贺兰山、秦岭山脉新生代伸展隆升及断层摩擦生热磷灰石裂变径迹分析
摘要
本文利用磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)热年代学分析方法对贺兰山和秦岭山脉新生代快速伸展隆升的时间、剥露作用的空间分布特征、隆升模式及机制进行了研究,揭示了贺兰山和秦岭山脉晚新生代的快速伸展隆升作用,测定了晚新生代与伸展变形有关的剥露作用的空间分布特征,为贺兰山和秦岭山脉晚新生代快速隆升的模式提供了很好的约束。并对贺兰山和秦岭山脉晚新生代快速伸展隆升的变形机制及其构造意义进行了探讨。根据本次磷灰石裂变径迹分析所揭示的秦岭山脉晚新生代的快速隆升作用,结合中国西北及北方等干旱气候环境的形成时间及其分布区域,以及中国南北古生物演化等,对秦岭山脉晚新生代快速隆升作用的强度及其对中国环境气候的影响进行了研究和探讨。此外,以青藏高原东北缘断裂带为研究对象,利用磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)热年代学分析方法对断层滑动摩擦生热的探测或测量进行了初步探索研究,对其存在的主要问题及前景进行了总结。本博士论文主要取得以下三方面的研究结果。
一.贺兰山新生代快速伸展隆升的时间及模式
贺兰山位于阿拉善地块、鄂尔多斯地块的结合部位,中国南北构造带(地震带)的北端,是华北克拉通内部经历了长期构造演化的板内变形带。新生代以来,该区主要表现为受贺兰山东面具有右旋走滑性质的正断层控制的伸展构造变形,导致了银川盆地的形成和贺兰山的快速隆起。本文根据贺兰山新生代以来的构造变形特征,在贺兰山中南部的苏峪口及北部的大武口沿垂直贺兰山东麓断层走向采集了两个磷灰石裂变径迹样品剖面,同时在贺兰山的西面及北端正谊关沟采集了少量样品,总计18个样品。测试结果显示贺兰山中南部苏峪口剖面的年龄老,东侧的4个样品年龄在88.1~71.7Ma之间,西侧的4个样品年龄在116~107Ma之间;贺兰山北部大武口剖面及正谊关沟的样品年龄在89~10Ma之间,靠近贺兰山东麓断层年龄变年轻,随着距离的增大而年龄变老。结合前人在小松山-汝箕沟所获得的磷灰石裂变径迹结果,对贺兰山新生代快速隆升的时间、剥露作用的空间分布特征及构造隆升模式进行了测定,并对其变形机制进行了探讨。主要获得以下主要认识:
1.采自贺兰山北部大武口剖面及正谊关沟的样品HL07-01、HL07-02、HL07-3a、HL07-05及HL07-06,其磷灰石裂变径迹平均长度大(>13.87um),标准偏差小(<1.1um),揭示了贺兰山始于约10~12Ma的快速隆升剥露冷却作用;
2.贺兰山磷灰石裂变径迹数据空间分布特征揭示了始于晚新生代(约10-12Ma)的快速隆升剥露冷却作用向东靠近断层剥露作用加强,向西远离断层剥露作用减弱,北部剥露作用较强,向南逐渐减弱的空间分布特征;
3.贺兰山起始于晚新生代(约10-12Ma)快速剥露冷却作用的空间分布特征,指示了贺兰山与平行于山脉的东麓断层伸展作用有关的向西向南的掀斜隆升剥露模式;
4.沿鄂尔多斯地块周缘北西-南东向的区域伸展拉张作用,导致了鄂尔多斯地块西北角晚新生代强烈的拉张作用是造成贺兰山强烈向西向南掀斜隆升的主要原因。贺兰山-银川盆地是在先存褶皱-逆冲构造的基础上,在北西-南东向的区域伸展背景下,在具有右旋走滑性质的贺兰山东麓断裂的伸展变形过程中,下盘贺兰山快速掀斜隆起成山,上盘倾斜断陷形成银川盆地,是板内伸展造山作用所形成的盆岭构造。
二.秦岭山脉新生代快速伸展隆升的时间、模式、指示意义及其影响
秦岭山脉位于中国大陆中部,呈东西走向,是一个经历了板块碰撞造山和陆内造山作用的典型复合造山带。新生代以来,在秦岭山脉北缘及其内部,发生了平行于造山带的显著造山后的伸展构造变形,形成断陷下沉的渭河盆地,并使秦岭山脉发生急剧的陆内伸展隆升,成为分隔我国南北地质、生物和气候环境的天然界线。本文在前人研究的基础上,对秦岭山脉进行了系统的磷灰石裂变径迹样品采集,分别在太白山、华山、中条山、骊山、沣峪口及秦岭南面进行了大量的样品采集,总计完成了55个样品的测试,获得了大量新的磷灰石裂变径迹年代学结果。结合前人已报道的磷灰石裂变径迹结果,对秦岭山脉新生代快速隆升的时间、隆升剥露作用的空间分布特征、隆升剥露模式、构造意义、隆升的幅度及影响进行了测定和讨论。获得了以下主要认识:
1.太白山剖面及华山剖面的磷灰石裂变径迹分析揭示了秦岭山脉始于10.5~7Ma的快速隆升剥露冷却作用;
2.磷灰石裂变径迹数据的空间分布特征,揭示了秦岭山脉新生代以来的剥露作用具有秦岭南侧的剥露作用缓慢而稳定,北侧的剥露作用速率快,靠近边界断层增强,远离边界断层减弱的空间分布特点;
3.秦岭山脉新生代剥露作用的空间分布特征,指示了秦岭山脉与平行于山脉的北部主边界断层伸展作用有关的,向南掀斜的伸展隆升模式;
4.秦岭山脉始于10.5~7Ma的快速隆升剥露作用,在时间上与青藏高原约8Ma左右的隆升和对外扩展具有很好的统一性,结合其所处的特殊构造位置,指示了秦岭山脉起始于10.5~7Ma的快速伸展隆升作用与青藏高原晚新生代隆升和对外扩展具有重要的联系。同时,秦岭山脉始于10.5~7Ma的快速伸展隆升作用,为青藏高原隆升和对外扩展的主要时限提供了重要的佐证,具有重要的构造指示意义。
5.磷灰石裂变径迹揭示了秦岭山脉始于10.5~7Ma的快速隆升冷却作用,结合中国西北及北方以风成红粘土堆积为标志,干旱气候的形成时间及其分布区域,以及中国哺乳动物南北分异及其形成时间等,综合表明秦岭山脉在此时已经开始大幅度的隆起,可能已达到或接近现今的高度,成为分割我国南北生物和气候环境的天然界线;对东亚季风:冬季风和夏季风的形成具有促进作用,促进和加强了中国北方干旱气候的形成和向东的扩展,是东亚“季风三角”形成的关键和基础之一。
三.利用AFT分析对断层摩擦生热探测或测量的初步探讨
断层滑动摩擦生热作用被认为是一种普遍现象,但是如何对天然断层摩擦生热,尤其是对单次地震断层摩擦生热进行探测或测量是现今仍未解决的科学难题,本文研究的最后部分是以青藏高原东北缘断裂带为研究对象,对利用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学对地震断层滑动摩擦生热的探测或测量进行了初步探讨。分别在海原断裂带的大沟门、香山-天景山断裂带的红谷梁及小洪沟横跨断层采集了3个样品剖面,总计13个样品,样品包括断层主滑动面上的断层泥、碎裂岩及断层围岩。通过对横跨断层方向的断层岩及围岩的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄及水平围限径迹长度及其分布形态的对比分析,分析结果并没有获得断层摩擦生热的证据,表明这些断层在地震滑动过程中的摩擦增温非常有限,没有达到磷灰石裂变径迹热年代计体系可加载热信息的温度-时间要求。结合前人已有的相关研究,对利用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学对地震断层滑动摩擦生热进行探测或测量存在的主要问题及可行性进行了初步总结和探讨,认为只适应于对震级大、断层滑动距离和速率大、摩擦强度强,位于一定深度有大量摩擦热生成,并使断层附近增温达到或超过磷灰石裂变径迹部分或完全退火温度的断层进行滑动摩擦生热的探测或测量。利用磷灰石裂变径迹的退火动力学方程及断层摩擦生热物理方程等,磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学分析将是一种潜在的能对地震断层滑动摩擦生热或增温进行测量的“热量计或温度计”。
This thesis focuses on application of apatite fission track (AFT) analysis to determining the onset time, the distribution of extension-related uplift and exhumation, and revealing the pattern of the Cenozoic uplift and exhumation of the Helan Shan and the Qinling mountains. It provides constraints on the mechanisms of their deformations, and discusses the magnitude, tectonic significance of the Cenozoic rapid uplift of Qinling mountains, and its effect on the climate and environment of China. In addition, AFT analysis is used to reveal frictional heating along the active faults on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, and a discussion is made on the primary problems and prospect of application of this method to detect or/and measure frictional heating along active faults. The major research results of this thesis are as follows:
1. Timing and pattern of Cenozoic extension-relate rapid uplift and exhumation of the Helan Shan
The Helan Shan is located at the conjuction zone between the tectonically stable Alashan block and Ordos block, and the northern end of the China south-north tectonic zone( earthquake zone), as a intraplate deformation zone in the interior of North China Craton. It experienced long-term evolution of tectonic deformation. The Helan Shan region is characterized by extensional tectonic deformation under the control of normal faults since the Cenozoic, which resulted in the formation of the uplifted Helan Shan and fault-bounded depressed Yinchuan Basin. Based on the characteristics of the Cenozoic tectonic deformation of the Helan Shan, samples were collected from the Suyukou transect in the south-central Helan Shan and Dawukou transect in the north Helan Shan, respectively. Besides, some samples were from western Helan Shan and Zhengyiguangou in the north Helan Shan. Combined with the results of apatite fission track from Xiaosongshan-Nvqigou reported by Zhao et al (2007), the purpose is to investigate the time, distribution and pattern of uplift and exhumation of the Helan Shan in Cenozoic, and to discuss the mechanism of Cenozoic extensional deformation of the Helan Shan region. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The samples HL07-01, HL07-02 and HL07-3a collected from Zhengyiguangou, HL07-05 and HL07-06 collected from Dawukou transect in the north Helan Shan are characterized by concordant cooling ages(about10~12Ma), long mean track lengths (>13.87um) and small standard deviations of track lengths (<1.1um), indicating the rapid cooling resulted from uplift and exhumation of the Helan Shan onsetting at 10~12Ma
(2) The spatial distribution of the AFT data of the Helan Shan revealed that the rapid exhumation of Helan Shan onsetting at 10-12Ma was more rapid closer to the Eastern Helan Shan fault (EHSF) and slower away from the EHSF, and decreased from the north (east) Helan Shan to the south (west) Helan Shan.
(3) The spatial distribution of the exhumation of the Helan Shan onsetting at 10-12Ma indicates that it experienced westward and southward tilt uplift and exhumation associated with the extension of the EHSF
(4) The westward and southward tilt uplift and exhumation of the Helan Shan can be attributed primarily to the late Cenozoic strong NW-SE extension on the northwestern margin of the Ordos block. The foot wall and hang wall of the dextral-slip normal EHSF moved upward and downward, respectively during extensional faulting, which resulted in forming the uplifted Helan Shan and sunk Yinchuan Basin, respectively.
2. Timing and pattern of Cenozoic rapid uplift and exhumation of the Qinling Mountains, and their tectonic significance and effects on climate and environment Qinling Mountains, trending W-E, is located in central China, is a typical multiple-stage orogenic belt which experienced plate-collision and intracontinent orogen. In the Cenozoic the parallel–orogen extension deformation on the northern margin and in the interior of Qinling Mountains are prominent, which produced Weihe Basin and post-orogen intracontinental extensional uplift of the Qinling Mountains as the natural boundary of the geology, biology and climate between North and South China. On the basis of the previous studies, AFT samples were collected from the Taibai Shan transect, Hua Shan transect, Zhongtiao Shan transect, Li Shan, Fenyukou and the south-side of the Qinling Mountains, respectively. By use of the new AFT data combined with published AFT data, this thesis has determined the onset time, spatial distribution and pattern of Cenozoic uplift and exhumation, and discusses its tectonic significance, uplift magnitude and effects on climate and environment. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The results of AFT analysis revealed that the rapid uplift and exhumation cooling of the Qinling Mountains began at 10.5~7Ma.
(2) The spatial distribution of AFT data indicates that the Cenozoic exhumation was slow in the South Qinling and rapid in the North Qinling, more rapid closer to the boundary faults between Weihe Basin and Qinling Mountains and slower denudation away from the boundary faults.
(3) The spatial distribution of the Cenozoic denudation indicates the Cenozoic southward tilted uplift and exhumation of the Qinling Mountains in response to the intracontinental parallel-orogen extension.
(4) The timing of rapid uplift and exhumation onsetting at 10.5~7Ma is consistent with the time of the outward growth of the Tibetan Plateau ca.8Ma and the tectonic location of the Qinling Mountains adjacent to the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau suggest that the rapid extensional uplift and exhumation of the Qinling Mountains onsetting at 10.5~7Ma are associated with late Cenozoic rising and outward growth of the Tibetan Plateau. Obviously, the rapid extensional uplift and exhumation of Qinling Mountains onsetting at 10.5~7 provides the important evidence and a constraint on the timing of late Cenozoic uplift and outward growth of the Tibetan Plateau, with the indicative significance of tectonics.
(5) The rapid uplift and exhumation of the Qinling Mountains onsetting at 10.5~7Ma revealed by AFT analysis, combined with the formation time and distribution area of Aeolian Red Clay in Northwest and North China and the distinct regional differentiations of mammals between South and North China, demonstrate the rapid uplift of the Qinling Mountains initiated in the late Miocene, and its elevation might reach or be close to the present elevation of the Qinling Mountains becoming the natural boundary of biology, climate and environment between South and North China. Furthermore, the uplift of the Qinling Mountains accelerated the formation of the eastern Asian monsoons, and reinforced formation and eastward extent of arid climate of North China, and is one of the important factors and bases of formaton of the eastern Asian monsoon.
3. Preliminary application of apatite fission track thermochronology analysis to detect or/and measure frictional heating along active faults
Although fault-slip frictional heating is common along active faults, it is a still unresolved difficulty to detect or/and measure frictional heating of natural faulting, especially single earthquake faulting. The last section of this thesis to attempt to use AFT analysis to detect or and measure fault-slip frictional heating on samples from the active faults zones on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Due to the unique thermal sensitivity of the AFT, AFT ages and confined horizontal track length distribution of samples within and adjacent to fault zones can provide information of fault-slip frictional heating during individual earthquake fault-slip events. Totally 13 samples were collected from the following 3 transects: The Dagoumen transect perpendicular to the Haiyuan active fault, and the Xiaohonggou transect and Hongguliang transect perpendicular to the Xiangshan-Tianjingshan active fault on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Samples include fault gouges and ultracataclasites on principle slip planes of the faults, and ambient rocks adjacent to the faults. No localized thermal anomaly has been detected by AFT analysis. Samples from the Dagoumen transect show damaged AFT system, probably caused by fault activities which resulted in very low U content of some samples. The results indicate that the magnitudes of frictional heat or increased temperature are too limited to cause annealing of AFT. Based on this study and previous work of other people, this thesis concludes that AFT analysis is only suitable for detecting or/and measuring frictional heat caused by large fault displacement and high strength friction which are generally caused by large earthquakes. Furthermore, this thesis concludes that AFT analysis technique would be a potential“calorimeter or thermometer”to detect or/and measure quantitatively the magnitude of fault-slip frictional heat generated by individual earthquake events.
一.贺兰山新生代快速伸展隆升的时间及模式
贺兰山位于阿拉善地块、鄂尔多斯地块的结合部位,中国南北构造带(地震带)的北端,是华北克拉通内部经历了长期构造演化的板内变形带。新生代以来,该区主要表现为受贺兰山东面具有右旋走滑性质的正断层控制的伸展构造变形,导致了银川盆地的形成和贺兰山的快速隆起。本文根据贺兰山新生代以来的构造变形特征,在贺兰山中南部的苏峪口及北部的大武口沿垂直贺兰山东麓断层走向采集了两个磷灰石裂变径迹样品剖面,同时在贺兰山的西面及北端正谊关沟采集了少量样品,总计18个样品。测试结果显示贺兰山中南部苏峪口剖面的年龄老,东侧的4个样品年龄在88.1~71.7Ma之间,西侧的4个样品年龄在116~107Ma之间;贺兰山北部大武口剖面及正谊关沟的样品年龄在89~10Ma之间,靠近贺兰山东麓断层年龄变年轻,随着距离的增大而年龄变老。结合前人在小松山-汝箕沟所获得的磷灰石裂变径迹结果,对贺兰山新生代快速隆升的时间、剥露作用的空间分布特征及构造隆升模式进行了测定,并对其变形机制进行了探讨。主要获得以下主要认识:
1.采自贺兰山北部大武口剖面及正谊关沟的样品HL07-01、HL07-02、HL07-3a、HL07-05及HL07-06,其磷灰石裂变径迹平均长度大(>13.87um),标准偏差小(<1.1um),揭示了贺兰山始于约10~12Ma的快速隆升剥露冷却作用;
2.贺兰山磷灰石裂变径迹数据空间分布特征揭示了始于晚新生代(约10-12Ma)的快速隆升剥露冷却作用向东靠近断层剥露作用加强,向西远离断层剥露作用减弱,北部剥露作用较强,向南逐渐减弱的空间分布特征;
3.贺兰山起始于晚新生代(约10-12Ma)快速剥露冷却作用的空间分布特征,指示了贺兰山与平行于山脉的东麓断层伸展作用有关的向西向南的掀斜隆升剥露模式;
4.沿鄂尔多斯地块周缘北西-南东向的区域伸展拉张作用,导致了鄂尔多斯地块西北角晚新生代强烈的拉张作用是造成贺兰山强烈向西向南掀斜隆升的主要原因。贺兰山-银川盆地是在先存褶皱-逆冲构造的基础上,在北西-南东向的区域伸展背景下,在具有右旋走滑性质的贺兰山东麓断裂的伸展变形过程中,下盘贺兰山快速掀斜隆起成山,上盘倾斜断陷形成银川盆地,是板内伸展造山作用所形成的盆岭构造。
二.秦岭山脉新生代快速伸展隆升的时间、模式、指示意义及其影响
秦岭山脉位于中国大陆中部,呈东西走向,是一个经历了板块碰撞造山和陆内造山作用的典型复合造山带。新生代以来,在秦岭山脉北缘及其内部,发生了平行于造山带的显著造山后的伸展构造变形,形成断陷下沉的渭河盆地,并使秦岭山脉发生急剧的陆内伸展隆升,成为分隔我国南北地质、生物和气候环境的天然界线。本文在前人研究的基础上,对秦岭山脉进行了系统的磷灰石裂变径迹样品采集,分别在太白山、华山、中条山、骊山、沣峪口及秦岭南面进行了大量的样品采集,总计完成了55个样品的测试,获得了大量新的磷灰石裂变径迹年代学结果。结合前人已报道的磷灰石裂变径迹结果,对秦岭山脉新生代快速隆升的时间、隆升剥露作用的空间分布特征、隆升剥露模式、构造意义、隆升的幅度及影响进行了测定和讨论。获得了以下主要认识:
1.太白山剖面及华山剖面的磷灰石裂变径迹分析揭示了秦岭山脉始于10.5~7Ma的快速隆升剥露冷却作用;
2.磷灰石裂变径迹数据的空间分布特征,揭示了秦岭山脉新生代以来的剥露作用具有秦岭南侧的剥露作用缓慢而稳定,北侧的剥露作用速率快,靠近边界断层增强,远离边界断层减弱的空间分布特点;
3.秦岭山脉新生代剥露作用的空间分布特征,指示了秦岭山脉与平行于山脉的北部主边界断层伸展作用有关的,向南掀斜的伸展隆升模式;
4.秦岭山脉始于10.5~7Ma的快速隆升剥露作用,在时间上与青藏高原约8Ma左右的隆升和对外扩展具有很好的统一性,结合其所处的特殊构造位置,指示了秦岭山脉起始于10.5~7Ma的快速伸展隆升作用与青藏高原晚新生代隆升和对外扩展具有重要的联系。同时,秦岭山脉始于10.5~7Ma的快速伸展隆升作用,为青藏高原隆升和对外扩展的主要时限提供了重要的佐证,具有重要的构造指示意义。
5.磷灰石裂变径迹揭示了秦岭山脉始于10.5~7Ma的快速隆升冷却作用,结合中国西北及北方以风成红粘土堆积为标志,干旱气候的形成时间及其分布区域,以及中国哺乳动物南北分异及其形成时间等,综合表明秦岭山脉在此时已经开始大幅度的隆起,可能已达到或接近现今的高度,成为分割我国南北生物和气候环境的天然界线;对东亚季风:冬季风和夏季风的形成具有促进作用,促进和加强了中国北方干旱气候的形成和向东的扩展,是东亚“季风三角”形成的关键和基础之一。
三.利用AFT分析对断层摩擦生热探测或测量的初步探讨
断层滑动摩擦生热作用被认为是一种普遍现象,但是如何对天然断层摩擦生热,尤其是对单次地震断层摩擦生热进行探测或测量是现今仍未解决的科学难题,本文研究的最后部分是以青藏高原东北缘断裂带为研究对象,对利用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学对地震断层滑动摩擦生热的探测或测量进行了初步探讨。分别在海原断裂带的大沟门、香山-天景山断裂带的红谷梁及小洪沟横跨断层采集了3个样品剖面,总计13个样品,样品包括断层主滑动面上的断层泥、碎裂岩及断层围岩。通过对横跨断层方向的断层岩及围岩的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄及水平围限径迹长度及其分布形态的对比分析,分析结果并没有获得断层摩擦生热的证据,表明这些断层在地震滑动过程中的摩擦增温非常有限,没有达到磷灰石裂变径迹热年代计体系可加载热信息的温度-时间要求。结合前人已有的相关研究,对利用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学对地震断层滑动摩擦生热进行探测或测量存在的主要问题及可行性进行了初步总结和探讨,认为只适应于对震级大、断层滑动距离和速率大、摩擦强度强,位于一定深度有大量摩擦热生成,并使断层附近增温达到或超过磷灰石裂变径迹部分或完全退火温度的断层进行滑动摩擦生热的探测或测量。利用磷灰石裂变径迹的退火动力学方程及断层摩擦生热物理方程等,磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学分析将是一种潜在的能对地震断层滑动摩擦生热或增温进行测量的“热量计或温度计”。
This thesis focuses on application of apatite fission track (AFT) analysis to determining the onset time, the distribution of extension-related uplift and exhumation, and revealing the pattern of the Cenozoic uplift and exhumation of the Helan Shan and the Qinling mountains. It provides constraints on the mechanisms of their deformations, and discusses the magnitude, tectonic significance of the Cenozoic rapid uplift of Qinling mountains, and its effect on the climate and environment of China. In addition, AFT analysis is used to reveal frictional heating along the active faults on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, and a discussion is made on the primary problems and prospect of application of this method to detect or/and measure frictional heating along active faults. The major research results of this thesis are as follows:
1. Timing and pattern of Cenozoic extension-relate rapid uplift and exhumation of the Helan Shan
The Helan Shan is located at the conjuction zone between the tectonically stable Alashan block and Ordos block, and the northern end of the China south-north tectonic zone( earthquake zone), as a intraplate deformation zone in the interior of North China Craton. It experienced long-term evolution of tectonic deformation. The Helan Shan region is characterized by extensional tectonic deformation under the control of normal faults since the Cenozoic, which resulted in the formation of the uplifted Helan Shan and fault-bounded depressed Yinchuan Basin. Based on the characteristics of the Cenozoic tectonic deformation of the Helan Shan, samples were collected from the Suyukou transect in the south-central Helan Shan and Dawukou transect in the north Helan Shan, respectively. Besides, some samples were from western Helan Shan and Zhengyiguangou in the north Helan Shan. Combined with the results of apatite fission track from Xiaosongshan-Nvqigou reported by Zhao et al (2007), the purpose is to investigate the time, distribution and pattern of uplift and exhumation of the Helan Shan in Cenozoic, and to discuss the mechanism of Cenozoic extensional deformation of the Helan Shan region. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The samples HL07-01, HL07-02 and HL07-3a collected from Zhengyiguangou, HL07-05 and HL07-06 collected from Dawukou transect in the north Helan Shan are characterized by concordant cooling ages(about10~12Ma), long mean track lengths (>13.87um) and small standard deviations of track lengths (<1.1um), indicating the rapid cooling resulted from uplift and exhumation of the Helan Shan onsetting at 10~12Ma
(2) The spatial distribution of the AFT data of the Helan Shan revealed that the rapid exhumation of Helan Shan onsetting at 10-12Ma was more rapid closer to the Eastern Helan Shan fault (EHSF) and slower away from the EHSF, and decreased from the north (east) Helan Shan to the south (west) Helan Shan.
(3) The spatial distribution of the exhumation of the Helan Shan onsetting at 10-12Ma indicates that it experienced westward and southward tilt uplift and exhumation associated with the extension of the EHSF
(4) The westward and southward tilt uplift and exhumation of the Helan Shan can be attributed primarily to the late Cenozoic strong NW-SE extension on the northwestern margin of the Ordos block. The foot wall and hang wall of the dextral-slip normal EHSF moved upward and downward, respectively during extensional faulting, which resulted in forming the uplifted Helan Shan and sunk Yinchuan Basin, respectively.
2. Timing and pattern of Cenozoic rapid uplift and exhumation of the Qinling Mountains, and their tectonic significance and effects on climate and environment Qinling Mountains, trending W-E, is located in central China, is a typical multiple-stage orogenic belt which experienced plate-collision and intracontinent orogen. In the Cenozoic the parallel–orogen extension deformation on the northern margin and in the interior of Qinling Mountains are prominent, which produced Weihe Basin and post-orogen intracontinental extensional uplift of the Qinling Mountains as the natural boundary of the geology, biology and climate between North and South China. On the basis of the previous studies, AFT samples were collected from the Taibai Shan transect, Hua Shan transect, Zhongtiao Shan transect, Li Shan, Fenyukou and the south-side of the Qinling Mountains, respectively. By use of the new AFT data combined with published AFT data, this thesis has determined the onset time, spatial distribution and pattern of Cenozoic uplift and exhumation, and discusses its tectonic significance, uplift magnitude and effects on climate and environment. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The results of AFT analysis revealed that the rapid uplift and exhumation cooling of the Qinling Mountains began at 10.5~7Ma.
(2) The spatial distribution of AFT data indicates that the Cenozoic exhumation was slow in the South Qinling and rapid in the North Qinling, more rapid closer to the boundary faults between Weihe Basin and Qinling Mountains and slower denudation away from the boundary faults.
(3) The spatial distribution of the Cenozoic denudation indicates the Cenozoic southward tilted uplift and exhumation of the Qinling Mountains in response to the intracontinental parallel-orogen extension.
(4) The timing of rapid uplift and exhumation onsetting at 10.5~7Ma is consistent with the time of the outward growth of the Tibetan Plateau ca.8Ma and the tectonic location of the Qinling Mountains adjacent to the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau suggest that the rapid extensional uplift and exhumation of the Qinling Mountains onsetting at 10.5~7Ma are associated with late Cenozoic rising and outward growth of the Tibetan Plateau. Obviously, the rapid extensional uplift and exhumation of Qinling Mountains onsetting at 10.5~7 provides the important evidence and a constraint on the timing of late Cenozoic uplift and outward growth of the Tibetan Plateau, with the indicative significance of tectonics.
(5) The rapid uplift and exhumation of the Qinling Mountains onsetting at 10.5~7Ma revealed by AFT analysis, combined with the formation time and distribution area of Aeolian Red Clay in Northwest and North China and the distinct regional differentiations of mammals between South and North China, demonstrate the rapid uplift of the Qinling Mountains initiated in the late Miocene, and its elevation might reach or be close to the present elevation of the Qinling Mountains becoming the natural boundary of biology, climate and environment between South and North China. Furthermore, the uplift of the Qinling Mountains accelerated the formation of the eastern Asian monsoons, and reinforced formation and eastward extent of arid climate of North China, and is one of the important factors and bases of formaton of the eastern Asian monsoon.
3. Preliminary application of apatite fission track thermochronology analysis to detect or/and measure frictional heating along active faults
Although fault-slip frictional heating is common along active faults, it is a still unresolved difficulty to detect or/and measure frictional heating of natural faulting, especially single earthquake faulting. The last section of this thesis to attempt to use AFT analysis to detect or and measure fault-slip frictional heating on samples from the active faults zones on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Due to the unique thermal sensitivity of the AFT, AFT ages and confined horizontal track length distribution of samples within and adjacent to fault zones can provide information of fault-slip frictional heating during individual earthquake fault-slip events. Totally 13 samples were collected from the following 3 transects: The Dagoumen transect perpendicular to the Haiyuan active fault, and the Xiaohonggou transect and Hongguliang transect perpendicular to the Xiangshan-Tianjingshan active fault on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Samples include fault gouges and ultracataclasites on principle slip planes of the faults, and ambient rocks adjacent to the faults. No localized thermal anomaly has been detected by AFT analysis. Samples from the Dagoumen transect show damaged AFT system, probably caused by fault activities which resulted in very low U content of some samples. The results indicate that the magnitudes of frictional heat or increased temperature are too limited to cause annealing of AFT. Based on this study and previous work of other people, this thesis concludes that AFT analysis is only suitable for detecting or/and measuring frictional heat caused by large fault displacement and high strength friction which are generally caused by large earthquakes. Furthermore, this thesis concludes that AFT analysis technique would be a potential“calorimeter or thermometer”to detect or/and measure quantitatively the magnitude of fault-slip frictional heat generated by individual earthquake events.
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