基于实例的颜色处理新技术研究
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摘要
随着数码相机和数码摄像机的普及以及互联网的迅猛发展,人们很容易得到大量的数字图像和数字视频。同时,人们希望有方便快捷的处理工具以满足其对数字图像和视频编辑的需求。因此,数字图像和视频编辑算法的研究成为相关领域的研究热点。其中的颜色处理技术近年来倍受研究人员关注,许多重要的研究成果陆续发表在国际顶级学术期刊和学术会议上。
本文主要研究面向数字图像和视频的颜色处理技术。论文首先从颜色转移、彩色图像灰度化、灰度图像彩色化和颜色和谐化处理四个方面综述近年来颜色处理技术的研究现状。在此基础上,围绕颜色处理技术的功能、性能和用户友好度三个方面提出基于实例的颜色处理新技术的研究,希望能为广大用户提供具有较强功能、性能优越、使用方便的颜色处理工具。
本文的研究对象是数字图像和视频的颜色,因此论文对颜色视觉和颜色系统作了必要的讨论和分析。这部分内容是基于实例的颜色处理研究的重要理论基础。
本文研究工作主要包括以下几个方面:
?提出了相关性颜色空间的基于实例的彩色图像颜色转移算法。该算法扩展了Reinhard等人的算法,使得颜色转移处理可以直接在表示图像数据的颜色空间进行,不受颜色空间三个分量之间相关性的影响。我们的算法采用主分量分析方法对实例图像和目标图像像素值进行分析,得到包括平移、比例缩放和旋转的操作矩阵;将操作矩阵作用于目标图像得到结果图像,从而实现在相关性颜色空间将实例图像的颜色特征转移到目标图像上的目的。
?从颜色转移处理的定义出发,提出了梯度保持的颜色转移算法。该算法针对基于实例的颜色转移处理的两个方面——目标图像的梯度场和参考图像的颜色分布——将颜色转移处理形式化为一个最优化问题并得到解决。同时还提出了一种针对基于实例的颜色转移算法的客观评价尺度。实验验证了方法的有效性以及高保真性。
?针对具有颜色平滑变化特征的自然场景的仿真问题,提出了时间域颜色渐变算法。这类自然场景是影视作品的常用镜头,而传统的制作方式受限于场景的大时间跨度,通常不真正制作出颜色渐变全过程。本算法首先利用自然场景图像在lαβ颜色空间三维相关性的最小化,将像素数据的三个分量进行单独处理,并对lαβ颜色空间进行量化,提高了算法的效率;算法通过直方图的渐变来实现图像序列的颜色渐变;用户通过定制调速曲线控制颜色渐变的效果,以满足相关需求。
?从机器学习的角度分析颜色渐变问题,我们提出了基于径向基函数网络的时间域颜色渐变算法。该算法首先对用户交互选取的成对像素块进行预处理,得到合理的训练样本集;然后用这些训练样本去训练RBF网络;最后,将用户定制的调速曲线嵌入到RBF网络泛化式中,得到颜色渐变的处理方程。基于RBF网络的时间域颜色渐变算法使得实例图像的选择更灵活,算法更鲁棒,仿真自然场景更高效。
?基于图像的颜色等特征,我们将颜色处理技术与监督流行学习技术相结合,进行了中医舌象识别的研究工作;提出了粗糙度增强的快速舌像分割算法以及基于监督流形学习的中医舌象识别算法。本文最后给出结论,提出进一步的研究设想。
With the increasing popularity of digital cameras and the rapid growth of World Wide Web, people can easily get large numbers of digital images and videos. Simultaneously, people are always eager to edit their huge scale libraries of images and videos by themselves. Therefore, the research for editing techniques for digital image and video becomes a hotspot in the computer graphics and computer vision communities. Researchers also focus on color processing, and many research results in the color processing domain are published in important academic journals and conferences’proceedings.
In this dissertation, we focus on the color processing techniques for digital images and videos. Firstly, we review the recent works of color processing including color transfer, color-to-gray conversion, colorization and color hamonization. Then, based on the survey, we propose the study on example-based color processing which especially emphasizes the techniques’functionality, performance and user-friendliness.
Our research focuses on digital images and videos’color, we thus discuss the theories about color vision and color systems in the second chapter which is the important theoretical basis for our study on example-based color processing. Our research mainly includes as follows:
? Firstly, we propose an example-based color transfer approach in correlated color space for color images which extends Reinhard et. al’s algorithm to correlated color spaces. The proposed algorithm conveys exemplar images’color to target images directly in correlated color spaces. We analyzes the input images’pixel values at first by using principle component analysis approach and obtains the manipulating matrices including the translation, scaling and rotation matrices. After applying these manipulating matrices sequentially on the target image, we get the resultant image which comprises the target image’s scene and exemplar image’s color characteristics.
? From the defition of color transfer, we propose a gradient-preserving color transfer algorithm. Considering the fidelity in terms of the gradient map in the target image and the color distribution of the examplar image, we formulate the processing of color transfer as an optimization problem and resolve it. Meanwhile, we present evaluation metrics for objectively assessing the performance of global example-based color transfer algorithms. Our experimental results validate our methods and high fidelity.
? Also, we present a temporal color morphing scheme to simulate some natural scenes which is characterized with smooth color alteration and frequently appeared in many movies. Restricted by the great time span of these natural scenes, the traditional film-making methods usually do not produce the real evolving process of the scenes. Our algorithm takes the several minutes long initiative part of the simulated scene as input, and converts it to lαβcolor space. Then we can treat with the input data’s three components separately because the correlation between channels in lαβspace is minimized, especially for natural scenes. For the purpose of the algorithm’s performance, we quantize the lαβcolor coordinates. Then, the algorithm produces the resultant image sequences with smooth color alteration by histogram morping. Users can control the color morphing speed by customizing velocity curves.
? From the view of machine learning, we propose a RBF neural networks-based temporal color morphing scheme. Firstly we pre-process the paires of pixel-blocks selected by users and obtain the training data for RBF networks. Then, we train a RBF neural network by these data. Finally, we embed the user-specified velocity curve into the RBF model to produce the resultant sequence. The experiments show the RBF-based temporal color morphing method is a more flexible and robustic one and has higher performance.
? Based on the color of images, we study tongue manifestation recognition in Traditional Chinese Medicine. We proposed a fast roughness-augmented segmentation algorithm for tongue images and a supervised manifold learning based recognition method of tongue manifestation. In the last chapter, we conclude the dissertation together with some further research plans and enhancements of the proposed methods.
本文主要研究面向数字图像和视频的颜色处理技术。论文首先从颜色转移、彩色图像灰度化、灰度图像彩色化和颜色和谐化处理四个方面综述近年来颜色处理技术的研究现状。在此基础上,围绕颜色处理技术的功能、性能和用户友好度三个方面提出基于实例的颜色处理新技术的研究,希望能为广大用户提供具有较强功能、性能优越、使用方便的颜色处理工具。
本文的研究对象是数字图像和视频的颜色,因此论文对颜色视觉和颜色系统作了必要的讨论和分析。这部分内容是基于实例的颜色处理研究的重要理论基础。
本文研究工作主要包括以下几个方面:
?提出了相关性颜色空间的基于实例的彩色图像颜色转移算法。该算法扩展了Reinhard等人的算法,使得颜色转移处理可以直接在表示图像数据的颜色空间进行,不受颜色空间三个分量之间相关性的影响。我们的算法采用主分量分析方法对实例图像和目标图像像素值进行分析,得到包括平移、比例缩放和旋转的操作矩阵;将操作矩阵作用于目标图像得到结果图像,从而实现在相关性颜色空间将实例图像的颜色特征转移到目标图像上的目的。
?从颜色转移处理的定义出发,提出了梯度保持的颜色转移算法。该算法针对基于实例的颜色转移处理的两个方面——目标图像的梯度场和参考图像的颜色分布——将颜色转移处理形式化为一个最优化问题并得到解决。同时还提出了一种针对基于实例的颜色转移算法的客观评价尺度。实验验证了方法的有效性以及高保真性。
?针对具有颜色平滑变化特征的自然场景的仿真问题,提出了时间域颜色渐变算法。这类自然场景是影视作品的常用镜头,而传统的制作方式受限于场景的大时间跨度,通常不真正制作出颜色渐变全过程。本算法首先利用自然场景图像在lαβ颜色空间三维相关性的最小化,将像素数据的三个分量进行单独处理,并对lαβ颜色空间进行量化,提高了算法的效率;算法通过直方图的渐变来实现图像序列的颜色渐变;用户通过定制调速曲线控制颜色渐变的效果,以满足相关需求。
?从机器学习的角度分析颜色渐变问题,我们提出了基于径向基函数网络的时间域颜色渐变算法。该算法首先对用户交互选取的成对像素块进行预处理,得到合理的训练样本集;然后用这些训练样本去训练RBF网络;最后,将用户定制的调速曲线嵌入到RBF网络泛化式中,得到颜色渐变的处理方程。基于RBF网络的时间域颜色渐变算法使得实例图像的选择更灵活,算法更鲁棒,仿真自然场景更高效。
?基于图像的颜色等特征,我们将颜色处理技术与监督流行学习技术相结合,进行了中医舌象识别的研究工作;提出了粗糙度增强的快速舌像分割算法以及基于监督流形学习的中医舌象识别算法。本文最后给出结论,提出进一步的研究设想。
With the increasing popularity of digital cameras and the rapid growth of World Wide Web, people can easily get large numbers of digital images and videos. Simultaneously, people are always eager to edit their huge scale libraries of images and videos by themselves. Therefore, the research for editing techniques for digital image and video becomes a hotspot in the computer graphics and computer vision communities. Researchers also focus on color processing, and many research results in the color processing domain are published in important academic journals and conferences’proceedings.
In this dissertation, we focus on the color processing techniques for digital images and videos. Firstly, we review the recent works of color processing including color transfer, color-to-gray conversion, colorization and color hamonization. Then, based on the survey, we propose the study on example-based color processing which especially emphasizes the techniques’functionality, performance and user-friendliness.
Our research focuses on digital images and videos’color, we thus discuss the theories about color vision and color systems in the second chapter which is the important theoretical basis for our study on example-based color processing. Our research mainly includes as follows:
? Firstly, we propose an example-based color transfer approach in correlated color space for color images which extends Reinhard et. al’s algorithm to correlated color spaces. The proposed algorithm conveys exemplar images’color to target images directly in correlated color spaces. We analyzes the input images’pixel values at first by using principle component analysis approach and obtains the manipulating matrices including the translation, scaling and rotation matrices. After applying these manipulating matrices sequentially on the target image, we get the resultant image which comprises the target image’s scene and exemplar image’s color characteristics.
? From the defition of color transfer, we propose a gradient-preserving color transfer algorithm. Considering the fidelity in terms of the gradient map in the target image and the color distribution of the examplar image, we formulate the processing of color transfer as an optimization problem and resolve it. Meanwhile, we present evaluation metrics for objectively assessing the performance of global example-based color transfer algorithms. Our experimental results validate our methods and high fidelity.
? Also, we present a temporal color morphing scheme to simulate some natural scenes which is characterized with smooth color alteration and frequently appeared in many movies. Restricted by the great time span of these natural scenes, the traditional film-making methods usually do not produce the real evolving process of the scenes. Our algorithm takes the several minutes long initiative part of the simulated scene as input, and converts it to lαβcolor space. Then we can treat with the input data’s three components separately because the correlation between channels in lαβspace is minimized, especially for natural scenes. For the purpose of the algorithm’s performance, we quantize the lαβcolor coordinates. Then, the algorithm produces the resultant image sequences with smooth color alteration by histogram morping. Users can control the color morphing speed by customizing velocity curves.
? From the view of machine learning, we propose a RBF neural networks-based temporal color morphing scheme. Firstly we pre-process the paires of pixel-blocks selected by users and obtain the training data for RBF networks. Then, we train a RBF neural network by these data. Finally, we embed the user-specified velocity curve into the RBF model to produce the resultant sequence. The experiments show the RBF-based temporal color morphing method is a more flexible and robustic one and has higher performance.
? Based on the color of images, we study tongue manifestation recognition in Traditional Chinese Medicine. We proposed a fast roughness-augmented segmentation algorithm for tongue images and a supervised manifold learning based recognition method of tongue manifestation. In the last chapter, we conclude the dissertation together with some further research plans and enhancements of the proposed methods.
引文
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