连香树干旱胁迫过程中的生理变化与基因差异表达分析
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摘要
干旱是主要的环境胁迫因子之一,它严重影响着植物生长和产量。在干旱条件下,许多基因参与了植物对干旱胁迫的响应,然而,目前只有为数不多的基因的详尽功能得到了阐明,并且这方面的大部分工作是在一年生草本模式植物如拟南芥、烟草及水稻上完成的,对林木相关的研究较少。为了研究植物的抗旱机理,发掘抗旱基因,本研究以木本植物连香树为材料,通过抑制消减杂交(SSH)的方法,对连香树在干旱条件下的特异转录组进行研究,结合连香树在干旱条件下种子和二年生幼苗的生理生化变化,对连香树的抗旱机理进行了分析探讨;同时利用抑制消减文库中的差异表达基因片段,采用荧光实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法,对8个差异表达基因片段的表达情况进行分析,验证SSH技术的可靠性。主要研究结果如下:
①以连香树种子为试验材料,研究了不同浓度聚乙二醇6000(PEG 6000)对种子萌发的影响。结果表明:适宜浓度(140～301 g·L~(-1))的PEG预先引发处理连香树种子,能促进种子萌发和芽苗生长,增加渗透调节物质如可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和脯氨酸的含量,提高保护性酶如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,修复膜系统损伤,提高其抗旱性。此外,种子干旱胁迫试验也表明,在干旱胁迫下,伴随PEG浓度的增加,连香树种子萌发和幼苗生长受到抑制,可溶性蛋白含量先升高后降低,可溶性糖、脯氨酸和MDA含量升高,保护性酶SOD和CAT的活性升高及POD活性下降。连香树对干旱胁迫较为敏感,PEG浓度≥95 g·L~(-1)会对种子萌发、芽苗胚轴和胚根生长产生抑制作用。
②通过采用PEG 6000在室内模拟干旱条件,对二年生连香树实生苗进行干旱胁迫,以研究胁迫对其生理特性的影响。结果表明:随着胁迫浓度的增加和时间的延长,叶片中总叶绿素含量明显降低;在轻度胁迫下(PEG浓度为50～150 g·L~(-1))可溶性蛋白含量上升,而重度胁迫下(200 g·L~(-1))可溶性蛋白含量先升高后降低。伴随PEG浓度的增加,可溶性糖、脯氨酸和MDA含量升高,保护性酶POD活性升高、CAT活性下降,SOD活性先增强后减弱。由此说明,连香树在干旱胁迫下通过增加渗透调节物质含量,降低水势,加强保水力来提高其抗旱能力:并通过增强抗氧化酶活性,提高抗氧化能力,来减轻干旱胁迫伤害。
③以干旱胁迫处理的连香树芽苗SB_4和未处理的芽苗SB_0,进行抑制消减杂交,构建了共包含768个阳性克隆的正、反向cDNA文库。利用斑点杂交技术进行阳性克隆筛选,共获得差异克隆309个。对309个阳性克隆进行测序,共获得241条uniESTs序列。通过进行BlastX和BlastN分析,有199条ESTs序列与己知功能的基因序列相似,其余的109条与未知功能的基因序列相似。
④对文库进行Gene Ontology(GO)分类,使我们从不同角度理解199个uniESTs序列在细胞组件、分子功能和生物学途径中的作用。根据这些ESTs所代表的基因的生理生化作用,按功能将其分为13类。其中有103个基因与干旱胁迫关系密切,并对它们进行了分析讨论。连香树的抗旱胁迫过程涉及信号转导与基因的表达调控、渗透胁迫物质的合成、防御反应、转运作用与离子平衡、活性氧清除、救援和防御蛋白合成、修复和保护光合系统等多种途径的综合作用。
⑤文库提供了大量有关抗旱胁迫基因的相关信息,如海藻糖-6-磷酸合酶(trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase)、S-腺苷蛋氨酸脱羧酶(S-adenosylmethioninedecarboxylase)、G蛋白类(G protein)、钙调蛋白(calmodulin)、钙结合EF家族蛋白(calcium-binding EF hand family protein)、ADP糖基化因子(ADP ribosylation factor)、bZip转录因子(bZip transcription factor)、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶(serine/threonine phosphataseprotein)、脂质转运蛋白(lipid transfer protein)、H~+-ATP酶(H~+-transporting two-sector ATPase)、水通道蛋白(aquaporin)、ABC转运蛋白家族(ABC transporter protein)、过氧化氢酶(catalase)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase)、硫氧还蛋白(thioredoxin)、类金属硫蛋白(metallothionein-like protein)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(glutathione S-transferase)、核酮糖1,5-二磷酸羧化加氧酶(Rubisco)、OEE蛋白(oxygen-evolving enhancer protein)、叶绿素a/b结合蛋白复合物(chlorophyll a/b binding protein)、类萌芽素蛋白(germin-like protein)、扩张蛋白(expansin)、胚胎发育后期丰富蛋白(late embryogenesis abundant protein)、茉莉酮酸酯诱导蛋白(iasmonate-induced protein)、细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450)和硒结合蛋白(seleniumbinding protein)等,这些ESTs序列的获得,为克隆与分析抗性相关基因奠定了良好的基础。
⑥选取8个差异表达基因片段,采用SYBR GreenⅠ嵌合荧光法进行荧光实时定量PCR分析,对SSH结果进验证,结果与抑制消减杂交实验基本一致,表明SSH结果能够正确真实反映被检测基因的表达变化规律,其结果准确可靠。
Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses that adversely affect plant growth and yield worldwide. Lots of genes are thought to be involved in responses to abiotic stress.However,only a few genes have been known precisely until recently and moreover most of the studied genes originated from a few annual herbaceous plants like Arabidopsis,tobacco and rice.Information on drought-resistant genes of perennial trees is scare,even though drought stress constitutes a major challenge to forestry development in the future.To understand the molecular mechanism of water stress and the role of differential gene expression in drought tolerance of the trees,using Cercidiphyllum japonicum as material,we studied its transcriptome during drought stress by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method.Based physiological and biochemical change of the seeds and seedlings,we analyzed the mechanism of drought tolerance of C.japonicum.At the same time,we used qRT-PCR to verify eight differentially expressed genes in the SSH data,and to confirm the SSH technique is accurate and reproducible.Main results as follows:
(ⅰ) The morphological,physiological and biochemical indexes associated with seed germination and seedling growth of C.japonicum were measured under seven different polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) concentrations from 95 to 345 g·L~(-1).The results showed that the suitable PEG concentration was range from 140 to 301 g·L~(-1).In this range,the membrane-repair capacity and the drought resistance of seed were improved,accompanied with the changes of the following indicators. The contents of three osmoregulation substances(soluble protein,sugar and proline) and the activities of three protective enzymes(superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD) and catalase (CAT)) were increased,while,in contrast,the content of a final product of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde(MDA) was decreased.In addition,seed germination and seedling growth were inhibited in higher PEG concentrations under water stress.With the increment of PEG concentrations,the contents of soluble sugar,proline and MDA,and the activities of two enzymes (SOD and CAT),were continuously elevated,in contrast,the enzyme activities of POD was strongly decreased.In particular,the content of soluble protein was increased first and then decreased during this process.These results also indicated that the seed germination and seedling growth were inhibited under the high PEG concentration(≥95 g·L~(-1)).A tentatively conclusion is that C. japonicum seed is sensitive to water stress.
(ⅱ) The two years old seedlings of C.japonicum were treated with PEG 6000 at different concentration under water stress,which were used to study the physiological effects of drought stress on leaves.The results showed that the content of chlorophyll in leaves were strongly decreased with the increase of the concentration of PEG.The content of the soluble protein exhibited dismiliar change trend in different water stress,which increased under the low PEG concentration(50～150 g·L~(-1)),and increased first and then decreased under the high PEG concentration(200 g·L~(-1)). Accmpoany with the increase of water stress,we found the contents of soluble sugar,proline and MDA and the activity of POD were increased,in contrast,the activity of CAT was decreased. Stringly,the activity of SOD was firstly increased and then decreased.These findings suggest that the C.japonicum could adjust the contents of osmotic substance for the adaption of the water stress, and improve the activity of protective enzymes to enhance the ability of antioxygenic.
(ⅲ) Using mixed cDNAs prepared from drought treated seedling(SB_4) and unstressed seedling (SB_0).A forward and reversal subtractive cDNA libraries were constructed,from which 768 recombinant clones were picked amd amplified.Through differential screening of the subtractive cDNA library by dot blot,three hundred and nine positive colonies were picked and sequenced,and Two hundred and forty one effective sequences were obtained.BlastX and BlastN alignment results revealed that 199 fragments showed significant similarity to the function-known sequences in NCBI database,and 109 fragments were similar to function-unknown genes.
(ⅳ) All the sequences in the forward and reversal subtractive cDNA libraries were subjected to Gene Ontology(GO) annotation for understanding their roles in cell component,molecular function and biological process.According to their physiological function,they can be subdivided into 13 categories among them,103 genes were drought stress-related genes,and their function including signal transduction and gene expression regulation,osmotic substances synthesis,defense,transport facilitation and ions balancing,active oxygen elimination,cell rescue and defensive protein synthesis, photosynthesis repair and protection system and many other physiological and biochemical pathway.
(ⅴ) We get many drought resistant related gene fragments including trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase,S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase,G protein,calmodulin,calcium-binding EF hand family protein,ADP ribosylation factor,bZip transcription factor,serine/threonine phosphatase protein,lipid transfer protein,H~+-transporting two-sector ATPase,aquaporin,ABC transporter protein,catalase,ascorbate peroxidase,thioredoxin,metallothionein-like protein,glutathione S-transferase,Rubisco,oxygen-evolving enhancer protein,chlorophyll a/b binding protein, germin-like protein,expansin,late embryogenesis abundant protein,jasmonate-induced protein, cytochrome P450,selenium binding protein,and many other crucial genetic information.
(ⅵ) qRT-PCR was used to verify eight differentially expressed genes in the SSH data.The results of qRT-PCR were consistent with the SSH.The SSH technique used in this study is accurate and reproducible.
①以连香树种子为试验材料,研究了不同浓度聚乙二醇6000(PEG 6000)对种子萌发的影响。结果表明:适宜浓度(140～301 g·L~(-1))的PEG预先引发处理连香树种子,能促进种子萌发和芽苗生长,增加渗透调节物质如可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和脯氨酸的含量,提高保护性酶如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,修复膜系统损伤,提高其抗旱性。此外,种子干旱胁迫试验也表明,在干旱胁迫下,伴随PEG浓度的增加,连香树种子萌发和幼苗生长受到抑制,可溶性蛋白含量先升高后降低,可溶性糖、脯氨酸和MDA含量升高,保护性酶SOD和CAT的活性升高及POD活性下降。连香树对干旱胁迫较为敏感,PEG浓度≥95 g·L~(-1)会对种子萌发、芽苗胚轴和胚根生长产生抑制作用。
②通过采用PEG 6000在室内模拟干旱条件,对二年生连香树实生苗进行干旱胁迫,以研究胁迫对其生理特性的影响。结果表明:随着胁迫浓度的增加和时间的延长,叶片中总叶绿素含量明显降低;在轻度胁迫下(PEG浓度为50～150 g·L~(-1))可溶性蛋白含量上升,而重度胁迫下(200 g·L~(-1))可溶性蛋白含量先升高后降低。伴随PEG浓度的增加,可溶性糖、脯氨酸和MDA含量升高,保护性酶POD活性升高、CAT活性下降,SOD活性先增强后减弱。由此说明,连香树在干旱胁迫下通过增加渗透调节物质含量,降低水势,加强保水力来提高其抗旱能力:并通过增强抗氧化酶活性,提高抗氧化能力,来减轻干旱胁迫伤害。
③以干旱胁迫处理的连香树芽苗SB_4和未处理的芽苗SB_0,进行抑制消减杂交,构建了共包含768个阳性克隆的正、反向cDNA文库。利用斑点杂交技术进行阳性克隆筛选,共获得差异克隆309个。对309个阳性克隆进行测序,共获得241条uniESTs序列。通过进行BlastX和BlastN分析,有199条ESTs序列与己知功能的基因序列相似,其余的109条与未知功能的基因序列相似。
④对文库进行Gene Ontology(GO)分类,使我们从不同角度理解199个uniESTs序列在细胞组件、分子功能和生物学途径中的作用。根据这些ESTs所代表的基因的生理生化作用,按功能将其分为13类。其中有103个基因与干旱胁迫关系密切,并对它们进行了分析讨论。连香树的抗旱胁迫过程涉及信号转导与基因的表达调控、渗透胁迫物质的合成、防御反应、转运作用与离子平衡、活性氧清除、救援和防御蛋白合成、修复和保护光合系统等多种途径的综合作用。
⑤文库提供了大量有关抗旱胁迫基因的相关信息,如海藻糖-6-磷酸合酶(trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase)、S-腺苷蛋氨酸脱羧酶(S-adenosylmethioninedecarboxylase)、G蛋白类(G protein)、钙调蛋白(calmodulin)、钙结合EF家族蛋白(calcium-binding EF hand family protein)、ADP糖基化因子(ADP ribosylation factor)、bZip转录因子(bZip transcription factor)、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶(serine/threonine phosphataseprotein)、脂质转运蛋白(lipid transfer protein)、H~+-ATP酶(H~+-transporting two-sector ATPase)、水通道蛋白(aquaporin)、ABC转运蛋白家族(ABC transporter protein)、过氧化氢酶(catalase)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase)、硫氧还蛋白(thioredoxin)、类金属硫蛋白(metallothionein-like protein)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(glutathione S-transferase)、核酮糖1,5-二磷酸羧化加氧酶(Rubisco)、OEE蛋白(oxygen-evolving enhancer protein)、叶绿素a/b结合蛋白复合物(chlorophyll a/b binding protein)、类萌芽素蛋白(germin-like protein)、扩张蛋白(expansin)、胚胎发育后期丰富蛋白(late embryogenesis abundant protein)、茉莉酮酸酯诱导蛋白(iasmonate-induced protein)、细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450)和硒结合蛋白(seleniumbinding protein)等,这些ESTs序列的获得,为克隆与分析抗性相关基因奠定了良好的基础。
⑥选取8个差异表达基因片段,采用SYBR GreenⅠ嵌合荧光法进行荧光实时定量PCR分析,对SSH结果进验证,结果与抑制消减杂交实验基本一致,表明SSH结果能够正确真实反映被检测基因的表达变化规律,其结果准确可靠。
Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses that adversely affect plant growth and yield worldwide. Lots of genes are thought to be involved in responses to abiotic stress.However,only a few genes have been known precisely until recently and moreover most of the studied genes originated from a few annual herbaceous plants like Arabidopsis,tobacco and rice.Information on drought-resistant genes of perennial trees is scare,even though drought stress constitutes a major challenge to forestry development in the future.To understand the molecular mechanism of water stress and the role of differential gene expression in drought tolerance of the trees,using Cercidiphyllum japonicum as material,we studied its transcriptome during drought stress by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method.Based physiological and biochemical change of the seeds and seedlings,we analyzed the mechanism of drought tolerance of C.japonicum.At the same time,we used qRT-PCR to verify eight differentially expressed genes in the SSH data,and to confirm the SSH technique is accurate and reproducible.Main results as follows:
(ⅰ) The morphological,physiological and biochemical indexes associated with seed germination and seedling growth of C.japonicum were measured under seven different polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) concentrations from 95 to 345 g·L~(-1).The results showed that the suitable PEG concentration was range from 140 to 301 g·L~(-1).In this range,the membrane-repair capacity and the drought resistance of seed were improved,accompanied with the changes of the following indicators. The contents of three osmoregulation substances(soluble protein,sugar and proline) and the activities of three protective enzymes(superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD) and catalase (CAT)) were increased,while,in contrast,the content of a final product of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde(MDA) was decreased.In addition,seed germination and seedling growth were inhibited in higher PEG concentrations under water stress.With the increment of PEG concentrations,the contents of soluble sugar,proline and MDA,and the activities of two enzymes (SOD and CAT),were continuously elevated,in contrast,the enzyme activities of POD was strongly decreased.In particular,the content of soluble protein was increased first and then decreased during this process.These results also indicated that the seed germination and seedling growth were inhibited under the high PEG concentration(≥95 g·L~(-1)).A tentatively conclusion is that C. japonicum seed is sensitive to water stress.
(ⅱ) The two years old seedlings of C.japonicum were treated with PEG 6000 at different concentration under water stress,which were used to study the physiological effects of drought stress on leaves.The results showed that the content of chlorophyll in leaves were strongly decreased with the increase of the concentration of PEG.The content of the soluble protein exhibited dismiliar change trend in different water stress,which increased under the low PEG concentration(50～150 g·L~(-1)),and increased first and then decreased under the high PEG concentration(200 g·L~(-1)). Accmpoany with the increase of water stress,we found the contents of soluble sugar,proline and MDA and the activity of POD were increased,in contrast,the activity of CAT was decreased. Stringly,the activity of SOD was firstly increased and then decreased.These findings suggest that the C.japonicum could adjust the contents of osmotic substance for the adaption of the water stress, and improve the activity of protective enzymes to enhance the ability of antioxygenic.
(ⅲ) Using mixed cDNAs prepared from drought treated seedling(SB_4) and unstressed seedling (SB_0).A forward and reversal subtractive cDNA libraries were constructed,from which 768 recombinant clones were picked amd amplified.Through differential screening of the subtractive cDNA library by dot blot,three hundred and nine positive colonies were picked and sequenced,and Two hundred and forty one effective sequences were obtained.BlastX and BlastN alignment results revealed that 199 fragments showed significant similarity to the function-known sequences in NCBI database,and 109 fragments were similar to function-unknown genes.
(ⅳ) All the sequences in the forward and reversal subtractive cDNA libraries were subjected to Gene Ontology(GO) annotation for understanding their roles in cell component,molecular function and biological process.According to their physiological function,they can be subdivided into 13 categories among them,103 genes were drought stress-related genes,and their function including signal transduction and gene expression regulation,osmotic substances synthesis,defense,transport facilitation and ions balancing,active oxygen elimination,cell rescue and defensive protein synthesis, photosynthesis repair and protection system and many other physiological and biochemical pathway.
(ⅴ) We get many drought resistant related gene fragments including trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase,S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase,G protein,calmodulin,calcium-binding EF hand family protein,ADP ribosylation factor,bZip transcription factor,serine/threonine phosphatase protein,lipid transfer protein,H~+-transporting two-sector ATPase,aquaporin,ABC transporter protein,catalase,ascorbate peroxidase,thioredoxin,metallothionein-like protein,glutathione S-transferase,Rubisco,oxygen-evolving enhancer protein,chlorophyll a/b binding protein, germin-like protein,expansin,late embryogenesis abundant protein,jasmonate-induced protein, cytochrome P450,selenium binding protein,and many other crucial genetic information.
(ⅵ) qRT-PCR was used to verify eight differentially expressed genes in the SSH data.The results of qRT-PCR were consistent with the SSH.The SSH technique used in this study is accurate and reproducible.
引文
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