贵州特色药用兰科植物杜鹃兰和独蒜兰共生真菌研究与应用
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摘要
贵州道地中药材杜鹃兰、独蒜兰和云南独蒜组培技术已成熟,但组培苗移栽成活率低,生长缓慢,这阻碍其产业化,根据菌根真菌与兰科植物共生形成茵根的特点,本研究对三种兰科植物菌根真菌的动态变化特点、菌根真菌生理生化特性、菌根真菌的应用及分类鉴定进行了较为系统的研究。通过研究力图揭示兰科植物生长发育与菌根真菌的关系,建立科学合理的菌根真菌应用方法,为杜鹃兰和独蒜兰产业化奠定基础。主要研究结果及结论如下:
1、建立了较为准确高效的兰科植物菌根真菌单菌丝团分离方法。
该方法的建立解决了兰科植物菌根真菌分离中的一些关键问题,该方法使定量研究兰科植物菌根真菌的种类和数量的变化成为可能。
2、揭示了菌根真菌动态变化特征及其与植物生长发育的关系
利用新建立的单菌丝团分离方法,对三种兰科植物不同生长期、根中菌根真菌的纵向和横向变化的研究,发现植物根形成早期的优势菌生长快、气生菌丝发达,后期优势菌生长慢、气生菌丝不发达。根中菌根真菌由根尖向基部及由根表皮向内,生长快、气生菌丝发达的菌根真菌比例下降,生长较慢、气生菌丝不发达的菌根真菌比例增加。
3、揭示了菌根真菌生理生化特征及其与植物生长发育的关系
通过对三种兰科植物菌根真菌对不同碳源、氮源的利用能力,产B族维生素和赤霉素的能力、是否具有纤维素酶和多酚氧化酶酶活的研究,发现营养生长阶段的优势菌根真菌纤维素酶活较弱,多酚氧化酶活阳性或弱阳性,形成的B族维生素的量较高,淀粉、蔗糖、麦芽糖和无机氮的利用能力较强。生殖生长期优势菌纤维素酶活较强,多酚氧化酶活弱或无,形成的B族维生素的量低,对纤维素、淀粉和有机氮的利用能力强。
4、从菌根营养的角度揭示了菌根真菌提高组培苗移栽成活率的内在原因,提出了“三个营养库”的假说和杜鹃兰组培苗移栽成功的“三个策略”
通过对三种兰科植物菌根真菌与杜鹃兰各生长期的组培苗共培养,发现杜鹃兰各生长阶段的促生菌是此阶段的优势菌,同时发现不同生长期的组培苗移栽成活率不同,已分化根状茎、带根状茎的幼苗、带球茎的幼苗成活率高,而无根状茎或球茎的幼苗移栽成活率低,同时发现菌根真菌在组培苗移栽过程中主要起保护根及提高根的活力的作用。
据于此提出了杜鹃兰组培苗移栽成活密切相关的“三个营养库”的假说,即根状茎、叶片和球茎,组培苗移栽成功就在于成功实现“根状茎营养库”到“叶片光合营养库”,再到“球茎营养库”的转变;并以此为指导,总结出杜鹃兰组培苗移栽成功的“三个策略”,即选择根状茎、带根状茎的分化苗或带球茎的分化苗,进行菌根化育苗,利用菌根真菌的保根作用、根状茎和球茎的营养库作用,使组培苗成功实现向“光合营养库”的转变,并最终建立可顺利渡过休眠期的“球茎营养库”。
5、建立了菌根真菌应用于组培苗移栽的模型
通过总结兰科植物菌根真菌动态变化特点、菌根真菌生理生化特性、兰科植物本身特性等的研究结果,形成了兰科植物菌根真菌应用于组培苗移栽的模型:选择带有营养贮存器官的兰科植物组培苗与根形成早期的优势菌根真菌,进行菌根化培养,促进生根及提供菌根营养;待共生关系形成并建立了稳定的光合作用后,施用营养生长期优势菌,促进兰科植物光合产物转化贮存和保持根的高活力,实现兰科植物组培苗的成功栽培。
6、完成三种兰科植物菌根真菌的分类鉴定
采用形态鉴定、酶活特性测定和ITS序列系统发育分析方法,完成三种兰科植物菌根真菌的分类鉴定,较为系统地提出了兰科植物共生丝核菌的分类鉴定方法及相关属种的分类检索表,并发现Epulorhiza属中的第三个种群,即未定名的新属Newgenus,该属的最大特点是生长很慢、菌落边缘不整齐、不形成或形成形状不规则的念珠状细胞,淀粉利用能力强,是兰科植物光合产物贮存、转化及利用相关的重要菌根真菌之一。
研究中提出的“三个营养库”的假说,将丰富兰科植物菌植共生理论;提出的兰科植物共生丝核菌的分类方法、相关属种检索表、提出的新属,将丰富兰科植物共生丝核菌的分类鉴定体系。本研究建立的单菌丝团分离方法、提出的杜鹃兰组培苗移栽的“三个策略”及建立菌根真菌应用于组培苗移栽的模型,为实现杜鹃兰、独蒜兰和云南独蒜兰组培苗的成功移栽,实现其产业化提供理论和技术支撑。
The tissue culture technique of Cremastra appendiculata, Pleione bulbocodioides, Pleione yunnanensis has been sophisticated, but their industrialization is hampered by low survival rate and slow growing of transplanted seedlings. According to the fact that Orchidaceae symbiosed with mycorrhizal fungi, the study on dynamic changes, physiological and biochemical characteristics, application, classification and identification of mycorrhizal fungal from these Orchidaceae were carried out. The growth and development relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and these orchids should be revealed to establish scientific and reasonable application of mycorrhizal fungi and improve the survival rate of transplanted seedlings.The aim of this study is to realize the industrialization of this type of Chinese herbal medicines. Major findings and conclusions were as follows:
1、An accurate and efficient technique to isolate orchid mycorrhizal fungi from a single peloton was set up.
Some key problems of isolating orchid mycorrhizal fungi were resolved by this technique. This made it possible to study changes of orchid mycorrhizal fungi species and quantities quantitatively.
2、The relationship between dynamic changes in the characteristics of mycorrhizal fungi and the growth and development of orchid was revealed.
The mycorrhizal fungi changes in different growth phase and the vertical and horizontal changes were studied in the research. The fungi in early new root grew quickly and developed more aerial hyphae. But those in old roots grew slowly and little aerial mycelium developed. From root tip to the base and from the root epidermis to inward, the fast growing mycorrhizal fungi with more aerial hyphae declined and those growing slowly and developing little aerial hyphae increased.
3、Physiological and biochemical characteristics of mycorrhizal fungi and their influence on orchid growth and development were studied
Physiological and biochemical characteristics of mycorrhizal fungi from three Orchidaceae, such as utilization capacity of carbon and nitrogen sources, producing capacity of B vitamins and GA, cellulase and polyphenol oxidase activity were studied. Those fungi in vegetative growth stage had weak cellulase activity, positive or weakly positive polyphenol oxidase activity; the formation of B vitamins and the ability to use starch, sucrose, maltose and inorganic nitrogen were high. But in Reproductive growth stage, Cellulase activity of them was high and polyphenol oxidase activity was weak; the formation of B vitamins was low and the ability to use cellulose, starch and organic nitrogen was high.
4、How to improve the survival rate of transplanted tissue cultures was revealed from the perspective of mycorrhizal fungi Nutrition. Hypothesis of "Three nutrition library" and "three strategies" to increase survival rate of transplanted tissue cultures was brought forward.
Mycorrhizal fungi of three Orchidaceae were co-cultured with tissue cultures in different stages. From the results, we found it was the predominant fungi in the special stage to promote the growth the seedlings. The survival rate of rhizomes and seedlings with rhizomes or bulbs was higher than seedlings without rhizomes or bulbs. The mycorrhizal fungi played a key role in protecting and keeping the activity of the root.
According to these results, "three nutrition library" hypothesis was given. They were rhizome, leaves and bulbs. The success of transplanting tissue cultures relied on changing from "rhizome nutrient library" to " leave photosynthetic nutrition library ", and then to " bulbs nutrition library " successfully. " three strategies " to increase survival rate of tissue cultures were summed up. That is chooseing rhizome, seedlings with rhizome or seedlings with bulbs and then symbiosed with mycorrhizal fungi. The seedling changing into " leave photosynthetic nutrition library " and through dormancy to "bulbs nutrition library" were promoted by the protection of fungi and the nutrition library role of rhizomes or bulbs.
5、The model of mycorrhizal fungi being used in transplanting tissue culture seedlings
According to the dynamic characteristics of mycorrhizal fungi in orchid plant, physiological and biochemical characteristics of mycorrhizal fungi and characteristics of, a model of transplanting orchid seedlings were summed up: Seedlings with a storage organ were selected out and were symbiotic cultured with the predominant fungi in early new roots to meet the nutrition requirement and formation of new roots. When the symbiosed relationship formed and a stable photosynthesis established, followed by application of dominant fungi in the vegetative growth stage to transfore Orchidaceae photosynthate into storage and to maintain high root vigor, so as to improve survival rate.
6、Classification and identification of mycorrhizal fungi
Mycorrhizal fungi of three Orchidaceae had been classificated and identificated by using morphology and enzyme activity characteristics, phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequence. The method to classificate and identificate Orchidaceae Rhizoctonia was given and the keys of some genera and species were brought forward. A third Epulorhiza population, New genus, was found, which was not named. The most important characteristics of species in this population were growing very slowly, without monilioid cells or with irregular monilioid cells and with high ability to use starch. They are important in promoting storeage, conversion and utilization of photosynthate in Orchidaceae.
The "three nutrition library" hypothesis in the study will enrich the symbiotic theory of orchid with their mycorrhizal fungi. The classification and identification method proposed and keys for relevant genera and species will enrich the classification and identification system of orchid Rhizoctonias. In this study, the establishment of isolating orchid mycorrhizal fungi from a single peloton, "three strategies" to increase survival rate of transplanted tissue cultures and model of transplanting tissue cultures with fungi, will achieve industry of Cremastra appendiculata, Pleione bulbocodioides, Pleione yunnanensis to provide theoretical and technical support.
1、建立了较为准确高效的兰科植物菌根真菌单菌丝团分离方法。
该方法的建立解决了兰科植物菌根真菌分离中的一些关键问题,该方法使定量研究兰科植物菌根真菌的种类和数量的变化成为可能。
2、揭示了菌根真菌动态变化特征及其与植物生长发育的关系
利用新建立的单菌丝团分离方法,对三种兰科植物不同生长期、根中菌根真菌的纵向和横向变化的研究,发现植物根形成早期的优势菌生长快、气生菌丝发达,后期优势菌生长慢、气生菌丝不发达。根中菌根真菌由根尖向基部及由根表皮向内,生长快、气生菌丝发达的菌根真菌比例下降,生长较慢、气生菌丝不发达的菌根真菌比例增加。
3、揭示了菌根真菌生理生化特征及其与植物生长发育的关系
通过对三种兰科植物菌根真菌对不同碳源、氮源的利用能力,产B族维生素和赤霉素的能力、是否具有纤维素酶和多酚氧化酶酶活的研究,发现营养生长阶段的优势菌根真菌纤维素酶活较弱,多酚氧化酶活阳性或弱阳性,形成的B族维生素的量较高,淀粉、蔗糖、麦芽糖和无机氮的利用能力较强。生殖生长期优势菌纤维素酶活较强,多酚氧化酶活弱或无,形成的B族维生素的量低,对纤维素、淀粉和有机氮的利用能力强。
4、从菌根营养的角度揭示了菌根真菌提高组培苗移栽成活率的内在原因,提出了“三个营养库”的假说和杜鹃兰组培苗移栽成功的“三个策略”
通过对三种兰科植物菌根真菌与杜鹃兰各生长期的组培苗共培养,发现杜鹃兰各生长阶段的促生菌是此阶段的优势菌,同时发现不同生长期的组培苗移栽成活率不同,已分化根状茎、带根状茎的幼苗、带球茎的幼苗成活率高,而无根状茎或球茎的幼苗移栽成活率低,同时发现菌根真菌在组培苗移栽过程中主要起保护根及提高根的活力的作用。
据于此提出了杜鹃兰组培苗移栽成活密切相关的“三个营养库”的假说,即根状茎、叶片和球茎,组培苗移栽成功就在于成功实现“根状茎营养库”到“叶片光合营养库”,再到“球茎营养库”的转变;并以此为指导,总结出杜鹃兰组培苗移栽成功的“三个策略”,即选择根状茎、带根状茎的分化苗或带球茎的分化苗,进行菌根化育苗,利用菌根真菌的保根作用、根状茎和球茎的营养库作用,使组培苗成功实现向“光合营养库”的转变,并最终建立可顺利渡过休眠期的“球茎营养库”。
5、建立了菌根真菌应用于组培苗移栽的模型
通过总结兰科植物菌根真菌动态变化特点、菌根真菌生理生化特性、兰科植物本身特性等的研究结果,形成了兰科植物菌根真菌应用于组培苗移栽的模型:选择带有营养贮存器官的兰科植物组培苗与根形成早期的优势菌根真菌,进行菌根化培养,促进生根及提供菌根营养;待共生关系形成并建立了稳定的光合作用后,施用营养生长期优势菌,促进兰科植物光合产物转化贮存和保持根的高活力,实现兰科植物组培苗的成功栽培。
6、完成三种兰科植物菌根真菌的分类鉴定
采用形态鉴定、酶活特性测定和ITS序列系统发育分析方法,完成三种兰科植物菌根真菌的分类鉴定,较为系统地提出了兰科植物共生丝核菌的分类鉴定方法及相关属种的分类检索表,并发现Epulorhiza属中的第三个种群,即未定名的新属Newgenus,该属的最大特点是生长很慢、菌落边缘不整齐、不形成或形成形状不规则的念珠状细胞,淀粉利用能力强,是兰科植物光合产物贮存、转化及利用相关的重要菌根真菌之一。
研究中提出的“三个营养库”的假说,将丰富兰科植物菌植共生理论;提出的兰科植物共生丝核菌的分类方法、相关属种检索表、提出的新属,将丰富兰科植物共生丝核菌的分类鉴定体系。本研究建立的单菌丝团分离方法、提出的杜鹃兰组培苗移栽的“三个策略”及建立菌根真菌应用于组培苗移栽的模型,为实现杜鹃兰、独蒜兰和云南独蒜兰组培苗的成功移栽,实现其产业化提供理论和技术支撑。
The tissue culture technique of Cremastra appendiculata, Pleione bulbocodioides, Pleione yunnanensis has been sophisticated, but their industrialization is hampered by low survival rate and slow growing of transplanted seedlings. According to the fact that Orchidaceae symbiosed with mycorrhizal fungi, the study on dynamic changes, physiological and biochemical characteristics, application, classification and identification of mycorrhizal fungal from these Orchidaceae were carried out. The growth and development relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and these orchids should be revealed to establish scientific and reasonable application of mycorrhizal fungi and improve the survival rate of transplanted seedlings.The aim of this study is to realize the industrialization of this type of Chinese herbal medicines. Major findings and conclusions were as follows:
1、An accurate and efficient technique to isolate orchid mycorrhizal fungi from a single peloton was set up.
Some key problems of isolating orchid mycorrhizal fungi were resolved by this technique. This made it possible to study changes of orchid mycorrhizal fungi species and quantities quantitatively.
2、The relationship between dynamic changes in the characteristics of mycorrhizal fungi and the growth and development of orchid was revealed.
The mycorrhizal fungi changes in different growth phase and the vertical and horizontal changes were studied in the research. The fungi in early new root grew quickly and developed more aerial hyphae. But those in old roots grew slowly and little aerial mycelium developed. From root tip to the base and from the root epidermis to inward, the fast growing mycorrhizal fungi with more aerial hyphae declined and those growing slowly and developing little aerial hyphae increased.
3、Physiological and biochemical characteristics of mycorrhizal fungi and their influence on orchid growth and development were studied
Physiological and biochemical characteristics of mycorrhizal fungi from three Orchidaceae, such as utilization capacity of carbon and nitrogen sources, producing capacity of B vitamins and GA, cellulase and polyphenol oxidase activity were studied. Those fungi in vegetative growth stage had weak cellulase activity, positive or weakly positive polyphenol oxidase activity; the formation of B vitamins and the ability to use starch, sucrose, maltose and inorganic nitrogen were high. But in Reproductive growth stage, Cellulase activity of them was high and polyphenol oxidase activity was weak; the formation of B vitamins was low and the ability to use cellulose, starch and organic nitrogen was high.
4、How to improve the survival rate of transplanted tissue cultures was revealed from the perspective of mycorrhizal fungi Nutrition. Hypothesis of "Three nutrition library" and "three strategies" to increase survival rate of transplanted tissue cultures was brought forward.
Mycorrhizal fungi of three Orchidaceae were co-cultured with tissue cultures in different stages. From the results, we found it was the predominant fungi in the special stage to promote the growth the seedlings. The survival rate of rhizomes and seedlings with rhizomes or bulbs was higher than seedlings without rhizomes or bulbs. The mycorrhizal fungi played a key role in protecting and keeping the activity of the root.
According to these results, "three nutrition library" hypothesis was given. They were rhizome, leaves and bulbs. The success of transplanting tissue cultures relied on changing from "rhizome nutrient library" to " leave photosynthetic nutrition library ", and then to " bulbs nutrition library " successfully. " three strategies " to increase survival rate of tissue cultures were summed up. That is chooseing rhizome, seedlings with rhizome or seedlings with bulbs and then symbiosed with mycorrhizal fungi. The seedling changing into " leave photosynthetic nutrition library " and through dormancy to "bulbs nutrition library" were promoted by the protection of fungi and the nutrition library role of rhizomes or bulbs.
5、The model of mycorrhizal fungi being used in transplanting tissue culture seedlings
According to the dynamic characteristics of mycorrhizal fungi in orchid plant, physiological and biochemical characteristics of mycorrhizal fungi and characteristics of, a model of transplanting orchid seedlings were summed up: Seedlings with a storage organ were selected out and were symbiotic cultured with the predominant fungi in early new roots to meet the nutrition requirement and formation of new roots. When the symbiosed relationship formed and a stable photosynthesis established, followed by application of dominant fungi in the vegetative growth stage to transfore Orchidaceae photosynthate into storage and to maintain high root vigor, so as to improve survival rate.
6、Classification and identification of mycorrhizal fungi
Mycorrhizal fungi of three Orchidaceae had been classificated and identificated by using morphology and enzyme activity characteristics, phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequence. The method to classificate and identificate Orchidaceae Rhizoctonia was given and the keys of some genera and species were brought forward. A third Epulorhiza population, New genus, was found, which was not named. The most important characteristics of species in this population were growing very slowly, without monilioid cells or with irregular monilioid cells and with high ability to use starch. They are important in promoting storeage, conversion and utilization of photosynthate in Orchidaceae.
The "three nutrition library" hypothesis in the study will enrich the symbiotic theory of orchid with their mycorrhizal fungi. The classification and identification method proposed and keys for relevant genera and species will enrich the classification and identification system of orchid Rhizoctonias. In this study, the establishment of isolating orchid mycorrhizal fungi from a single peloton, "three strategies" to increase survival rate of transplanted tissue cultures and model of transplanting tissue cultures with fungi, will achieve industry of Cremastra appendiculata, Pleione bulbocodioides, Pleione yunnanensis to provide theoretical and technical support.
引文
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