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青藏高原北缘若干断裂(带)古地震事件释光测年及年代学研究
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摘要
青藏高原北缘东昆仑、阿尔金和祁连-海原断裂构造带是我国强烈地震多发地带,研究它们的古地震发生年代在科学上和实践上都有重要意义。为了测定青藏高原北(部)缘东昆仑断裂带上西大滩剖面和库赛湖西剖面、阿尔金断裂带东端玉门NW向断裂五道沟剖面以及海原断裂带上刺儿沟和石卡关沟剖面记录的古地震事件年代,探讨了近些年来释光测年的新方法和新技术(例如细颗粒石英SAR和SMAR技术)在古地震事件测年的可行性和可靠性,通过对与古地震事件相关的不同沉积类型(黄土及次生黄土、坡积、河流冲洪积物、崩积楔、断塞塘等)沉积物多种释光测年方法和实验技术的对比试验研究,筛选出适宜的方法和实验技术,并应用筛选出的实验技术对上述剖面上记录的古地震事件进行详细地释光测年和年代学研究,获得了上述5地点各次古地震事件发生的年代。本项研究的主要成果和认识如下:
     1、不同沉积物释光测年方法和实验技术研究
     1)细颗粒石英单测片再生剂量(SAR)和简单多测片再生剂量(SMAR)技术的可靠性
     SAR技术一直较少用于沉积物细颗粒石英的测年,SMAR技术对于非黄土类的沉积物测年可行性和可靠性尚未得到充分验证。通过东昆仑、海原和玉门三个地区不同类型沉积物中的细颗粒石英SAR和SMAR技术的测年可靠性试验,其结果显示,SAR和SMAR技术获得的等效剂量(DE)值在分布特征和统计分析结果均能吻合。在测定东昆仑断裂带样品06ek39细颗粒石英测片校正后天然释光信号强度(LN/TN)分散性与DE值关系时,发现SAR技术得到的细颗粒石英各个测片DE值分布有可能反映样品沉积前的晒退程度,SAMR技术各个测片DE值同样有这样的特征,二者可以获得相一致的DE测定值,从而表明,对于细颗粒石英的释光测年,SMAR技术在一定程度上能够替代SAR技术。值得注意的是,对于类似于东昆仑断裂带的冰水沉积物和玉门NW向断裂冲积扇缘的细粒碎屑沉积物,应用SAR和SMAR技术测年的测试过程中,宜选择较低的预热温度以避免测试过程产生的光释光信号回授现象的影响。
     2)细颗粒和粗颗粒石英SAR技术测定的年龄对比
     对于晒退比较好的沉积物样品,粗、细颗粒石英SAR技术都可以获得误差范围内一致的年龄测定值。对于沉积前晒退不充分沉积物样品,细颗粒石英的年龄要比粗颗粒的则有较大差异,通过与海原断裂带石卡关沟剖面同层位泥炭样品LEDL05-106和LEDL05-104的14C年龄测定值对比表明,粗颗粒石英SAR的OSL年龄与14C年龄非常接近,并且采用累积频率法确定样品DE值,可获得更可信的OSL年龄。
     在缺乏粗颗粒的样品中,细颗粒石英的结果比较可靠,例如海原刺儿沟烘烤次生黄土LEDL03-65样品,细颗粒石英SAR的OSL年龄与同层位的炭屑14C年龄非常接近。
     3)细颗粒混合矿物红外释光(IRSL)和红外-蓝光双激发([Post-IR]OSL)测年技术
     在对来自三个地区的不同类型沉积物细颗粒混合矿物样品红外(IR)激发时间与[Post-IR]OSL DE值关系实验表明,细颗粒混合矿物[Post-IR]OSL测定的DE值对样品测定年龄有一定的控制作用,当IR激发时间至少超过200s以上,各类型沉积物的[Post-IR]OSL的DE值基本上可保持稳定,出现DE值坪;但是对于次生黄土样品,在DE值较大时(例如:>200Gy),[Post-IR]OSL的DE值比细颗粒石英的偏小约10%,可能需要更长时间的IR激发,才有可能消除长石类矿物光释光的影响。
     归纳起来,对于与断层活动相关的沉积物释光测年,最适宜的测试技术为粗颗粒石英SAR技术;在无法获得粗颗粒的情况下,使用细颗粒石英SAR或SMAR技术也能获得较可信结果。而细颗粒混合矿物IRSL和[Post-IR]OSL信号受较多因素的影响,导致应用这两种技术测定的释光年龄值可靠性不高。
     2、古地震事件年代学研究
     在上述研究的基础上,对本文所研究的各剖面上样品主要采用了细颗粒石英SAR和SMAR技术以及粗颗粒石英SAR技术进行较系统的释光测试,以测定这些剖面上记录的古地震事件年龄和进行年代学研究。
     1)东昆仑断裂带:
     a:西大滩剖面:
     根据野外观测该剖面上至少记录有三次古地震事件,对各事件密切相关沉积物释光测年结果表明,它们的发生时间分别为:事件I:0.7±0.4~0.8±0.1ka;事件II:2.0±0.3~0.8±0.1ka;事件III:3.1±0.3~4.6±0.6ka。
     b:库赛湖西剖面:
     库赛湖西剖面上有一次古地震事件,发生时间为3.9±1.1ka前。
     2)玉门NW向断裂五道沟剖面:
     根据该剖面断层切穿的最新地层和上覆的最老地层的年龄,可以限定该剖面记录的最新一次古地震活动的时间在距今1.4~2ka间。
     3)海原断裂带
     a:刺儿沟剖面
     对该剖面上规模最大的崩积楔III的古地震事件进行的测年研究,通过对崩积楔上下地层中次生黄土的测年,限定了该次古地震发生于距今57.9±2.8~26.7±2.1ka之间。对这个古地震事件的测年结果显示,采用上下沉积地层的沉积年龄限定古地震事件发生的年龄依然有其局限性。
     b:石卡关沟剖面
     根据野外探槽剖面观测,该剖面只记录了一次古地震事件,其发生的时间为1.3~1.4ka前。该次事件可能属于张培震等(2003)所认为的断裂带中段和西段上的同时破裂的地震事件。
The East Kunlun, Altyn and Qilian-Haiyuan fault zones, located on the northern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, are of high seismicity with many major earthquakes. It is of importance to study ages of paleoearthquakes in these fault zones for both science and practise. This thesis is focused on determination of ages of paleoearthquakes at several profiles on these fault zones, which are the Xidatan profile and Kusai Lake profile on the East Kunlun, Wudaogou profile at the Yumenzhen NW fault, eastern end of the Altyn fault, and Ciergou profile and Shikaguan profile on the Haiyuan fault. To achieve this purpose, first I analyze the feasibility and reliability of several OSL dating methods (e.g. fine-grain quartz SAR and SMAR protocols) that were suggested in recent years, whether they can be suitable for dating paleoearthquake events. Through comparative studies between several methods and protocols for OSL dating on different types of sediments associated with paleoearthquakes, such as loess and secondary loess, slope deposit, river alluvial, collapse wedge and damped pond, suitable methods and experimental techniques are selected out.
     Then these methods are used to make a detailed study of luminescence dating and chronology on the events on those profiles mentioned above, yielding the ages of these seismic events.
     1、Study on luminescence dating methods and experimental techniques for different types of sediments
     1) Reliability of SAR and SMAR methods for fine-grain quartz
     The SAR method has been less used less for fine-grain quartz, and the reliability of SMAR method for non-loess samples has not been tested very well. In this work, the reliability of SAR and SMAR methods is tested on the samples from different environments. The results show that the DE values from SAR and SMAR are consistent in distribution features and statistical analysis. It is found that the distribution of SAR DE values can be used for identification of exposure extent before deposition and bury of samples in the study of the relationship between LN/TN and DE values. The results suggest that the SAR protocol can be replaced by SMAR for dating fine-grain quartz samples. The lower preheat temperature should be applied for dating the sample such as glacifluvial from the East Kunlun fault and salty debris sediments from the Yumenzhen NW fault, so a lower OSL signal recuperation can be accessed.
     2) Comparison of SAR’s ages of fine-grain and coarse quartz
     Consistent ages with acceptable error ranges measured by SAR protocol for fine-grain and coarse quartz can be estimated if the sample is well-bleached. But a large difference exists between ages from fine-grain and coarse quartz. The results of LEDL05-104 and LEDL05-106(peat) from the Shikaguangou profile at Haiyuan fault zone display a nice similarity between the OSL ages of coarse quartz and 14C dating. A more credible DE value can be estimated by cumulative frequency statistics.
     3) Polymineral fine-grains IRSL and [Post-IR]OSL
     For several samples from different deposition environments in the three regions, at least 200s and more IR bleach time are required to get a plateau region of a [Post-IR]OSL DE value VS IR exposureduration. . But underestimation is found at the re-worked sample of which the DE value is larger ( e.g. >200Gy), and a ~10% of underestimation is implied. The longer IR bleach time should be applied for the sample with large DE values.
     In general, for dating the sample of sediments related to the fault activity, the optimal luminescence method is SAR for coarse quartz. But the SAR and SMAR methods for fine-grain quartz can be credible when the sample is lack of coarse quartz. IRSL and [Post-IR]OSL signals of fine-grain mixed mineral are affected easily by some factors, so the measured ages have a poorer reliability.
     2、Chronology of paleoearthquake events
     Based on the above results, a systematic OSL dating for the samples from all profiles is carried out on fine-grain and coarse quartz, by use of SAR and SMAR protocols. The ages of paleoearthquake events recorded on these profiles are estimated.
     1) The East Kunlun fault zone
     a: Xidatan profile
     There are three paleoearthquake events recorded on the Xidatan profile, of which the ages are : Event I: 0.7±0.4~0.8±0.1ka ;Enent II: 2.0±0.3~0.8±0.1ka ; and Event III: 3.1±0.3~4.6±0.6ka.
     b: West Kusaihu Lake profile
     There is a paleoearthquake events recorded on the west Kusaihu Lake profile, of which the ages is before 3.9±1.1ka.
     2) Wudaogou profile at Yumen NW fault.
     The only one event was record on the profile. Its age is estimated 1.4~2ka based on the ages of the new strata and overlying cover that the fault cut through.
     3) Haiyuan fault zone
     a: Ciergou profile
     The largest collapse wedge III is studied by dating methods in this work. The luminescence ages of the re-worked loess in beds below and above the wedge restrict the paleoearthquake events which occurred 57.9±2.8~26.7±2.1ka before present. The conclusion implies that dating paleoearthquakes by ages of upper and lower strata remains limited.
     b: Shikaguangou profile
     The only one event was record on the profile. Its age is 1.3~1.4ka. The event perhaps occurred at the same time in the mid-segment and west segment of the Haiyuan fault zone.
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