青藏高原东北缘地区深部电性结构及构造涵义
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摘要
本文用大地电磁方法在当今地学研究的热点地区之一--青藏高原东北缘及其邻近地区开展了探测研究,取得一些有意义的新成果。
研究区位于东经99o-110o、北纬33o-40o范围内,其中西南部有巴颜喀拉地块、柴达木地块和祁连地块,西北部有阿拉善地块,东北部有鄂尔多斯地块。由科技部“973”项目、国家自然科学基金项目资助和通过合作交流,在研究区内新测和收集到13条大地电磁剖面、共1156个测点的高质量的观测数据。剖面分别穿过了柴达木地块、祁连地块和鄂尔多斯地块之间的海原边界带,祁连地块和阿拉善地块之间的古浪边界带,阿拉善地块和鄂尔多斯地块之间的银川边界带。
在数据观测中采用了“远参考道”方法,数据处理采用了Robust技术,以提高观测数据质量。对所有观测数据统一进行了规范化处理,分析了所有测点的电性主轴方向、二维偏离度、磁感应矢量、视电阻率和阻抗相位曲线等多种参数。对发生局部畸变和静位移测点的数据分别进行了阻抗张量分解和静效正。对NLCG、OCCAM、RRI、REBOCC四种二维反演方法反演结果进行了分析对比研究,最后使用NLCG方法对所有剖面进行了二维反演。采用TE和TM两种极化模式的视电阻率和阻抗相位数据进行了联合反演,获得了13条剖面的二维电性结构图像。在结合研究区的地质和地球物理资料、中强地震资料等综合分析后,获得了研究区深部低阻层分布、各构造单元及它们之间的边界带的深部构造、强地震深部孕震环境以及有关动力学等一些新的认识,主要研究内容如下。
(1)巴颜喀拉地块、柴达木地块、祁连地块、阿拉善地块和鄂尔多斯地块内部的地壳上地幔电性结构分别具有成层性,并发育有电阻率为几十欧姆米的低阻层。巴颜喀拉地块低阻层埋深约40多公里。柴达木地块低阻层埋深较大,约60多公里,其上覆盖较厚的、完整的高阻地层。祁连地块低阻层埋深在40到30公里之间。而阿拉善地块和鄂尔多斯地块低阻层埋深较浅,在20到30多公里之间。
(2)海原边界带、古浪边界带和银川边界带的深部电性结构复杂,高阻体和低阻体相互交织,不存在大范围成层的壳内低阻层。海原边界带内地壳浅层显示出北部宽、南部窄而向北西撒开、向南东收缩的“扫帚状”形态,呈现西南深、东北浅的“簸箕状”起伏盆地形态。银川边界带内高、低阻带(体)相间分布,地壳浅层呈西浅东深的低阻断陷盆地形态。古浪边界带整体表现为西南深、东北浅的高阻体。
(3)各地块之间或者地块与边界带之间的接触带分别与马沁断裂带、马衔山断裂带、西海原断裂带、青铜峡—固原断裂带和黄河断裂带对应,它们或者是两侧电性结构明显不同的边界带,或者是电阻率发生明显变化的梯度带。
(4)西海原—海原—六盘山断裂带和青铜峡—固原断裂带为明显的电性边界带,并具有电性分段性,而沿断裂带出现低阻体的部位及其附近中强地震频发。西海原—海原—六盘山断裂带西南侧地块内发育连续成层的壳内低阻层,而其东北侧不存在大范围连续壳内的低阻层。
(5)1920年海原8.5级大震区和1927年古浪8级大震区的深部电性结构显示,震源区均位于电性发生明显变化的边界带地区,但海原地震震源区表现出延伸较长的直立走滑运动特点,而古浪地震震源区电性边界则表现出具有向北东逆冲的构造环境。
(6)地块内部成层型的结构和边界带内部复杂的结构表明,前者的地壳属于稳定地块或变形较弱的地壳,后者则属于构造活动性较强和变形较严重的地区。
(7)综合分析研究区的地壳上地幔电性结构表明,青藏高原东北缘地区的几个地块以及由不同地块围陷的边界带地壳结构非常复杂,反映该区特殊的运动学和动力学环境,是特别值得进一步研究的敏感地区。
The northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas are a focused topic of current geosciences in the world. This thesis presents the newly accomplished study on the deep structure beneath this region based on magnetotelluric (MT) sounding data.
The study area lies in the range 99o-110oE, 33o-40oN, involves several major tectonic units. Its southwest is the Bayankala block, and Qaidam block. The Alashan block lies in the northwest. And it abuts the Ordos block in northeast. The work of this thesis is based on 13 profiles, some of which were recently completed in the field. These profiles pass through thr Qaidam block, Haiyuan boundary between the Qilian and Ordos blocks, Gulang boundary between the Qilian and Alshan blocks, and Yingchuan boundary between the Alashan and Ordos blocks. MT data of high quality at totally 1156 sites on these profiles are available for this study.
In data processing, the remote reference and Robust methods are used to improve data quality. All measurements are regularized. The objects of analysis include many parameters of sites, such as orientations of principal electric axes, skewness, magnetic induction vectors, apparent resistivity, and impedance phases. Impedance vector decomposition and static correction are performed to those site data which have local distortion and static shift, respectively. The 2D inversions by NLGG, OCCAM, RRI and REBOCC methods are compared. Finally the NLGG method is used to make 2D inversions for all profiles, including joint inversions of apparent resistivity and impedance phase data by TE and TM polarity modes. From these inversions, 2D electric structure images of the 13 MT profiles are obtained. In conjunction with geological and geophysical data of the study area, the low-resistivity distributions at depth is determined. And their relation with deep structures of each tectonic units is analyzed. The conclusions of this thesis are summarized below.
(1)The electric structure of crust and upper mantle beneath the Bayankala, Qaidam, Qilian, Alashan and Ordos blocks is characterized by layered low-resistivity (LR) materials of tensΩm. The LR layer below the Bayankala block is at about 40km depth. The burial depth of the LR layer below the Qaidam block is larger, some 60km, with thick and intact overlying high-resistivity (HR) strata. The depth of the LR layer of the Qilian block is between 30~40km. And those of the Alashan and Ordos blocks are relatively shallow, 20~30km deep.
(2)Below the Haiyuan, Gulang and Yingchuan boundary zones, deep electric structures are complicated, where HR and LR bodies are mixed each other, thus no large-scale layered LR material exists. In the Haiyuan boundary zone, the LR body of shallow crust is wide in north and narrow in south, or say spreading out toward northwest and converging to southeast, like a deep in southwest and shallow in northwest listric surface. In the Yingchuan boundary zone, HR and LR bodies exist alternatively, and the LR body of upper crust is shallow in west and deep in east. And the whole Gulang boundary zone exhibits a HR body tilting toward southwest.
(3)The contact zones between blocks or between a block and a boundary zone correspond to several major faults, which are the Maqing, Maxianshan, west Haiyuan, Qingtongxia-Guyuan and Yellow River faults, respectively. On either side of these faults, electric structures are apparently different, or resistivity changes rapidly across these faults.
(4)The west Haiyuan-Haiyuan-Liupanshan fault and Qingtongxia-Guyuan fault are distinct electric boundaries which are of segmentation. Along these faults the localities of LR bodies or their vicinities are prone to medium-and large-sized earthquakes. Southwest to the west Haiyuan-Haiyuan-Liupanshan fault exists continuous layered LR material in crust, while in its northeast side there is no such LR layer in crust.
(5)The deep electric structure pictures show that the sources of the 1920 Haiyuan M8.5 and 1927 Gulang M8 shocks are located in the boundaries where electric property changes remarkably. The deep electric structure is consistent with the long-extending steep strike-slip of the Haiyuan earthquake source, and northeastward overthrusting of the Gulang earthquake source, respectively.
(6)In comparison with tectonics of the study area, stable or weakly deformed blocks have layered resistivity structures. And those highly active and deformed blocks, and tectonic boundary zones are characterized by complex electric structures at depth.
(7)The deep electric structures below the study area revealed by MT sounding show that several blocks and boundary zones in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau have extremely complicated crustal structures. They are associated with special tectonic and dynamic settings of this region, and deserve further studies.
研究区位于东经99o-110o、北纬33o-40o范围内,其中西南部有巴颜喀拉地块、柴达木地块和祁连地块,西北部有阿拉善地块,东北部有鄂尔多斯地块。由科技部“973”项目、国家自然科学基金项目资助和通过合作交流,在研究区内新测和收集到13条大地电磁剖面、共1156个测点的高质量的观测数据。剖面分别穿过了柴达木地块、祁连地块和鄂尔多斯地块之间的海原边界带,祁连地块和阿拉善地块之间的古浪边界带,阿拉善地块和鄂尔多斯地块之间的银川边界带。
在数据观测中采用了“远参考道”方法,数据处理采用了Robust技术,以提高观测数据质量。对所有观测数据统一进行了规范化处理,分析了所有测点的电性主轴方向、二维偏离度、磁感应矢量、视电阻率和阻抗相位曲线等多种参数。对发生局部畸变和静位移测点的数据分别进行了阻抗张量分解和静效正。对NLCG、OCCAM、RRI、REBOCC四种二维反演方法反演结果进行了分析对比研究,最后使用NLCG方法对所有剖面进行了二维反演。采用TE和TM两种极化模式的视电阻率和阻抗相位数据进行了联合反演,获得了13条剖面的二维电性结构图像。在结合研究区的地质和地球物理资料、中强地震资料等综合分析后,获得了研究区深部低阻层分布、各构造单元及它们之间的边界带的深部构造、强地震深部孕震环境以及有关动力学等一些新的认识,主要研究内容如下。
(1)巴颜喀拉地块、柴达木地块、祁连地块、阿拉善地块和鄂尔多斯地块内部的地壳上地幔电性结构分别具有成层性,并发育有电阻率为几十欧姆米的低阻层。巴颜喀拉地块低阻层埋深约40多公里。柴达木地块低阻层埋深较大,约60多公里,其上覆盖较厚的、完整的高阻地层。祁连地块低阻层埋深在40到30公里之间。而阿拉善地块和鄂尔多斯地块低阻层埋深较浅,在20到30多公里之间。
(2)海原边界带、古浪边界带和银川边界带的深部电性结构复杂,高阻体和低阻体相互交织,不存在大范围成层的壳内低阻层。海原边界带内地壳浅层显示出北部宽、南部窄而向北西撒开、向南东收缩的“扫帚状”形态,呈现西南深、东北浅的“簸箕状”起伏盆地形态。银川边界带内高、低阻带(体)相间分布,地壳浅层呈西浅东深的低阻断陷盆地形态。古浪边界带整体表现为西南深、东北浅的高阻体。
(3)各地块之间或者地块与边界带之间的接触带分别与马沁断裂带、马衔山断裂带、西海原断裂带、青铜峡—固原断裂带和黄河断裂带对应,它们或者是两侧电性结构明显不同的边界带,或者是电阻率发生明显变化的梯度带。
(4)西海原—海原—六盘山断裂带和青铜峡—固原断裂带为明显的电性边界带,并具有电性分段性,而沿断裂带出现低阻体的部位及其附近中强地震频发。西海原—海原—六盘山断裂带西南侧地块内发育连续成层的壳内低阻层,而其东北侧不存在大范围连续壳内的低阻层。
(5)1920年海原8.5级大震区和1927年古浪8级大震区的深部电性结构显示,震源区均位于电性发生明显变化的边界带地区,但海原地震震源区表现出延伸较长的直立走滑运动特点,而古浪地震震源区电性边界则表现出具有向北东逆冲的构造环境。
(6)地块内部成层型的结构和边界带内部复杂的结构表明,前者的地壳属于稳定地块或变形较弱的地壳,后者则属于构造活动性较强和变形较严重的地区。
(7)综合分析研究区的地壳上地幔电性结构表明,青藏高原东北缘地区的几个地块以及由不同地块围陷的边界带地壳结构非常复杂,反映该区特殊的运动学和动力学环境,是特别值得进一步研究的敏感地区。
The northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas are a focused topic of current geosciences in the world. This thesis presents the newly accomplished study on the deep structure beneath this region based on magnetotelluric (MT) sounding data.
The study area lies in the range 99o-110oE, 33o-40oN, involves several major tectonic units. Its southwest is the Bayankala block, and Qaidam block. The Alashan block lies in the northwest. And it abuts the Ordos block in northeast. The work of this thesis is based on 13 profiles, some of which were recently completed in the field. These profiles pass through thr Qaidam block, Haiyuan boundary between the Qilian and Ordos blocks, Gulang boundary between the Qilian and Alshan blocks, and Yingchuan boundary between the Alashan and Ordos blocks. MT data of high quality at totally 1156 sites on these profiles are available for this study.
In data processing, the remote reference and Robust methods are used to improve data quality. All measurements are regularized. The objects of analysis include many parameters of sites, such as orientations of principal electric axes, skewness, magnetic induction vectors, apparent resistivity, and impedance phases. Impedance vector decomposition and static correction are performed to those site data which have local distortion and static shift, respectively. The 2D inversions by NLGG, OCCAM, RRI and REBOCC methods are compared. Finally the NLGG method is used to make 2D inversions for all profiles, including joint inversions of apparent resistivity and impedance phase data by TE and TM polarity modes. From these inversions, 2D electric structure images of the 13 MT profiles are obtained. In conjunction with geological and geophysical data of the study area, the low-resistivity distributions at depth is determined. And their relation with deep structures of each tectonic units is analyzed. The conclusions of this thesis are summarized below.
(1)The electric structure of crust and upper mantle beneath the Bayankala, Qaidam, Qilian, Alashan and Ordos blocks is characterized by layered low-resistivity (LR) materials of tensΩm. The LR layer below the Bayankala block is at about 40km depth. The burial depth of the LR layer below the Qaidam block is larger, some 60km, with thick and intact overlying high-resistivity (HR) strata. The depth of the LR layer of the Qilian block is between 30~40km. And those of the Alashan and Ordos blocks are relatively shallow, 20~30km deep.
(2)Below the Haiyuan, Gulang and Yingchuan boundary zones, deep electric structures are complicated, where HR and LR bodies are mixed each other, thus no large-scale layered LR material exists. In the Haiyuan boundary zone, the LR body of shallow crust is wide in north and narrow in south, or say spreading out toward northwest and converging to southeast, like a deep in southwest and shallow in northwest listric surface. In the Yingchuan boundary zone, HR and LR bodies exist alternatively, and the LR body of upper crust is shallow in west and deep in east. And the whole Gulang boundary zone exhibits a HR body tilting toward southwest.
(3)The contact zones between blocks or between a block and a boundary zone correspond to several major faults, which are the Maqing, Maxianshan, west Haiyuan, Qingtongxia-Guyuan and Yellow River faults, respectively. On either side of these faults, electric structures are apparently different, or resistivity changes rapidly across these faults.
(4)The west Haiyuan-Haiyuan-Liupanshan fault and Qingtongxia-Guyuan fault are distinct electric boundaries which are of segmentation. Along these faults the localities of LR bodies or their vicinities are prone to medium-and large-sized earthquakes. Southwest to the west Haiyuan-Haiyuan-Liupanshan fault exists continuous layered LR material in crust, while in its northeast side there is no such LR layer in crust.
(5)The deep electric structure pictures show that the sources of the 1920 Haiyuan M8.5 and 1927 Gulang M8 shocks are located in the boundaries where electric property changes remarkably. The deep electric structure is consistent with the long-extending steep strike-slip of the Haiyuan earthquake source, and northeastward overthrusting of the Gulang earthquake source, respectively.
(6)In comparison with tectonics of the study area, stable or weakly deformed blocks have layered resistivity structures. And those highly active and deformed blocks, and tectonic boundary zones are characterized by complex electric structures at depth.
(7)The deep electric structures below the study area revealed by MT sounding show that several blocks and boundary zones in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau have extremely complicated crustal structures. They are associated with special tectonic and dynamic settings of this region, and deserve further studies.
引文
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