勉宁公路沿线边坡软岩力学特性及其稳定性研究
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摘要
陕西省南部勉县-宁强地区沟谷纵横,广泛分布着寒武系、奥陶系、志留系的地层,岩性主要以泥岩、粉砂质泥岩等为主,在公路建设过程中山区公路软岩边坡问题比较突出。随着国家西部开发战略计划的实施,这就迫切地需要对山区公路软岩问题进行系统研究,本文结合陕南勉县-宁强高速公路山区沿线公路软岩边坡,分析公路软岩边坡岩体赋存地质条件,研究该地区山区公路软岩边坡的工程地质条件和边坡变形破坏地质力学模式。通过对组成边坡的软岩流变试验,确定流变力学模型中的岩石材料参数,建立符合实际的边坡流变力学模型。从工程地质基础、软岩流变特征、软岩边坡稳定性分析与评价等方面,系统地研究山区公路典型软岩边坡流变特征及其软岩边坡的稳定性问题。研究成果主要包括:
(1)在充分研究软岩边坡工程地质环境的基础上,采用显微镜和浸水试验的方法,对软岩岩样宏观裂隙发育过程进行了研究,并分析了影响岩石裂隙发育的主要因素和泥岩破坏面形成的微观原因。依据岩样室内试验研究,阐述了软岩的岩体物理力学性质。利用回弹仪,在野外对岩石进行了测试,提出岩石回弹值与岩石强度的相关方程,并根据岩石回弹值对勉宁高速公路沿线岩石强度进行了分级。
(2)依据勉宁高速公路沿线软岩边坡特征,分别采用边坡岩体质量RMR方法和分形方法进行了岩体质量评价,以此为基础,提出一个以岩体节理分布的分维数D为分级指标,并根据室内外波速测试的结果,对于不同的边坡岩体质量分级提出了相应的分形损伤参数。
(3)分析沿线公路边坡的岩性特征、岩石风化程度及结构面的特性等,将研究区域的软岩边坡变形破坏地质力学模式归纳为5种。在47处软岩边坡中,滑移-压致拉裂变形模式1处,占边坡总数的2.12%;弯曲-拉裂变形模式32处,占边坡总数的68.1%;滑移-拉裂变形模式4处,占边坡总数的8.5%;蠕滑-拉裂变形模式6处,占边坡总数的12.8%;滑移-弯曲变形模式4处,占边坡总数的8.5%。软岩边坡以弯曲-拉裂变形模式为主,该类边坡破坏形式主要为倾倒、溃屈破坏、崩塌、滑塌等。
(4)三轴压缩蠕变试验表明,Burgers模型能更好地描述勉宁高速公路软岩受力后的力学特性,特别是其长期蠕变特征;利用试验结果,分析确定了Burgers模型本构方程中各参数的数值。根据软岩试样难以制备的现状,分别设计方形和圆柱体试验试样,进行三轴流变压缩模拟计算,探讨不同形态试验试件对岩体蠕变变形特征的影响规律。即:立方体试件的应变量数值整体小于圆柱体试验试件的应变量数值。在低围压状态下(1～5MPa),两者数值相差较小,约5～10%之间,在高围压状态下(10MPa),两者相差较大,约10～30%之间。
(5)根据三轴压缩试验结果,选择典型软岩高边坡,分别进行软岩边坡三维流变数值模拟计算和分形岩体损伤特征的三维流变模拟计算,考虑地下水的作用,分析与研究了软岩边坡开挖过程和边坡形成后蠕变期在上述两种状态下的应力、应变、塑性区以及主要影响因素、破坏形式等规律,并计算了不同状态下的安全系数。
(6)针对软岩边坡破坏的不同形式,利用极限平衡法计算本区部分边坡的稳定系数,定量评价软岩边坡的稳定性。采用BP神经元评价方法,在影响公路边坡稳定性的因素中,根据现场调查和室内分析结果,最终确定20个BP神经元单因子评价指标,对相应的软岩边坡进行了综合评价。对于顺层软岩边坡,采用岩板模型,应用突变理论研究了岩层在水平地应力和垂直力共同作用下失稳的力学机理。根据所建立的四边简支岩板力学模型,推导出层状岩体系统的总势能函数表达式,建立该系统的尖点突变模型,给出在水平地应力和垂直力控制空间中使系统失稳的分叉集,分析作用力的渐变导致状态突变的过程。
The gully development is widely distributed in the Ming-Ningqiang county area of southern Shaanxi province, where there are the strata of Cambrian system, Ordovician system and Silurian system, the lithology mainly is mudstone and silty mudstone which belong to the soft rock. The engineering problem of the soft rock in the mountainous area during the highway duilding is very conspicuous. With the implementation of the western development of China, the engineering problem of the soft rock in the mountainous area during the highway duilding is needed urgently to be studied. In this paper, based on the geological conditions and the nature of rock mechanics of soft rock of Mianxian - Ningqiang in the southern mountain area of Shaanxi province, the engineering geological conditions of the region's soft rock slope and the geomechanical model of slope deformation damage are studied.Through the rheological test of the soft rock slope , the rock material parameters in the rheological mechanical model is determined, and the actual rheological mechanical model of the slope is established.From the engineering geological foundation, rheological characteristics of soft rock, the stability analysis and evaluation of soft rock slope, the rerheological characteristics and stability problems of the soft rock slop in the typical regional are systematically studied. Major research results are as follow:
(1) Based on the full study in the engineering geological environment of the soft rock slope, using the electron microscopy and water immersion test , the microcosmic and macrocosmic fracture development process of the soft rock are studied ,and the main factors impacting the rock fracture development and the microcosmic reasons of mudstone failure surface are analyzed.Based on the research of the indoor experiment of rock samples, the physical mechanic property of soft rock is described in detail. The rock in the field is tested with resiliometer.The correlation equations of the resilience value and compression strength of the rock are presented by the least square method. And by this, the rock intensity along the Mianxian-ningqiang freeway was classified.
(2) Based on the characteristics of soft rock slope along the Mianxian-ningqiang freeway, the different grade quality of slope rock are estimated by RMR and fractal method. The fractal dimension D of rock joint distribution as classify index is provided on the base of above research. According to the indoor and outdoor wave velocity test results , the fractal damage parameters for the different grade quality of slope rock is provided.
(3) According to analyzing the lithologic features of the soft rock slope along the freeway, the rock weathering degree and the structural characteristics, the deformation and destruction modes of soft rock slope are divided into five kinds. Through the analysis of statistics of the soft rock slopes of 47, 1 model of the sliding-compression cracking deformation, accounting for 2.1% for the total number of slopes; 32 models of the bending-fracturing deformation, accounting for 68.1% for the total number of slopes; 4 models of the sliding-fracturing deformation, accounting for 8.5% for the total number of slopes; 6 models of the creep sliping -fracturing deformation, accounting for 12.8% for the total number of slopes; 4 models of the sliding-bending deformation, accounting for 8.5% for the total number of slopes. The deformation mode of the soft rock slopes mainly is the bending-fracturing deformation, of which the main failure mode are toppling, buckling failure, collapse and sliding failure.
(4) According to the 3-axis compression test, it is showed that the constitutive equation of viscoelastic Burgers can better explain the mechanical properties for the soft rock of Mianxian-ningqiang freeway after undergoing pressure, particularly for its long-term creep characteristics.Test samples need 23 kN of the axial pressure to be destroyed . Before the destruction, the maximum strain in axial direction around 0.02. The long-term strength for soft rock is 40.0 MPa. Based on test results, the parameters values in the constitutive equation of Burgers are made. According to the present situation of the specimen being made with difficulty , a squareness and a cylinder test sample are designed, and the simulation was calculated.The characteristics of different forms for the test samples of rock creep deformation is discussed,namely:The overall numerical variable of cube samples should be less than that of cylinder test specimen. In low confinement pressure state(1~5 MPa), the difference between the two value is smaller, about 5 to 10%. In high confinement pressure (10 MPa), the difference between the two value is larger, about 10 to 30 %.
(5)Based on the test results of the 3-axis compression tes, 3-D Numerical Simulation of the the creep characteristics and the fractal damnification characteristics for the typical soft rock slope are calculated by considering the groundwater respectively. The rules of the stress, strain, plastic area, main influence factors and failure mode etc.in above two states during the excavation process and the creep process are analyzed and studied. The safety factors of the soft rock slope in different states are calculated.
(6) According to the different damage forms of the soft rock slope,the coefficient of stability of some slope are calculated by the method of limit equilibrium, the quantitative evaluation are made for the stability of soft rock slope.According to the results of field investigation and lab analysis of the affecting factors for the stability of the slope, 20 BP neurons evaluation index is eventually identified by BP neurons evaluation method. 27 slope samples are the raining sample back-testing. The comprehensive evaluation of 21 slopes is made, and the corresponding slope stability types are got. For the bedding soft rock slope, the rock stratum model was adopted. The method of apply catastrophe theory has been studied the lose steady mechanical mechanism when the rock stratum is under the horizontal and vertical stress working together.According to the established mechanical model of four sides simply back rock stratum, a layered rock system's total potential function expression is provied, and the cusp catastrophe model of the system is established, the tee-offs anthology at the level crustal stress and vertical control of space in the instable system is given, the gradual change of acting force led to the gradual process of mutation status.
(1)在充分研究软岩边坡工程地质环境的基础上,采用显微镜和浸水试验的方法,对软岩岩样宏观裂隙发育过程进行了研究,并分析了影响岩石裂隙发育的主要因素和泥岩破坏面形成的微观原因。依据岩样室内试验研究,阐述了软岩的岩体物理力学性质。利用回弹仪,在野外对岩石进行了测试,提出岩石回弹值与岩石强度的相关方程,并根据岩石回弹值对勉宁高速公路沿线岩石强度进行了分级。
(2)依据勉宁高速公路沿线软岩边坡特征,分别采用边坡岩体质量RMR方法和分形方法进行了岩体质量评价,以此为基础,提出一个以岩体节理分布的分维数D为分级指标,并根据室内外波速测试的结果,对于不同的边坡岩体质量分级提出了相应的分形损伤参数。
(3)分析沿线公路边坡的岩性特征、岩石风化程度及结构面的特性等,将研究区域的软岩边坡变形破坏地质力学模式归纳为5种。在47处软岩边坡中,滑移-压致拉裂变形模式1处,占边坡总数的2.12%;弯曲-拉裂变形模式32处,占边坡总数的68.1%;滑移-拉裂变形模式4处,占边坡总数的8.5%;蠕滑-拉裂变形模式6处,占边坡总数的12.8%;滑移-弯曲变形模式4处,占边坡总数的8.5%。软岩边坡以弯曲-拉裂变形模式为主,该类边坡破坏形式主要为倾倒、溃屈破坏、崩塌、滑塌等。
(4)三轴压缩蠕变试验表明,Burgers模型能更好地描述勉宁高速公路软岩受力后的力学特性,特别是其长期蠕变特征;利用试验结果,分析确定了Burgers模型本构方程中各参数的数值。根据软岩试样难以制备的现状,分别设计方形和圆柱体试验试样,进行三轴流变压缩模拟计算,探讨不同形态试验试件对岩体蠕变变形特征的影响规律。即:立方体试件的应变量数值整体小于圆柱体试验试件的应变量数值。在低围压状态下(1～5MPa),两者数值相差较小,约5～10%之间,在高围压状态下(10MPa),两者相差较大,约10～30%之间。
(5)根据三轴压缩试验结果,选择典型软岩高边坡,分别进行软岩边坡三维流变数值模拟计算和分形岩体损伤特征的三维流变模拟计算,考虑地下水的作用,分析与研究了软岩边坡开挖过程和边坡形成后蠕变期在上述两种状态下的应力、应变、塑性区以及主要影响因素、破坏形式等规律,并计算了不同状态下的安全系数。
(6)针对软岩边坡破坏的不同形式,利用极限平衡法计算本区部分边坡的稳定系数,定量评价软岩边坡的稳定性。采用BP神经元评价方法,在影响公路边坡稳定性的因素中,根据现场调查和室内分析结果,最终确定20个BP神经元单因子评价指标,对相应的软岩边坡进行了综合评价。对于顺层软岩边坡,采用岩板模型,应用突变理论研究了岩层在水平地应力和垂直力共同作用下失稳的力学机理。根据所建立的四边简支岩板力学模型,推导出层状岩体系统的总势能函数表达式,建立该系统的尖点突变模型,给出在水平地应力和垂直力控制空间中使系统失稳的分叉集,分析作用力的渐变导致状态突变的过程。
The gully development is widely distributed in the Ming-Ningqiang county area of southern Shaanxi province, where there are the strata of Cambrian system, Ordovician system and Silurian system, the lithology mainly is mudstone and silty mudstone which belong to the soft rock. The engineering problem of the soft rock in the mountainous area during the highway duilding is very conspicuous. With the implementation of the western development of China, the engineering problem of the soft rock in the mountainous area during the highway duilding is needed urgently to be studied. In this paper, based on the geological conditions and the nature of rock mechanics of soft rock of Mianxian - Ningqiang in the southern mountain area of Shaanxi province, the engineering geological conditions of the region's soft rock slope and the geomechanical model of slope deformation damage are studied.Through the rheological test of the soft rock slope , the rock material parameters in the rheological mechanical model is determined, and the actual rheological mechanical model of the slope is established.From the engineering geological foundation, rheological characteristics of soft rock, the stability analysis and evaluation of soft rock slope, the rerheological characteristics and stability problems of the soft rock slop in the typical regional are systematically studied. Major research results are as follow:
(1) Based on the full study in the engineering geological environment of the soft rock slope, using the electron microscopy and water immersion test , the microcosmic and macrocosmic fracture development process of the soft rock are studied ,and the main factors impacting the rock fracture development and the microcosmic reasons of mudstone failure surface are analyzed.Based on the research of the indoor experiment of rock samples, the physical mechanic property of soft rock is described in detail. The rock in the field is tested with resiliometer.The correlation equations of the resilience value and compression strength of the rock are presented by the least square method. And by this, the rock intensity along the Mianxian-ningqiang freeway was classified.
(2) Based on the characteristics of soft rock slope along the Mianxian-ningqiang freeway, the different grade quality of slope rock are estimated by RMR and fractal method. The fractal dimension D of rock joint distribution as classify index is provided on the base of above research. According to the indoor and outdoor wave velocity test results , the fractal damage parameters for the different grade quality of slope rock is provided.
(3) According to analyzing the lithologic features of the soft rock slope along the freeway, the rock weathering degree and the structural characteristics, the deformation and destruction modes of soft rock slope are divided into five kinds. Through the analysis of statistics of the soft rock slopes of 47, 1 model of the sliding-compression cracking deformation, accounting for 2.1% for the total number of slopes; 32 models of the bending-fracturing deformation, accounting for 68.1% for the total number of slopes; 4 models of the sliding-fracturing deformation, accounting for 8.5% for the total number of slopes; 6 models of the creep sliping -fracturing deformation, accounting for 12.8% for the total number of slopes; 4 models of the sliding-bending deformation, accounting for 8.5% for the total number of slopes. The deformation mode of the soft rock slopes mainly is the bending-fracturing deformation, of which the main failure mode are toppling, buckling failure, collapse and sliding failure.
(4) According to the 3-axis compression test, it is showed that the constitutive equation of viscoelastic Burgers can better explain the mechanical properties for the soft rock of Mianxian-ningqiang freeway after undergoing pressure, particularly for its long-term creep characteristics.Test samples need 23 kN of the axial pressure to be destroyed . Before the destruction, the maximum strain in axial direction around 0.02. The long-term strength for soft rock is 40.0 MPa. Based on test results, the parameters values in the constitutive equation of Burgers are made. According to the present situation of the specimen being made with difficulty , a squareness and a cylinder test sample are designed, and the simulation was calculated.The characteristics of different forms for the test samples of rock creep deformation is discussed,namely:The overall numerical variable of cube samples should be less than that of cylinder test specimen. In low confinement pressure state(1~5 MPa), the difference between the two value is smaller, about 5 to 10%. In high confinement pressure (10 MPa), the difference between the two value is larger, about 10 to 30 %.
(5)Based on the test results of the 3-axis compression tes, 3-D Numerical Simulation of the the creep characteristics and the fractal damnification characteristics for the typical soft rock slope are calculated by considering the groundwater respectively. The rules of the stress, strain, plastic area, main influence factors and failure mode etc.in above two states during the excavation process and the creep process are analyzed and studied. The safety factors of the soft rock slope in different states are calculated.
(6) According to the different damage forms of the soft rock slope,the coefficient of stability of some slope are calculated by the method of limit equilibrium, the quantitative evaluation are made for the stability of soft rock slope.According to the results of field investigation and lab analysis of the affecting factors for the stability of the slope, 20 BP neurons evaluation index is eventually identified by BP neurons evaluation method. 27 slope samples are the raining sample back-testing. The comprehensive evaluation of 21 slopes is made, and the corresponding slope stability types are got. For the bedding soft rock slope, the rock stratum model was adopted. The method of apply catastrophe theory has been studied the lose steady mechanical mechanism when the rock stratum is under the horizontal and vertical stress working together.According to the established mechanical model of four sides simply back rock stratum, a layered rock system's total potential function expression is provied, and the cusp catastrophe model of the system is established, the tee-offs anthology at the level crustal stress and vertical control of space in the instable system is given, the gradual change of acting force led to the gradual process of mutation status.
引文
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