and obtain data by literature review, interview and questionnaire survey. There are three principal conclusions:
(1)different kinds of habitual energy consumption behavior and selective energy consumption behavior have different influencing factors; concern, responsibility, knowledge and ecological centric value relate with three kinds of habitual energy consumption behavior; habitual mentality of life style factors relate with none of three kinds of habitual energy consumption behavior; responsibility, knowledge and economic centric value of individual characteristics factors relate with four kinds of selective energy consumption behavior; family structure of life style factors relates with four kinds of selective energy consumption behavior; and policy and regulation of situational structure factors relates with neither of habitual or selective energy consumption behavior.
(2) Individual characteristics factors have the strongest predicting power for habitual energy consumption behavior; while situational structure factors have the strongest predicting power for selective energy consumption behavior.
(3) Situational structure factors are both the influencing factors of energy consumption behavior and the moderator for the relation of individual characteristics factors and energy consumption behaviors. For habitual energy consumption behavior, it is the most important moderator that if it is convenient and saving-time as behaving; while for selective energy consumption behavior, the effect of education and social norms is the most important moderator. At the same time, the moderating effect of education and social norms works on both two categories of behaviors.
The theoretical contributions of the dissertation lie in the following findings, firstly developing local measurement scales so to resolve the shortage of studies in this field and local measuring tools in China; secondly with both micro and macro perspectives drawing advantages from social psychology and sociology to conclude the influencing factors assembly of urban residential energy consumption behavior; thirdly constructing the model of energy consumption behavior to analyze deeply the behavior's formation mechanism, which helps the transition from fundamental study findings into applicable instructions for policy making.
The practical values are to point out it is urgent to come out with specific guiding policies as finding out the lack of guiding policies for urban residential energy consumption behavior in China; to testify the important impact of knowledge, responsibility, values and education and norms on various energy consumption behaviors, and further propose that by education and promotion to build up positive citizen responsibility and values and form proper social norms; to testify the significant influence of factors from family level on residential energy consumption behavior, and consequently indicate paying attention to the impact of family, advocating green family and cultivating life style and habits of energy conservation; otherwise, prove the significant meaning of creating favorable situation for residents doing energy consumption behavior.
引文
[1]IEA,International Energy Agency(2003) Information about total final consumption in OECD countries 2000 from http://www.iea.org/effi/index.htm.
[2]郭林.节能减排成时尚 英国节能减排侧记.光明日报.2007.8.24来自于http://env.people.com.cn/GB/6163230.html.
[3]王曼.我国能源政策若干问题探析.法制与社会.2008(6):164-165.
[4]郭琪.公民节能行为得经济分析及政策引导研究.山东大学博士论文.2007.
[5]魏一鸣,张跃军等.生态文明彰显大国形象和谐发展呼唤节能减排.来自于http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=187132.
[6]叶梓.节能减排呼唤消费行为环境责任.来自于http://www.xfrb.com.cn/xfrbmap/2007-07/19/content_16091.htm.
[7]王延中.我国能源消费政策的变迁及展望.中国工业经济.2001(4):34-38.
[8]陆莹莹,赵旭.家庭能源消费研究述评.水电能源科学2008:188-191.
[9]吴志功.国外能源教育发展现状研究.中国电力教育.2007(12):5-14.
[10]郭琪,樊丽明.城市家庭节能措施选择偏好的联合分析——对山东省济南市居民的抽样调查.中国人口资源与环境.2007,17(3):149-153.
[11]Van Raaij,Th.Verhallen T.A behavioral model of residential energy use.Journal of Economic Psychology.1983,3(1):39-63.
[12]Van Diepen,A..Households and their spatial-energetic practices.Searching for sustainable urban forms(D).University of Groningen,the Netherlands.2000.
[13]Poortinga W,Steg L,Vlek C.Values,environmental concern,and environmental behavior:a study into household energy use.Environmental Behavior.2004,36:70-93.
[14]Scott,D.,Parker,P.,Rowlands,I.H.Determinants of energy efficiency behaviours in the home,Environments.2000,28(3):73-96.
[15]Linden A.-L.,Carlsson-Kanyama A.,Eriksson B.Efficient and inefficient aspects of residential energy behavior:What are the policy instruments for change? Energy Policy.2006,34:1918-1927.
[16]Stern P.C.,Dietz T.,Abel T.,Guagnano G.A.,Kalof L.A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements:The case of environmentalism.Research in Human Ecology.1999,6(2):81-97.
[17]Ajzen I.The theory of planned behavior.Organizational Behavior Human Decision Process.1991,50:179-211.
[18]Gatersleben B,Steg L,Vlek C.Measurement and determinants of environmentally significant consumer behavior.Environmental Behavior.2002,34:335-62.
[19]Poortinga W,Steg L,Vlek C.Values,environmental concern,and environmental behavior:a study into household energy use.Environmental Behavior.2004,36:70-93.
[20]Linden,A.-L.,Klintman,M..The formation of green identities—consumers and providers.In:Biel,A.,et al.(Eds.),Individual and Structural Determinants of Environmental Practice.Ashgate Publications,London.,2003.
[21]Parker P,Rowlands IH,Scott D.Innovations to reduce residential energy use and carbon emissions: an integrated approach.The Canadian Geographer.2003,47:169-84.
[22]Garling T.,Fujii S.,Garling A.,Jakobsson C.Moderating effects of social value orientation on determinants of proenvironmental behavior intention.Journal of environmental psychology.2003,23:1-9.
[23]Sardianou E.Household energy conservation Pattems:evidence from Greece.http://www.lse.ac.uk/colleetions/hellenicObservatory/pdf/2ndSymposium_papers_pdf/EleniSardi-anou_paper.pdf2005,June.
[24]McCalley LT.From motivation and cognition theories to everyday applications and back again:the case of product-integrated information and feedback.Energy Policy.2006,34:129-37.
[25]Carlsson-Kanyama A.,Linden A.,Eriksson B..Residential energy behavior:does generation matter?International Journal of Consumer Studies.2005,29:239-253.
[26]Darby S.Social learning and public policy:lessons from an energy-conscious village.Energy Policy.2006,34:2929-40.
[27]Lutzenhiser L.Marketing household energy conservation:the message and the reality.In:Dietz T,Stern PC.New Tools for Environmental Protection:Education,Information and Voluntary Measures.Washington,DC:National Academy.2002:49-65.
[25]Lutzenhiser L,Lutzenhiser S.Looking at lifestyle:the impacts of American ways of life on energy/resource demands and pollution patterns.Presented at ACEEE Summer Study Energy Efficient Building.Asilomar,CA,2006.
[29]于航,刘淑娟,李祎彧,于靓.从上海市民的居住生活习惯看能源消耗特征.上海节能.2006,6:26-30.
[30]Schipper L,Unander F,Murtishaw S,Ting M.Indicators of energy use and carbon emissions:Explaining the energy economy link.Annual Review Energy Environment.,2001,26:49-81.
[31]Van Viler B,Chappells H,Shove E.Infrastructures of Consumption:Environmental Innovation in the Utilities Industries.London,UK:Earthscan.2005.
[32]Wilhite H,Shove E,Lutzenhiser L,Kempton W.The legacy of twenty years of energy demand management:We know more about individual behaviour but next to nothing about demand.In:Jochem E,Sathaye J,Bouille D.Society,Behaviour,and Climate Change Mitigation.Dordrecht,Neth.:Kluwer Acad..2000:109-26.
[33]US EIA.Residential Energy Consumption Survey.Tables HC4:Air-Conditioning.US Energy Inf.Adm.,Washington,DC.http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs2001/detail tables.html.2001.
[34]IEA.Oil Crises and Climate Challenges:30 Years of Energy Use in lEA Countries,Int.Energy Agency.Paris,France.2004.
[35]Camerer C,Loewenstein G.Behavioral economics:past,present,future.In:Camerer C,Loewenstein G,Rabin M.Advances in Behavioral Economics.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.2004:3-51.
[36]Knight RL,Lutzenhiser L,Lutzenhiser S.Why comprehensive residential energy efficiency retrofits are undervalued.Presented at ACEEE Summer Study Energy Efficient Building.Asilomar,CA,2006.
[37]孙岩.居民环境行为及其影响因素研究:(博士论文).大连理工大学,2006.
[38]Guagnano G.A.,Stern P.C.,Dietz T.Influences on attitude-behavior relationships:A natural experiment with curbside recycling.Environment and Behavior.1995,27(5):699-718.
[39]Stern PC.Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior.Journal of Social Issues.2000,56:523-30
[40]Linden,A.-L.,Carlsson-Kanyama,A.Voluntary agreements—a measure for energy-efficiency in industry? Energy Policy.2002,30:897-905.
[41]Jochem E,Sathaye J,Bouille D.Society,Behaviour,and Climate Change Mitigation.Dordrecht,Neth.:Kluwer Acad.2000.
[42]Reiss,Peter C.,White Matthew W..Household Electricity Demand,Revisited.Review of Economic Studies.2005,72(3):853-883.
[43]Joskow,Paul L.and Edward Kahn.A Quantitative Analysis of Pricing Behavior in California' s Wholesale Electricity Market During Summer 2000:The Final Word.Energy Journal.2002,23(4):1-35.
[44]Egmond C,Jonkers R,Kok G..One size fits all? Policy instruments should fit the segments of target groups.Energy Policy.2006,34:3464-74.
[45]Linda Steg.Promoting household energy conservation.Energy Policy.2008,36:4449-4453.
[46]McCalley,L.T.Midden,C.J.H.Energy Conservation Through Product-lntegrated Feedback:The Roles of Goal-Setting and Social Orientation.Journal of Economic Psychology.2002,23(5):89-604.
[47]Martiskainen Mari.Household Energy consumption and behavioural change-the UK perspective.Proceedings of the SCORE 2008 Conference "Sustainable Consumption and Production:Framework for action",Belgium.2008:73-90.
[48]Wokje Abrahamse,Linda Steg,Charles Vlek,Talib Rothengatter.A review of intervention studies aimed at household energy conservation.Journal of Environmental Psychology.2005,25:273-291.
[49]Jinlong Ouyang,Kazunori Hokao.Energy-saving potential by improving occupants' behavior in urban residential sector in Hangzhou City.China,Energy and Buildings.2009,41:711-720.
[50]焦有梅,白慧仁,蔡飞.山西城乡居民生活节能潜力与途径分析.山西能源与节能.2009,2:72-75.
[51]刘树杰.促进节能与可再生能源发展的电价政策研究(上).中国物价.2005,8:15-19.
[52]封亚琴,钱希兹.居民节能与电价关系探析.电力需求侧管理.2009,5:61-63.
[53]Martiskainen,M.Affecting consumer behaviour on energy demand.Report to EdF Energy.SPRU,University of Sussex.2007.
[54]Weber C,Perrels A.Modelling lifestyle effects on energy demand and related emissions.Energy Policy.2000,28:549-66.
[55]Bin S,Dowlatabadi H.Consumer lifestyle approach to US energy use and the related CO2 emissions.Energy Policy.2005,33:197-208.
[56]Schipper L,Bartlett S,Hawk D,Vine E.Linking life-styles and energy use:a matter of time? Annual Review of Energy.1989,14:273-320.
[57]Parker P,Rowlands I,Scott D.Who changes consumption following residential energy evaluations?Local programs need all income groups to achieve Kyoto targets.Local Environ.2005,10:173-87.
[58]Wokje Abrahamse,Linda Steg.How do socio-demographic and psychological factors relate to households' direct and indirect energy use and savings? Journal of Economic Psychology.2009,30:711-720
[59]Vera Brencic,Denise Young.Time-saving innovations,time allocation,and energy use:Evidence from Canadian households.Ecological Economics.2009,68:2859-2867.
[60]马斌齐,闫增峰,桂智刚等.西安市节能住宅夏季能源使用结构的调查和分析研究.建筑科学.2007,23(8):53-60.
[61]申晓宇,倪致学.上海居民小区建筑能耗调研与节能分析.能源研究与利用.2009,5:31-34.
[62]冯怡琳.城镇居民的节能意识和节能状况.中国统计.2008,8:15-16.
[63]范例,刘德绍,陈万志.重庆市农村家庭能源可持续消费研究.西南农业大学学报(自然科学版).2005,27(4):66-72.
[64]姚建平.论家庭能源消费行为研究.能源研究与利用.2009,4:7-12.
[65]Black JS,Stern PC,Elworth JT.Personal and contextual influences on household energy adaptations.Journal of Applied Psychology.1985,70:3-21.
[66]Olli,E.,Grendstad,G.,Wollebaek,D.Correlates of environmental behaviors:bringing back social context,Environment and Behavior.2001,33(2):181-208.
[67]Staats,H.,Van Leeuwen,E.,Wit,A.P.A longitudinal study of informational interventions to save energy in an office building.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis.2000,33:101-104.
[68]Harland,P.,Staats,H.,Wilke,H.A.M.Situational and Personality Factors as Direct or Personal Norm Mediated Predictors of Pro-environmental Behavior:Questions Derived from Norm-Activation Theory.Basic and Applied Social Psychology.2007,29:323-334.
[69]Stern PC.What psychology knows about energy conservation.American Psychology.1992,47:1224-32.
[70]Bang H.K.,Ellinger A.E.,Hadjinmarcou J.,Traichal P.A.Consumer concern,knowledge,belief,and attitude toward renewable energy:an application of the reasoned action theory.Psychology and Marketing.2000,17(6):449-468.
[71]Guerin GA,Yust BL,Coopet JG.Occupant predictors of household energy behavior and consumption change as found in energy studies since 1975.Family Consumer Science Research.2000,29:48-80
[72]Darby,S.Energy advice-what is it worth? In:European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy 1999 Proceedings.Paris,France:European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy.1999.
[73]曲英.城市居民生活垃圾源头分类行为研究:(博士论文).大连理工大学,2007.
[74]洪大用.中国城市居民的环境意识.江苏社会科学.2005,1:
[75]Dunlap R.Environmental Sociology:A personal perspective on its first quarter century.Organization & Environment,2002,15(1):10-29.
[76]Thompson,S.&Barton,M.Ecocentric and anthropo-centric attitudes toward the environment.Journal of Environmental Psychology.1994,14:149-157.
[77]Schultz P.W.,Zelezny L.Values as predictors of environmental attitudes.Journal of Environmental Psychology.1999,19(3):255-276.
[78]Nordlund A.M.,Garvill.J.Value structures behind proenvironmental behavior.Environment and behavior.2002,36(6):740-756.
[79]Collins,C.M.,& Chambers,S.M.(2005).Psychological and situational influences on commuter-transport-mode choice.Environment and Behavior,37(5),640-661.
[80]Reiss,Peter C.,White Matthew W..Evaluating welfare with nonlinear prices.NBER working paper series,http://www.nber.org/papers/w12370.2006,7
[81]Steg,L.,& Sievers,I..Cultural Theory and Individual Perceptions of Environmental Risks.Environment and Behavior,2000,32(2),248-267.
[82]De Groot,J.,& Steg,L.(2006).Impact of transport pricing on quality of life,acceptability,and intentions to reduce car use:an explorative study in five European countries.Journal of Transport Geography,14(6),463-470.
[83]Faiers A.,Neame C..2006.Consumer attitudes towards domestic solar power systems.Energy Policy 34:1797-806
[84]Faiers A.,Cook M.,Neame C..Towards a contemporary approach for understanding consumer behaviour in the context of domestic energy use,Energy Policy,2007,35(8):4381-4390
[85]何志毅,杨少琼.对绿色消费者生活方式特征的研究.南开管理评论.2004,7(3):4-10.
[86]张璐.居民节能意识增强.天津日报.2008,3,11
[87]Dietz T,Stern PC,Guagnano GA.Social structure and social psychological bases of environmental concern.Environmental Behavior.1998,30:450-71
[88]Keirstead J.Evaluating the applicability of integrated domestic energy consumption frameworks in the UK.Energy Policy.2006,34:3065-77
[89]Sia A.P.,Hungerford H.R.,Tomera A.N..Selected predictors of responsible environmental behavior:an analysis.The Journal of Environmental Education.1985/1986,17(2):31-40.
[90]Hsu S,Roth.R E.Predicting Taiwanese secondary teacher's responsible environmental behavior through literacy variables.Journal of Environmental Education.1999,30(4):11-19.
[91]Hines J.M.,Hungerford H.R.,Tomera A.N..Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior:A meta-analysis.The Journal of Environmental Education.1986,18(2):1-8.
[92]McCarty,J.A.,Shrum,L.J.The recycling of solid wastes:Personal values,value orientations and attitudes about recycling as antecedents of recycling behavior.Journal of Business Research.1994,30:53-62.
[93]Bodur M.,Sarigollu E.Environmental sensitivity in a developing country:consumer classification and implication.Environment and behavior.2005,37(4):487-510.
[94]Schwartz S.H.Universals in the content and structure of values:Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries.In:M.Zanna(Ed.),Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.Orlando,FL:Academic Press.1992,25:1-65.
[95]吴明隆,SPSS统计实务.北京:科学出版社.2003.
[96]Wilson C.,Dowlatabadi H..Models of decision making and residential energy use.Decision making and energy use.2007,32:169-203.
[97]Newsted P.R.,Huff S.L,Munro M.C.,Living Scholoship:Survey Instruments in Information Systems.MIS Quarterly.1998,12:553-554.
[98]上海节能监察中心.家庭节能36计.上海节能信息网,2007.
[99]国家科技部社会发展科技司,中国21世纪议程管理中心.全民节能减排手册.2008.
[100]Tanner C.,Kast S.W..Promoting sustainable consumption:determinants of green purchases by Swiss consumers.Psychology & Marketing.2003,20(10):883-902.
[101]Steel B.S.Thinking globally and acting locally? Environmental attitudes,behavior and Activism.Journal of environmental management.1996,47:27-36.
[102]苏金明.统计软件SPSS12.0 for Windows应用及开发指南.北京:电子工业出版社.2004.
[103]Lai K.,Ngai E.W.T.,Cheng T.C.E.Measures for evaluating supply chain performance in transport logistics.Transportation research Part E.2002,38:439-456.
[104]Bentler P.M.,Chou C.P.Practical issues in structural modeling.Sociological methods and researeh.1987,16(8):78-117.
[105]汪纯孝,温碧燕,姜彩芬.服务质量、消费价值、旅客满意感和行为意向.南开管理评论.2001,6:11-15.
[106]Hu L,Bentler PM..Evaluating model fit.In:Hoyle R.H.(ed.) Structural equation modeling concepts,issue,and applications.Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage.1995,76-99.
[107]Hu L,Bentler PM..Fit indices in covariance structure modeling:sensitivity to under parameterized model misspecification.Psychological Methods.1998,3:424-453.
[108]卢小君.学习型文化对个体创新行为的影响机理研究:(博士论文).大连:大连理工大学,2008.
[109]Gaski J F.Interrelations among a channel entity's power sources:impact of the exercise of reward and coercion on expert,referent,and legitimate power sources.Journal of Marketing Research.1986,8:62-77.
[110]程毛林.城镇生态系统的因子分析.数理统计与管理.2002,(1):19-24.
[111]余建英,何旭宏.数据统计分析与SPSS应用.北京:人民邮电出版社,2003.
[112]Walter,Achim,Thilo A et al.Delivering Relationship Value:Key Determinant for Customers'Commitment.http://www.smeal.psu.edu/isbm/database.html.
[113]张弛.应用统计与计算.西安:电大科技大学出版社.2003.
[114]张文彤.SPSS11统计分析教程.北京:北京希望电子出版社,2002.
[115]王保进.多变量分析-程序包与资料分析.北京:高等教育出版,2004.
[2]郭林.节能减排成时尚 英国节能减排侧记.光明日报.2007.8.24来自于http://env.people.com.cn/GB/6163230.html.
[3]王曼.我国能源政策若干问题探析.法制与社会.2008(6):164-165.
[4]郭琪.公民节能行为得经济分析及政策引导研究.山东大学博士论文.2007.
[5]魏一鸣,张跃军等.生态文明彰显大国形象和谐发展呼唤节能减排.来自于http://www.hwcc.com.cn/newsdisplay/newsdisplay.asp?Id=187132.
[6]叶梓.节能减排呼唤消费行为环境责任.来自于http://www.xfrb.com.cn/xfrbmap/2007-07/19/content_16091.htm.
[7]王延中.我国能源消费政策的变迁及展望.中国工业经济.2001(4):34-38.
[8]陆莹莹,赵旭.家庭能源消费研究述评.水电能源科学2008:188-191.
[9]吴志功.国外能源教育发展现状研究.中国电力教育.2007(12):5-14.
[10]郭琪,樊丽明.城市家庭节能措施选择偏好的联合分析——对山东省济南市居民的抽样调查.中国人口资源与环境.2007,17(3):149-153.
[11]Van Raaij,Th.Verhallen T.A behavioral model of residential energy use.Journal of Economic Psychology.1983,3(1):39-63.
[12]Van Diepen,A..Households and their spatial-energetic practices.Searching for sustainable urban forms(D).University of Groningen,the Netherlands.2000.
[13]Poortinga W,Steg L,Vlek C.Values,environmental concern,and environmental behavior:a study into household energy use.Environmental Behavior.2004,36:70-93.
[14]Scott,D.,Parker,P.,Rowlands,I.H.Determinants of energy efficiency behaviours in the home,Environments.2000,28(3):73-96.
[15]Linden A.-L.,Carlsson-Kanyama A.,Eriksson B.Efficient and inefficient aspects of residential energy behavior:What are the policy instruments for change? Energy Policy.2006,34:1918-1927.
[16]Stern P.C.,Dietz T.,Abel T.,Guagnano G.A.,Kalof L.A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements:The case of environmentalism.Research in Human Ecology.1999,6(2):81-97.
[17]Ajzen I.The theory of planned behavior.Organizational Behavior Human Decision Process.1991,50:179-211.
[18]Gatersleben B,Steg L,Vlek C.Measurement and determinants of environmentally significant consumer behavior.Environmental Behavior.2002,34:335-62.
[19]Poortinga W,Steg L,Vlek C.Values,environmental concern,and environmental behavior:a study into household energy use.Environmental Behavior.2004,36:70-93.
[20]Linden,A.-L.,Klintman,M..The formation of green identities—consumers and providers.In:Biel,A.,et al.(Eds.),Individual and Structural Determinants of Environmental Practice.Ashgate Publications,London.,2003.
[21]Parker P,Rowlands IH,Scott D.Innovations to reduce residential energy use and carbon emissions: an integrated approach.The Canadian Geographer.2003,47:169-84.
[22]Garling T.,Fujii S.,Garling A.,Jakobsson C.Moderating effects of social value orientation on determinants of proenvironmental behavior intention.Journal of environmental psychology.2003,23:1-9.
[23]Sardianou E.Household energy conservation Pattems:evidence from Greece.http://www.lse.ac.uk/colleetions/hellenicObservatory/pdf/2ndSymposium_papers_pdf/EleniSardi-anou_paper.pdf2005,June.
[24]McCalley LT.From motivation and cognition theories to everyday applications and back again:the case of product-integrated information and feedback.Energy Policy.2006,34:129-37.
[25]Carlsson-Kanyama A.,Linden A.,Eriksson B..Residential energy behavior:does generation matter?International Journal of Consumer Studies.2005,29:239-253.
[26]Darby S.Social learning and public policy:lessons from an energy-conscious village.Energy Policy.2006,34:2929-40.
[27]Lutzenhiser L.Marketing household energy conservation:the message and the reality.In:Dietz T,Stern PC.New Tools for Environmental Protection:Education,Information and Voluntary Measures.Washington,DC:National Academy.2002:49-65.
[25]Lutzenhiser L,Lutzenhiser S.Looking at lifestyle:the impacts of American ways of life on energy/resource demands and pollution patterns.Presented at ACEEE Summer Study Energy Efficient Building.Asilomar,CA,2006.
[29]于航,刘淑娟,李祎彧,于靓.从上海市民的居住生活习惯看能源消耗特征.上海节能.2006,6:26-30.
[30]Schipper L,Unander F,Murtishaw S,Ting M.Indicators of energy use and carbon emissions:Explaining the energy economy link.Annual Review Energy Environment.,2001,26:49-81.
[31]Van Viler B,Chappells H,Shove E.Infrastructures of Consumption:Environmental Innovation in the Utilities Industries.London,UK:Earthscan.2005.
[32]Wilhite H,Shove E,Lutzenhiser L,Kempton W.The legacy of twenty years of energy demand management:We know more about individual behaviour but next to nothing about demand.In:Jochem E,Sathaye J,Bouille D.Society,Behaviour,and Climate Change Mitigation.Dordrecht,Neth.:Kluwer Acad..2000:109-26.
[33]US EIA.Residential Energy Consumption Survey.Tables HC4:Air-Conditioning.US Energy Inf.Adm.,Washington,DC.http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs2001/detail tables.html.2001.
[34]IEA.Oil Crises and Climate Challenges:30 Years of Energy Use in lEA Countries,Int.Energy Agency.Paris,France.2004.
[35]Camerer C,Loewenstein G.Behavioral economics:past,present,future.In:Camerer C,Loewenstein G,Rabin M.Advances in Behavioral Economics.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.2004:3-51.
[36]Knight RL,Lutzenhiser L,Lutzenhiser S.Why comprehensive residential energy efficiency retrofits are undervalued.Presented at ACEEE Summer Study Energy Efficient Building.Asilomar,CA,2006.
[37]孙岩.居民环境行为及其影响因素研究:(博士论文).大连理工大学,2006.
[38]Guagnano G.A.,Stern P.C.,Dietz T.Influences on attitude-behavior relationships:A natural experiment with curbside recycling.Environment and Behavior.1995,27(5):699-718.
[39]Stern PC.Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior.Journal of Social Issues.2000,56:523-30
[40]Linden,A.-L.,Carlsson-Kanyama,A.Voluntary agreements—a measure for energy-efficiency in industry? Energy Policy.2002,30:897-905.
[41]Jochem E,Sathaye J,Bouille D.Society,Behaviour,and Climate Change Mitigation.Dordrecht,Neth.:Kluwer Acad.2000.
[42]Reiss,Peter C.,White Matthew W..Household Electricity Demand,Revisited.Review of Economic Studies.2005,72(3):853-883.
[43]Joskow,Paul L.and Edward Kahn.A Quantitative Analysis of Pricing Behavior in California' s Wholesale Electricity Market During Summer 2000:The Final Word.Energy Journal.2002,23(4):1-35.
[44]Egmond C,Jonkers R,Kok G..One size fits all? Policy instruments should fit the segments of target groups.Energy Policy.2006,34:3464-74.
[45]Linda Steg.Promoting household energy conservation.Energy Policy.2008,36:4449-4453.
[46]McCalley,L.T.Midden,C.J.H.Energy Conservation Through Product-lntegrated Feedback:The Roles of Goal-Setting and Social Orientation.Journal of Economic Psychology.2002,23(5):89-604.
[47]Martiskainen Mari.Household Energy consumption and behavioural change-the UK perspective.Proceedings of the SCORE 2008 Conference "Sustainable Consumption and Production:Framework for action",Belgium.2008:73-90.
[48]Wokje Abrahamse,Linda Steg,Charles Vlek,Talib Rothengatter.A review of intervention studies aimed at household energy conservation.Journal of Environmental Psychology.2005,25:273-291.
[49]Jinlong Ouyang,Kazunori Hokao.Energy-saving potential by improving occupants' behavior in urban residential sector in Hangzhou City.China,Energy and Buildings.2009,41:711-720.
[50]焦有梅,白慧仁,蔡飞.山西城乡居民生活节能潜力与途径分析.山西能源与节能.2009,2:72-75.
[51]刘树杰.促进节能与可再生能源发展的电价政策研究(上).中国物价.2005,8:15-19.
[52]封亚琴,钱希兹.居民节能与电价关系探析.电力需求侧管理.2009,5:61-63.
[53]Martiskainen,M.Affecting consumer behaviour on energy demand.Report to EdF Energy.SPRU,University of Sussex.2007.
[54]Weber C,Perrels A.Modelling lifestyle effects on energy demand and related emissions.Energy Policy.2000,28:549-66.
[55]Bin S,Dowlatabadi H.Consumer lifestyle approach to US energy use and the related CO2 emissions.Energy Policy.2005,33:197-208.
[56]Schipper L,Bartlett S,Hawk D,Vine E.Linking life-styles and energy use:a matter of time? Annual Review of Energy.1989,14:273-320.
[57]Parker P,Rowlands I,Scott D.Who changes consumption following residential energy evaluations?Local programs need all income groups to achieve Kyoto targets.Local Environ.2005,10:173-87.
[58]Wokje Abrahamse,Linda Steg.How do socio-demographic and psychological factors relate to households' direct and indirect energy use and savings? Journal of Economic Psychology.2009,30:711-720
[59]Vera Brencic,Denise Young.Time-saving innovations,time allocation,and energy use:Evidence from Canadian households.Ecological Economics.2009,68:2859-2867.
[60]马斌齐,闫增峰,桂智刚等.西安市节能住宅夏季能源使用结构的调查和分析研究.建筑科学.2007,23(8):53-60.
[61]申晓宇,倪致学.上海居民小区建筑能耗调研与节能分析.能源研究与利用.2009,5:31-34.
[62]冯怡琳.城镇居民的节能意识和节能状况.中国统计.2008,8:15-16.
[63]范例,刘德绍,陈万志.重庆市农村家庭能源可持续消费研究.西南农业大学学报(自然科学版).2005,27(4):66-72.
[64]姚建平.论家庭能源消费行为研究.能源研究与利用.2009,4:7-12.
[65]Black JS,Stern PC,Elworth JT.Personal and contextual influences on household energy adaptations.Journal of Applied Psychology.1985,70:3-21.
[66]Olli,E.,Grendstad,G.,Wollebaek,D.Correlates of environmental behaviors:bringing back social context,Environment and Behavior.2001,33(2):181-208.
[67]Staats,H.,Van Leeuwen,E.,Wit,A.P.A longitudinal study of informational interventions to save energy in an office building.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis.2000,33:101-104.
[68]Harland,P.,Staats,H.,Wilke,H.A.M.Situational and Personality Factors as Direct or Personal Norm Mediated Predictors of Pro-environmental Behavior:Questions Derived from Norm-Activation Theory.Basic and Applied Social Psychology.2007,29:323-334.
[69]Stern PC.What psychology knows about energy conservation.American Psychology.1992,47:1224-32.
[70]Bang H.K.,Ellinger A.E.,Hadjinmarcou J.,Traichal P.A.Consumer concern,knowledge,belief,and attitude toward renewable energy:an application of the reasoned action theory.Psychology and Marketing.2000,17(6):449-468.
[71]Guerin GA,Yust BL,Coopet JG.Occupant predictors of household energy behavior and consumption change as found in energy studies since 1975.Family Consumer Science Research.2000,29:48-80
[72]Darby,S.Energy advice-what is it worth? In:European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy 1999 Proceedings.Paris,France:European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy.1999.
[73]曲英.城市居民生活垃圾源头分类行为研究:(博士论文).大连理工大学,2007.
[74]洪大用.中国城市居民的环境意识.江苏社会科学.2005,1:
[75]Dunlap R.Environmental Sociology:A personal perspective on its first quarter century.Organization & Environment,2002,15(1):10-29.
[76]Thompson,S.&Barton,M.Ecocentric and anthropo-centric attitudes toward the environment.Journal of Environmental Psychology.1994,14:149-157.
[77]Schultz P.W.,Zelezny L.Values as predictors of environmental attitudes.Journal of Environmental Psychology.1999,19(3):255-276.
[78]Nordlund A.M.,Garvill.J.Value structures behind proenvironmental behavior.Environment and behavior.2002,36(6):740-756.
[79]Collins,C.M.,& Chambers,S.M.(2005).Psychological and situational influences on commuter-transport-mode choice.Environment and Behavior,37(5),640-661.
[80]Reiss,Peter C.,White Matthew W..Evaluating welfare with nonlinear prices.NBER working paper series,http://www.nber.org/papers/w12370.2006,7
[81]Steg,L.,& Sievers,I..Cultural Theory and Individual Perceptions of Environmental Risks.Environment and Behavior,2000,32(2),248-267.
[82]De Groot,J.,& Steg,L.(2006).Impact of transport pricing on quality of life,acceptability,and intentions to reduce car use:an explorative study in five European countries.Journal of Transport Geography,14(6),463-470.
[83]Faiers A.,Neame C..2006.Consumer attitudes towards domestic solar power systems.Energy Policy 34:1797-806
[84]Faiers A.,Cook M.,Neame C..Towards a contemporary approach for understanding consumer behaviour in the context of domestic energy use,Energy Policy,2007,35(8):4381-4390
[85]何志毅,杨少琼.对绿色消费者生活方式特征的研究.南开管理评论.2004,7(3):4-10.
[86]张璐.居民节能意识增强.天津日报.2008,3,11
[87]Dietz T,Stern PC,Guagnano GA.Social structure and social psychological bases of environmental concern.Environmental Behavior.1998,30:450-71
[88]Keirstead J.Evaluating the applicability of integrated domestic energy consumption frameworks in the UK.Energy Policy.2006,34:3065-77
[89]Sia A.P.,Hungerford H.R.,Tomera A.N..Selected predictors of responsible environmental behavior:an analysis.The Journal of Environmental Education.1985/1986,17(2):31-40.
[90]Hsu S,Roth.R E.Predicting Taiwanese secondary teacher's responsible environmental behavior through literacy variables.Journal of Environmental Education.1999,30(4):11-19.
[91]Hines J.M.,Hungerford H.R.,Tomera A.N..Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior:A meta-analysis.The Journal of Environmental Education.1986,18(2):1-8.
[92]McCarty,J.A.,Shrum,L.J.The recycling of solid wastes:Personal values,value orientations and attitudes about recycling as antecedents of recycling behavior.Journal of Business Research.1994,30:53-62.
[93]Bodur M.,Sarigollu E.Environmental sensitivity in a developing country:consumer classification and implication.Environment and behavior.2005,37(4):487-510.
[94]Schwartz S.H.Universals in the content and structure of values:Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries.In:M.Zanna(Ed.),Advances in Experimental Social Psychology.Orlando,FL:Academic Press.1992,25:1-65.
[95]吴明隆,SPSS统计实务.北京:科学出版社.2003.
[96]Wilson C.,Dowlatabadi H..Models of decision making and residential energy use.Decision making and energy use.2007,32:169-203.
[97]Newsted P.R.,Huff S.L,Munro M.C.,Living Scholoship:Survey Instruments in Information Systems.MIS Quarterly.1998,12:553-554.
[98]上海节能监察中心.家庭节能36计.上海节能信息网,2007.
[99]国家科技部社会发展科技司,中国21世纪议程管理中心.全民节能减排手册.2008.
[100]Tanner C.,Kast S.W..Promoting sustainable consumption:determinants of green purchases by Swiss consumers.Psychology & Marketing.2003,20(10):883-902.
[101]Steel B.S.Thinking globally and acting locally? Environmental attitudes,behavior and Activism.Journal of environmental management.1996,47:27-36.
[102]苏金明.统计软件SPSS12.0 for Windows应用及开发指南.北京:电子工业出版社.2004.
[103]Lai K.,Ngai E.W.T.,Cheng T.C.E.Measures for evaluating supply chain performance in transport logistics.Transportation research Part E.2002,38:439-456.
[104]Bentler P.M.,Chou C.P.Practical issues in structural modeling.Sociological methods and researeh.1987,16(8):78-117.
[105]汪纯孝,温碧燕,姜彩芬.服务质量、消费价值、旅客满意感和行为意向.南开管理评论.2001,6:11-15.
[106]Hu L,Bentler PM..Evaluating model fit.In:Hoyle R.H.(ed.) Structural equation modeling concepts,issue,and applications.Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage.1995,76-99.
[107]Hu L,Bentler PM..Fit indices in covariance structure modeling:sensitivity to under parameterized model misspecification.Psychological Methods.1998,3:424-453.
[108]卢小君.学习型文化对个体创新行为的影响机理研究:(博士论文).大连:大连理工大学,2008.
[109]Gaski J F.Interrelations among a channel entity's power sources:impact of the exercise of reward and coercion on expert,referent,and legitimate power sources.Journal of Marketing Research.1986,8:62-77.
[110]程毛林.城镇生态系统的因子分析.数理统计与管理.2002,(1):19-24.
[111]余建英,何旭宏.数据统计分析与SPSS应用.北京:人民邮电出版社,2003.
[112]Walter,Achim,Thilo A et al.Delivering Relationship Value:Key Determinant for Customers'Commitment.http://www.smeal.psu.edu/isbm/database.html.
[113]张弛.应用统计与计算.西安:电大科技大学出版社.2003.
[114]张文彤.SPSS11统计分析教程.北京:北京希望电子出版社,2002.
[115]王保进.多变量分析-程序包与资料分析.北京:高等教育出版,2004.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |