西南太平洋劳盆地（Lau Basin）深海热液区沉积物中微生物多样性及多环芳烃降解微生物的初步研究
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摘要
深海热液系统往往被发现于大洋洋中脊和海底火山后弧盆地,剧烈的物理化学梯度变化是其最典型的特征。热液系统中温度、pH及溶解氧、重金属和还原性底物浓度随时间和空间的剧烈变化,为热液生物提供了一个独特的栖息环境。也正是这种独特的生态环境,造就了热液生物,特别是热液微生物在种类、生理及代谢上的多样性。
目前,研究比较多的热液微生物种群多来自太平洋和大西洋洋中脊热液生态系统中,而有关海底火山后弧盆地热液生态系统中微生物种群的研究鲜有报道。为此,我们以“大洋一号”科考船DY115-19航次,在劳盆地南北热液区获得的热液沉积物为实验材料,通过构建沉积物中微生物16S rRNA及氨氧化单加氧酶amoA基因文库,系统地研究了在不同热液活动条件下劳盆地南北热液区沉积物中微生物种群的组成情况,并对微生物可能参与的生物地球化学循环过程进行了初步的探讨。此外,通过选择性富集的方法,研究了热液沉积物中PAHs降解微生物的种群组成,并对其中一株优势降解菌进行了深入的分子生物学研究。主要研究结果总结如下:
对劳盆地南北热液沉积物中微生物种群进行的分子生态学研究表明:1)劳盆地热液沉积物中蕴含大量新型细菌种质资源。三个细菌文库中,约有95%的OTUs和已报道的微生物在16S rDNA序列水平上的同源性低于97%,同时三个站点中细菌16S rRNA基因文库的覆盖率(＜70%)和文库稀释度曲线呈现的趋势表明,目前构建的文库还未达到饱和,这说明劳盆地热液沉积物中蕴藏着大量不同于其它海洋环境的新型微生物资源。2)氨氧化古菌是热液沉积物中古菌的优势类群。在三个古菌16S rRNA基因文库中,潜在的氨氧化泉古菌在文库中所占比例均大于55%,它们和一株海洋氨氧化泉古菌Nitrosopumilus maritimus的同源性高达92%。特别是在TVG9古菌文库中,和N.maritimus同源性为97.92%的OTU(YI-2D)在文库中的比例更是高达58.59%。3)微生物种群站点特异性强。虽然变形菌门的细菌和海洋Ⅰ型泉古菌分别是三个站点中的优势细菌和古菌类群,但是和热液活动直接相关的ε和ζ变形菌门的细菌及海洋广古菌仅出现在TVG9站点中。4)热液活动对微生物种群组成有显著性影响。根据对细菌和古菌16S rRNA基因文库的统计分析可知,无论是细菌还是古菌文库,三个站点在微生物多样性方面均呈现出TVMC2＞TVG2＞TVG9的趋势。特别是在古菌组成上,根据对文库进行的Libshuff分析表明(95%置信限),来源于热液烟囱壁样品的TVG9古菌种群和TVG2(P=0.001)及TVMC2(P=0.0171站点的古菌种群有显著性差异。
对三个沉积物中PAHs进行的索氏抽提及GC-MS定量分析表明,三个沉积物样品中均含有不同种类的PAHs,其中PAHs总量依次为:114.52 ng/g干重(TVG9站点),409.65 ng/g干重(TVG2站点)和277.67 ng/g干重(TVMC2站点)。以混合PAHs为唯一碳源对三个沉积物中的PAHs降解微生物进行了定向富集,并成功获得三个降解菌群。在这三个菌群中,可培养的PAHs降解菌主要归属于α变形菌门的Novosphingobium属和γ变形菌门的Pseudomonas属;而可培养的非PAHs降解菌分别属于α变形菌门的Halomonas属和Alcanivorax属,及γ变形菌门的Thalassospira属。菌群DGGE分析及16S rRNA基因文库结果表明,在TVG9和TVG2降解菌群中优势降解菌均来自Novosphingobium,Halomonas,Thalassospira和Alcanivorax属;而在TVMC2菌群中优势菌则来自Pseudomonas,Alcanivorax,Halomonas,Psychroflexus和Alteromonas属。菌群的动态变化分析结果表明,在TVG9和TVG2菌群中,PAHs降解菌Novosphingobium往往在菌群生长的中期成为最优势的类群,其优势地位会一直保持到菌群生长的末期;而非PAHs降解菌,如Halomonas和Thalassospira往往在菌群生长的前期占据优势,在菌群生长的中后期其优势地位逐渐被PAHs降解菌所取代。
此外,以TVG9菌群中的优势降解菌Novosphingobium sp.TVG9-Ⅶ为材料,深入的研究了它对多种PAHs的降解特性。它能够利用多种PAH及其混合物,在摇瓶培养基中,3个星期内该菌株几乎能够完全降解萘(200 mg/L)和菲(100 mg/L),并且对高环的荧蒽(20 mg/L)和芘(20 mg/L)的降解率也能达到60%左右。16S rDNA序列测定表明,菌株TVG9-Ⅶ归属于Novosphingobium属。根据Novosphingobium属中已经报道的PAHs起始双加氧酶基因序列,设计了兼并引物,从该菌株中克隆得到了四个DNA序列不完全相同的起始双加氧酶基因。同时通过构建该菌株基因组的Fosmid文库,我们克隆得到了一个完整的负责PAHs起始降解的基因簇,序列分析表明,其降解基因的排布方式和该属其它菌株降解基因簇中基因的排布方式类似。不同PAHs诱导条件下的基因表达差异分析表明,该菌株中四个起始双加氧酶基因在菲的诱导下,表达显著上调,而对荧蒽和芘的诱导没有响应,这说明菌株TVG9-Ⅶ对菲的高效降解是采用降解基因的多拷贝策略,同时也说明在该菌株中还有其它潜在的负责高环PAHs降解的新基因。
本文首次系统的报道了劳盆地热液区沉积物微生物种群的多样性,同时研究了其中PAHs降解微生物的种群组成和降解特性,以期为劳盆地热液微生物(基因)资源的研究和开发,及进一步揭示深海热液区来源的PAHs降解微生物的降解机理和生物地理分布奠定理论基础。
Deep-sea hydrothermal systems are frequently found in mid-ocean ridges and back-arc basins,and characterized by marvelous physical and chemical gradients.The hydrothermal vent activity provides unique niches for vent lives,with sharp changes of temperature,dissolved oxygen levels,heavy metal content and reduced substrates.Such environments have shaped special microbial communities of high diversity in taxonomy, physiology and metabolism.
By far,the well-studied hydrothermal microbial communities were usually located at the Mid-Pacific Ridge and Mid-Atlantic Ridge.However,there were few reports about the microbial communities retrieved for a submarine volcano back-arc basin.Here,three hydrothermal sediments(TVG9,TVG2 and TVMC2) were sampled from the southern and northern hydrothermal regions of Lau basin,during the cruise of DY 115-19 of R/V Da-Yang Yi-Hao.Through constructing the 16S rRNA gene and amoA gene libraries,the in situ bacteria and archaea communities were investigated in these sites,which possibly involved in the biogeochemical cycle.In addition,the diverisity of PAH-degrading bacteria in these sediments was also anlyzed after enrichment using PAHs as the only carbon source.Meanwhile,a selected PAH-degrading bacterium named strain Novosphingobium sp.TVG9-Ⅶwas studied in more details at molecular level.The main results were as follows:
The profile of microbial community structures in southern and northern hydrothermal sediments of Lau baisn were investigated by culture-independent molecular phylogenetic methods.The investigation data indicated that:1) the bacteria strain resource was novel in Lau basin.About 95%OTUs in three bacterial 16S rRNA gene libraries shared less 97%similarity with the known microorganism.Moreover,the low coverage of three bacteria libraries(＜70%) indicated that these libraries didn't reach saturation.So,all these data showed that there were many kinds of new and unique microbiology inhabited in the hydrothermal sediments of Lau basin.2) ammonia-oxidizing archaea dominated in all three archaea community.The ratios of potential ammonia-oxidizing archaea clones in all three archaea 16S rRNA libraries were more than 55%.They had Nitrosopumilus maritimus as the closest cultured neighbor with 92%16S rDNA sequence similarity.Specially,the OTU YI-2D shared 97.92%similarity with N.maritimus and occupied 58.59%clones in TVG9 library.3) The structures of microbial community had a clear characteristic with sampling sites.Theε-,ζ-proteobacteria and Euryarchaeota were merely detected in TVG9 site,although the Proteobacteria and marine Crenarchaeota were the dominate member in all three site.4) The hydrothermal activities had a significant influence on the microbial community structure.According to the statistical results of 16S rRNA gene libraries,not only in bacteria but in archea libraries,there was a clear trend in microbial diversity aspect TVMC2＞TVG2＞TVG9.In particular,the Libshuff results of three archaea 16S rRNA gene libraries indicated that TVG9 archaeal library was significantly different with TVG2 (P=0.001) or TVMC2-1(P=0.017) archaeal libraries.
The soxhlet extraction and GC-MS quantitative analysis of PAHs in three sediments showed that there were different kinds of PAHs in three sediments.The concentration of total PAHs were 114.52 ng/g,409.65 ng/g,277.67 ng/g dry weight for TVG9,TVG2 and TVMC2,respectively.After enrichment with a PAH mixture(naphthalene,phenanthrene and pyrene),three degrading consortia were obtained from these three sediments.In these consortia,the cultivable degrading bacteria belonged to genus Novosphingobium ofα-proteobacteria and genus Pseudomonas ofγ-proteobacteria;the cultivable non-degrading bacteria belonged to genus Halomonas and genus Alcanivorax ofα-proteobacteria,and genus Thalassospira ofγ-proteobacteria.According to DGGE and 16S rRNA gene libraries results,the bacteria belonging to genera Novosphingobium, Halomonas,Thalassospira and Alcanivorax were confirmed as the dominate member both in TVG9 and TVG2 consortia.In contrast,the major member in TVMC2 consortium belonged to genera Pseudomonas,Alcanivorax,Halomonas,Psychroflexus and Alteromonas.Although community structures dynamically changed spatially and temporally,bacteria closely affiliated to Novosphingobium,Halomonas and Thalassospira most frequently occurred.The genus Novosphingobium bacteria usually became the dominate member in middle-stage and then held this to the end during the consortium growth course.However,the non-PAHs degrading bacteria,such as Halomonas and Thalassospira,only dominated in initial stages and were substituted by PAHs degraders.
In addition,the degrading characteristics for various PAHs of the strain TVG9-Ⅶ, the dominate member of TVG9 consortium,were confirmed.It could completely degrade the naphthalene(200 mg/L) and phenanthrene(100 mg/L),and more than 60% fluoranthene(20 mg/L) and pyrene(20 mg/L) in three weeks.The 16S rDNA sequencing result indicated strain TVG9-Ⅶbelonged to genus Novosphingobium.According to the cloned PAHs initial dioxygenase gene sequences in genus Novosphingobium,we designed a degenerate prime and cloned four different initial dioxygenase gene fragments.Then,a fosmid library of strain TVG9-Ⅶgenomic DNA was constructed,and a completive degrading gene cluster was obtained from this library.The sequencing result indicated that the arrangement of degrading genes was the same as the one found in other strains in this genus.The gene expression analysis results indicated that the expression of these four initial dioxygenase genes induced by phenanthrene was increased significantly and there was no expression of them induced by high molecular weight fluoranthene or pyrene. These data indicated a multi-copy strategy of degrading genes was applied in strain TVG9-Ⅶto degrade phenanthrene,and also implied there were some other new potential genes in TVG9-Ⅶgenome responding to the degradation of high molecular weight PAHs.
In this report,the microbial community structures were investigated for the first time in Lau basin hydrothermal region,and the PAHs-degrading bacteria in this ecosystem were also detected.These results will help to study and utilize the gene resource retrieved from Lau basin hydrothermal vent field,and to reveal the biogeochemical distribution of PAH-degrading bacteria inhabited in hydrothermal ecosystem.
目前,研究比较多的热液微生物种群多来自太平洋和大西洋洋中脊热液生态系统中,而有关海底火山后弧盆地热液生态系统中微生物种群的研究鲜有报道。为此,我们以“大洋一号”科考船DY115-19航次,在劳盆地南北热液区获得的热液沉积物为实验材料,通过构建沉积物中微生物16S rRNA及氨氧化单加氧酶amoA基因文库,系统地研究了在不同热液活动条件下劳盆地南北热液区沉积物中微生物种群的组成情况,并对微生物可能参与的生物地球化学循环过程进行了初步的探讨。此外,通过选择性富集的方法,研究了热液沉积物中PAHs降解微生物的种群组成,并对其中一株优势降解菌进行了深入的分子生物学研究。主要研究结果总结如下:
对劳盆地南北热液沉积物中微生物种群进行的分子生态学研究表明:1)劳盆地热液沉积物中蕴含大量新型细菌种质资源。三个细菌文库中,约有95%的OTUs和已报道的微生物在16S rDNA序列水平上的同源性低于97%,同时三个站点中细菌16S rRNA基因文库的覆盖率(＜70%)和文库稀释度曲线呈现的趋势表明,目前构建的文库还未达到饱和,这说明劳盆地热液沉积物中蕴藏着大量不同于其它海洋环境的新型微生物资源。2)氨氧化古菌是热液沉积物中古菌的优势类群。在三个古菌16S rRNA基因文库中,潜在的氨氧化泉古菌在文库中所占比例均大于55%,它们和一株海洋氨氧化泉古菌Nitrosopumilus maritimus的同源性高达92%。特别是在TVG9古菌文库中,和N.maritimus同源性为97.92%的OTU(YI-2D)在文库中的比例更是高达58.59%。3)微生物种群站点特异性强。虽然变形菌门的细菌和海洋Ⅰ型泉古菌分别是三个站点中的优势细菌和古菌类群,但是和热液活动直接相关的ε和ζ变形菌门的细菌及海洋广古菌仅出现在TVG9站点中。4)热液活动对微生物种群组成有显著性影响。根据对细菌和古菌16S rRNA基因文库的统计分析可知,无论是细菌还是古菌文库,三个站点在微生物多样性方面均呈现出TVMC2＞TVG2＞TVG9的趋势。特别是在古菌组成上,根据对文库进行的Libshuff分析表明(95%置信限),来源于热液烟囱壁样品的TVG9古菌种群和TVG2(P=0.001)及TVMC2(P=0.0171站点的古菌种群有显著性差异。
对三个沉积物中PAHs进行的索氏抽提及GC-MS定量分析表明,三个沉积物样品中均含有不同种类的PAHs,其中PAHs总量依次为:114.52 ng/g干重(TVG9站点),409.65 ng/g干重(TVG2站点)和277.67 ng/g干重(TVMC2站点)。以混合PAHs为唯一碳源对三个沉积物中的PAHs降解微生物进行了定向富集,并成功获得三个降解菌群。在这三个菌群中,可培养的PAHs降解菌主要归属于α变形菌门的Novosphingobium属和γ变形菌门的Pseudomonas属;而可培养的非PAHs降解菌分别属于α变形菌门的Halomonas属和Alcanivorax属,及γ变形菌门的Thalassospira属。菌群DGGE分析及16S rRNA基因文库结果表明,在TVG9和TVG2降解菌群中优势降解菌均来自Novosphingobium,Halomonas,Thalassospira和Alcanivorax属;而在TVMC2菌群中优势菌则来自Pseudomonas,Alcanivorax,Halomonas,Psychroflexus和Alteromonas属。菌群的动态变化分析结果表明,在TVG9和TVG2菌群中,PAHs降解菌Novosphingobium往往在菌群生长的中期成为最优势的类群,其优势地位会一直保持到菌群生长的末期;而非PAHs降解菌,如Halomonas和Thalassospira往往在菌群生长的前期占据优势,在菌群生长的中后期其优势地位逐渐被PAHs降解菌所取代。
此外,以TVG9菌群中的优势降解菌Novosphingobium sp.TVG9-Ⅶ为材料,深入的研究了它对多种PAHs的降解特性。它能够利用多种PAH及其混合物,在摇瓶培养基中,3个星期内该菌株几乎能够完全降解萘(200 mg/L)和菲(100 mg/L),并且对高环的荧蒽(20 mg/L)和芘(20 mg/L)的降解率也能达到60%左右。16S rDNA序列测定表明,菌株TVG9-Ⅶ归属于Novosphingobium属。根据Novosphingobium属中已经报道的PAHs起始双加氧酶基因序列,设计了兼并引物,从该菌株中克隆得到了四个DNA序列不完全相同的起始双加氧酶基因。同时通过构建该菌株基因组的Fosmid文库,我们克隆得到了一个完整的负责PAHs起始降解的基因簇,序列分析表明,其降解基因的排布方式和该属其它菌株降解基因簇中基因的排布方式类似。不同PAHs诱导条件下的基因表达差异分析表明,该菌株中四个起始双加氧酶基因在菲的诱导下,表达显著上调,而对荧蒽和芘的诱导没有响应,这说明菌株TVG9-Ⅶ对菲的高效降解是采用降解基因的多拷贝策略,同时也说明在该菌株中还有其它潜在的负责高环PAHs降解的新基因。
本文首次系统的报道了劳盆地热液区沉积物微生物种群的多样性,同时研究了其中PAHs降解微生物的种群组成和降解特性,以期为劳盆地热液微生物(基因)资源的研究和开发,及进一步揭示深海热液区来源的PAHs降解微生物的降解机理和生物地理分布奠定理论基础。
Deep-sea hydrothermal systems are frequently found in mid-ocean ridges and back-arc basins,and characterized by marvelous physical and chemical gradients.The hydrothermal vent activity provides unique niches for vent lives,with sharp changes of temperature,dissolved oxygen levels,heavy metal content and reduced substrates.Such environments have shaped special microbial communities of high diversity in taxonomy, physiology and metabolism.
By far,the well-studied hydrothermal microbial communities were usually located at the Mid-Pacific Ridge and Mid-Atlantic Ridge.However,there were few reports about the microbial communities retrieved for a submarine volcano back-arc basin.Here,three hydrothermal sediments(TVG9,TVG2 and TVMC2) were sampled from the southern and northern hydrothermal regions of Lau basin,during the cruise of DY 115-19 of R/V Da-Yang Yi-Hao.Through constructing the 16S rRNA gene and amoA gene libraries,the in situ bacteria and archaea communities were investigated in these sites,which possibly involved in the biogeochemical cycle.In addition,the diverisity of PAH-degrading bacteria in these sediments was also anlyzed after enrichment using PAHs as the only carbon source.Meanwhile,a selected PAH-degrading bacterium named strain Novosphingobium sp.TVG9-Ⅶwas studied in more details at molecular level.The main results were as follows:
The profile of microbial community structures in southern and northern hydrothermal sediments of Lau baisn were investigated by culture-independent molecular phylogenetic methods.The investigation data indicated that:1) the bacteria strain resource was novel in Lau basin.About 95%OTUs in three bacterial 16S rRNA gene libraries shared less 97%similarity with the known microorganism.Moreover,the low coverage of three bacteria libraries(＜70%) indicated that these libraries didn't reach saturation.So,all these data showed that there were many kinds of new and unique microbiology inhabited in the hydrothermal sediments of Lau basin.2) ammonia-oxidizing archaea dominated in all three archaea community.The ratios of potential ammonia-oxidizing archaea clones in all three archaea 16S rRNA libraries were more than 55%.They had Nitrosopumilus maritimus as the closest cultured neighbor with 92%16S rDNA sequence similarity.Specially,the OTU YI-2D shared 97.92%similarity with N.maritimus and occupied 58.59%clones in TVG9 library.3) The structures of microbial community had a clear characteristic with sampling sites.Theε-,ζ-proteobacteria and Euryarchaeota were merely detected in TVG9 site,although the Proteobacteria and marine Crenarchaeota were the dominate member in all three site.4) The hydrothermal activities had a significant influence on the microbial community structure.According to the statistical results of 16S rRNA gene libraries,not only in bacteria but in archea libraries,there was a clear trend in microbial diversity aspect TVMC2＞TVG2＞TVG9.In particular,the Libshuff results of three archaea 16S rRNA gene libraries indicated that TVG9 archaeal library was significantly different with TVG2 (P=0.001) or TVMC2-1(P=0.017) archaeal libraries.
The soxhlet extraction and GC-MS quantitative analysis of PAHs in three sediments showed that there were different kinds of PAHs in three sediments.The concentration of total PAHs were 114.52 ng/g,409.65 ng/g,277.67 ng/g dry weight for TVG9,TVG2 and TVMC2,respectively.After enrichment with a PAH mixture(naphthalene,phenanthrene and pyrene),three degrading consortia were obtained from these three sediments.In these consortia,the cultivable degrading bacteria belonged to genus Novosphingobium ofα-proteobacteria and genus Pseudomonas ofγ-proteobacteria;the cultivable non-degrading bacteria belonged to genus Halomonas and genus Alcanivorax ofα-proteobacteria,and genus Thalassospira ofγ-proteobacteria.According to DGGE and 16S rRNA gene libraries results,the bacteria belonging to genera Novosphingobium, Halomonas,Thalassospira and Alcanivorax were confirmed as the dominate member both in TVG9 and TVG2 consortia.In contrast,the major member in TVMC2 consortium belonged to genera Pseudomonas,Alcanivorax,Halomonas,Psychroflexus and Alteromonas.Although community structures dynamically changed spatially and temporally,bacteria closely affiliated to Novosphingobium,Halomonas and Thalassospira most frequently occurred.The genus Novosphingobium bacteria usually became the dominate member in middle-stage and then held this to the end during the consortium growth course.However,the non-PAHs degrading bacteria,such as Halomonas and Thalassospira,only dominated in initial stages and were substituted by PAHs degraders.
In addition,the degrading characteristics for various PAHs of the strain TVG9-Ⅶ, the dominate member of TVG9 consortium,were confirmed.It could completely degrade the naphthalene(200 mg/L) and phenanthrene(100 mg/L),and more than 60% fluoranthene(20 mg/L) and pyrene(20 mg/L) in three weeks.The 16S rDNA sequencing result indicated strain TVG9-Ⅶbelonged to genus Novosphingobium.According to the cloned PAHs initial dioxygenase gene sequences in genus Novosphingobium,we designed a degenerate prime and cloned four different initial dioxygenase gene fragments.Then,a fosmid library of strain TVG9-Ⅶgenomic DNA was constructed,and a completive degrading gene cluster was obtained from this library.The sequencing result indicated that the arrangement of degrading genes was the same as the one found in other strains in this genus.The gene expression analysis results indicated that the expression of these four initial dioxygenase genes induced by phenanthrene was increased significantly and there was no expression of them induced by high molecular weight fluoranthene or pyrene. These data indicated a multi-copy strategy of degrading genes was applied in strain TVG9-Ⅶto degrade phenanthrene,and also implied there were some other new potential genes in TVG9-Ⅶgenome responding to the degradation of high molecular weight PAHs.
In this report,the microbial community structures were investigated for the first time in Lau basin hydrothermal region,and the PAHs-degrading bacteria in this ecosystem were also detected.These results will help to study and utilize the gene resource retrieved from Lau basin hydrothermal vent field,and to reveal the biogeochemical distribution of PAH-degrading bacteria inhabited in hydrothermal ecosystem.
引文
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