上海地区土壤中持久性有机污染物污染特征、分布及来源初步研究
|
摘要
由于人口增长和工业迅猛发展,固体废物堆放倾倒、有害废水向土壤中渗透和污水灌溉、大气干/湿沉降等使土壤持久性有机污染物(POPs)污染日益严重。一些POPs具有突出的“三致”作用(致癌、致突变、致畸形)和内分泌干扰特性,日益受到人们的关注。土壤中的POPs可通过挥发、扩散、迁移,污染大气、地表水体和地下水,并可通过生物富集和生物放大作用在生物体内富集,最终危及人体健康。因此,土壤中POPs污染是一个亟需研究和解决的问题。本研究利用气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)和气相色谱(GC/ECD)方法,对91个上海城区和农村表层土壤样品中的典型POPs包括PAHs,OCPs,PBDEs和PCBs的污染水平、空间分布特征、异构体组成特征、可能的污染来源和潜在的生态风险进行了系统的研究,旨在了解上海地区土壤中典型POPs的污染状况和潜在风险,为我国履行POPs公约提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下:
(1)上海市城区土壤中22种多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染浓度在442~19700μg·kg-1之间,平均含量3780μg·kg-1;农村及郊区土壤中22种PAHs的浓度在141~2370μg·kg-1之间,平均浓度为757μg·kg-1。上海市城区土壤中PAHs的总量显著高于农村及郊区土壤。城区不同功能区土壤中的含量由高到低的次序为:路边样>绿化带>公园>商业区>居民区。农村及郊区土壤PAHs污染较高的区域主要在上海西部和南部区域,低污染浓度分布在崇明岛。无论是上海城区土壤还是农村及郊区土壤,污染主要以高分子量的致癌性PAHs为主,其中以Flu,Pyr,BbF和Chr为主要污染物。主成分分析和异构体比值法分析结果表明,上海市土壤中PAHs主要来源于燃烧源,尤其是化石燃料的燃烧。采用毒性当量评价方法对研究区域土壤中PAHs潜在致癌性分析显示,研究区域内城区土壤PAHs具有一定的潜在致癌性,特别是路边土壤样品中毒性当量浓度(TEQ)较高,应当引起重视。而农村土壤中PAHs潜在致癌性较低。
(2)上海市土壤样品中六氯苯(HCB)、六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的检出率较高,为上海市土壤中主要有机氯农药(OCPs)污染物。上海市城区土壤中OCPs残留范围在3.28~94.7μg·kg-1之间,农村及郊区土壤样品中OCPs农药残留范围在3.16μg?kg-1~265μg?kg-1之间。无论是城区还是农村及郊区土壤,其OCPs残留都以p,p′-DDE为主,占OCPs残留总量的60%以上。从整个分布来看,农村及郊区OCPs污染高的区域主要分布在南部和西部区域;城区不同功能区土壤中,公园和绿化带可能存在历史使用污染,导致其残留高于其它功能区。根据OCPs残留组成推断,试区土壤残留的OCPs主要来源于历史应用,DDT主要是工业DDT和三氯杀螨醇的混合源;HCH则大部分来源于工业HCH,但部分采样点可能来源于林丹污染;氯丹及硫丹部分采样点可能存在近期污染。与我国土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)和荷兰及加拿大土壤环境质量标准以及其它地区OCPs污染残留量比较,上海市土壤HCH残留水平较低。尽管DDT残留量低于其它研究区域,但部分采样点残留量高于国家一级标准。同时生态风险分析显示,DDT残留存在一定的生态风险,因此对研究区域内土壤中DDTs污染应当引起重视。
(3)上海市城区土壤中检出的28种多溴二苯醚(PBDEs) (不包括BDE209)的浓度在22.3 ~889 ng·kg-1之间,平均含量258 ng·kg-1;BDE209浓度在0.291 ~ 2910 ng·kg-1之间,平均为477 ng·kg-1。农村及郊区土壤中检出的31种PBDEs (不包括BDE209)的浓度为41.7 ~ 962 ng·kg-1,平均为175 ng·kg-1;BDE209的浓度为33.2~796 ng·kg-1,平均浓度为254 ng·kg-1。农村及郊区土壤中低溴代PBDEs检出率和污染水平要高于城区土壤中低溴代PBDEs,而总量来看,无论是PBDEs总量还是BDE209,农村及郊区土壤中污染水平要低于城区土壤样品。城区污染浓度较高的点主要是P2、G11、G7、L11和C8。低污染浓度样品主要分布在居民区和马路边样。在农村及郊区土壤中较高浓度PBDEs主要是分布在金山区、闵行区、奉贤区和宝山区,崇明岛的污染水平较低。上海市土壤污染物主要以高溴代PBDEs为主,而少部分样品则以四到六溴代为主。相关性分析显示,土壤中PBDEs与TOC具有显著相关性,表明TOC是影响上海市土壤中PBDEs持留的重要因素之一。PBDEs组成特征和统计分析表明,上海市土壤中PBDEs主要来源于十溴和五溴工业品。同时,部分采样点可能存在八溴工业品来源的污染。本研究结果与同类研究结果比较分析显示,研究区域内PBDEs污染高于背景土壤,但显著低于其它有直接污染源的区域,对于当前PBDEs污染应当引起重视,需要进一步监测与研究。
(4)上海市城区土壤中共检出74种PCBs同类物,城区土壤中PCBs的污染浓度在232~11300 ng·kg-1之间,平均含量3060 ng·kg-1。城区土壤污染浓度较高采样点主要是C4、C5、G6、G8、G9、L5、R1和R4,污染程度较高的区域主要是商业区和绿化带,低浓度样品主要分布在居民区和马路边样。农村及郊区土壤中共检出62种PCBs同类物,PCBs的污染浓度为71.7~2530 ng·kg-1,平均含量为534 ng·kg-1。农村及郊区污染浓度较高采样点主要是BS2、SJ6、JS4和FX4,从采样区域来看,整体污染水平较低,其污染可能主要来源于城区污染导致的区域大气沉降或是全球大气传输所致。城区土壤大部分采样点污染主要以四氯代、五氯代和六氯代同族体为主,而少部分则以三氯代和四氯代同族体为主;农村及郊区土壤污染主要三氯代和四氯代同族体为主,表明城区和农村PCBs来源不同。土壤中PCBs组成特征及统计分析显示,城区PCBs主要源于Aroclor1242和1254工业品,而农村主要来源于Aroclor1242工业品。相关性分析显示,土壤中PCBs与TOC具有明显相关性,表明TOC是影响上海市土壤中PCBs持留的重要因素之一。本研究结果与同类研究结果比较分析显示,研究区域内PCBs污染高于国内外背景土壤中PCBs水平,但显著低于其它有直接污染源的区域。
With the growth of population, rapid development of industry, the soil contamination by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has become more and more serious by leachate from waste solids, dry and wet deposition, and sewage irrigation. Due to their carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity, as well as endocrine disruptive activity, POPs contamination has increasingly aroused general concern. POPs in soil may contaminate the air, surface water and underground water by volatilization, diffusion and transfer. They easily accumulate in organism by bioconcentration and biomagnification, and finally endanger the health of human beings. So soil contamination by POPs is a key problem to be urgently solved and investigated. The contamination levels, spatial distribution, isomeric composition, possible sources and potential ecological risk of POPs including PAHs, OCPs, PBDEs and PCBs from soil in Shanghai urban areas and agricultural fields were systematically investigated. The study aimed to understanding the soil contamination status and potential risk posed by typical POPs in Shanghai region,and to providing the scientific basis for implementing the POPs convention. The main conclusions are summarized as follows:
1. The results showed that the total concentrations of 22 PAHs (ΣPAHs) ranged from 442 to 19700μg kg-1 in urban soil and from 141 to 2370μg kg-1 in agricultural soil of Shanghai, with means of 3780μg kg-1 and 757μg kg-1, respectively. The seven possible carcinogenic PAHs (Σ7CarPAHs) accounted for higher percentage ofΣPAHs. Among different sampling areas, the higher levels of PAHs were found in the roadside, followed by greenbelt, commercial district, park, residential district, and the low concentrations of PAHs were found in agricultural soil. The composition of PAHs was characterized by the high molecular weight PAHs, among which Flu, Pyr, BbF and Chr were most dominant components. The good correlations among the individual PAHs were observed. The contents of individual PAHs were not correlated with soil total organic carbon (TOC) in urban soil; on the contrary, there were significant correlations between soil TOC and individual PAHs in agricultural soil. The principal component analysis (PCA) and PAHs isomeric ratios indicated that PAHs in soil from Shanghai originated mainly from combustion. The risk assessment suggested that soil PAHs carcinogenic potential merited attention at present contamination level in urban areas.
2. The total concentrations of 24 OCPs ranged from 3.28 to 94.7μg kg-1 in urban soil and from 3.16 to 265μg kg-1 in agricultural soil of Shanghai, respectively. Among different sampling areas, the higher levels of PAHs were found in the greenbelt and park in urban soil, while the higher contaminated areas were distributed in south regions of Shanghai agricultural field (including Fengxian, Nanhui and Jinshan districts). According to the measured concentrations and detection frequencies, HCHs, DDTs, HCB and heptachlor epoxide were the most dominant compounds among the OCPs. The different compositions of DDTs, HCHs, Chlordane and endosulfan indicated that the residues of these compounds in most soil samples originated from historical application, besides slight recent introduction at some sampling locations. The correlation analysis showed there were no significant relations between TOC and OCPs. The soil quality of Shanghai was classified as low pollution by OCPs. The risk assessment showed that HCH residues in soil did not pose much risk to the geobiont therein, while DDTs posed some risk to the birds and geobiont.
3. The concentrations ofΣPBDEs ranged from 22.3 to 889 ng kg-1 in urban soils and 41.7 to 962 ng kg-1 in agricultural soil, and BDE 209 varied from 0.291 to 2910 and from 33.2 to 796 ng kg-1, respectively. BDE 209 was the predominant congener detected among the 44 congeners detected in soil, consisting with the fact that technical deca-BDE mixture is the dominant technical PBDE mixture used in China. Meanwhile, PBDEs homologues analysis and PCA revealed that the major source of PBDEs in Shanghai might be associated with the prevalent use of deca-BDE as a flame retardant, in addition penta-BDE also had contribution on PBDEs contamination in one-third soil samples. Furthermore, high level of PBDEs contamination was observed in north Shanghai because of the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization in the area, while high PBDEs content in urban area were distributed in greenbelts and commercial districts because of point-sources contamination. The correlation analysis showed there were significant relations between TOC and individual PBDEs, suggesting important influence of soil TOC on PBDEs contamination.
4. For PCBs contamination, 74 PCB congeners in urban areas and 62 PCB congeners in agricultural fields were identified, and the concentrations ofΣPCBs ranged from 232 to 11300 ng·kg-1 in urban soil and 71.7 to 2530 ng·kg-1 in agricultural soil, with means of 3060 ng·kg-1 and 534 ng·kg-1, respectively. For the urban sites, the higher PCB concentrations in the soil samples were found in commercial and greenbelt area, followed by park, residential and roadside sites, but the differences are not significant. The high level of PCBs were detected in BS2, SJ6, JS4 and FX4 in agricultural fields. The relative content of low weight molecular PCBs were higher in the rural sites than those in urban sites in Shanghai. PCBs homologues analysis and PCA revealed that PCBs in Shanghai might originate from Aroclor1242 and 1254 in urban areas, and Aroclor1242 in agricultural fields. The correlation analysis showed that there was relatively good correlation among the individual PCBs and soil TOC, suggesting important influence of soil TOC on PCBs contamination. Compared with related reports, the level of PCBs contamination was low in the studied areas.
(1)上海市城区土壤中22种多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染浓度在442~19700μg·kg-1之间,平均含量3780μg·kg-1;农村及郊区土壤中22种PAHs的浓度在141~2370μg·kg-1之间,平均浓度为757μg·kg-1。上海市城区土壤中PAHs的总量显著高于农村及郊区土壤。城区不同功能区土壤中的含量由高到低的次序为:路边样>绿化带>公园>商业区>居民区。农村及郊区土壤PAHs污染较高的区域主要在上海西部和南部区域,低污染浓度分布在崇明岛。无论是上海城区土壤还是农村及郊区土壤,污染主要以高分子量的致癌性PAHs为主,其中以Flu,Pyr,BbF和Chr为主要污染物。主成分分析和异构体比值法分析结果表明,上海市土壤中PAHs主要来源于燃烧源,尤其是化石燃料的燃烧。采用毒性当量评价方法对研究区域土壤中PAHs潜在致癌性分析显示,研究区域内城区土壤PAHs具有一定的潜在致癌性,特别是路边土壤样品中毒性当量浓度(TEQ)较高,应当引起重视。而农村土壤中PAHs潜在致癌性较低。
(2)上海市土壤样品中六氯苯(HCB)、六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的检出率较高,为上海市土壤中主要有机氯农药(OCPs)污染物。上海市城区土壤中OCPs残留范围在3.28~94.7μg·kg-1之间,农村及郊区土壤样品中OCPs农药残留范围在3.16μg?kg-1~265μg?kg-1之间。无论是城区还是农村及郊区土壤,其OCPs残留都以p,p′-DDE为主,占OCPs残留总量的60%以上。从整个分布来看,农村及郊区OCPs污染高的区域主要分布在南部和西部区域;城区不同功能区土壤中,公园和绿化带可能存在历史使用污染,导致其残留高于其它功能区。根据OCPs残留组成推断,试区土壤残留的OCPs主要来源于历史应用,DDT主要是工业DDT和三氯杀螨醇的混合源;HCH则大部分来源于工业HCH,但部分采样点可能来源于林丹污染;氯丹及硫丹部分采样点可能存在近期污染。与我国土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)和荷兰及加拿大土壤环境质量标准以及其它地区OCPs污染残留量比较,上海市土壤HCH残留水平较低。尽管DDT残留量低于其它研究区域,但部分采样点残留量高于国家一级标准。同时生态风险分析显示,DDT残留存在一定的生态风险,因此对研究区域内土壤中DDTs污染应当引起重视。
(3)上海市城区土壤中检出的28种多溴二苯醚(PBDEs) (不包括BDE209)的浓度在22.3 ~889 ng·kg-1之间,平均含量258 ng·kg-1;BDE209浓度在0.291 ~ 2910 ng·kg-1之间,平均为477 ng·kg-1。农村及郊区土壤中检出的31种PBDEs (不包括BDE209)的浓度为41.7 ~ 962 ng·kg-1,平均为175 ng·kg-1;BDE209的浓度为33.2~796 ng·kg-1,平均浓度为254 ng·kg-1。农村及郊区土壤中低溴代PBDEs检出率和污染水平要高于城区土壤中低溴代PBDEs,而总量来看,无论是PBDEs总量还是BDE209,农村及郊区土壤中污染水平要低于城区土壤样品。城区污染浓度较高的点主要是P2、G11、G7、L11和C8。低污染浓度样品主要分布在居民区和马路边样。在农村及郊区土壤中较高浓度PBDEs主要是分布在金山区、闵行区、奉贤区和宝山区,崇明岛的污染水平较低。上海市土壤污染物主要以高溴代PBDEs为主,而少部分样品则以四到六溴代为主。相关性分析显示,土壤中PBDEs与TOC具有显著相关性,表明TOC是影响上海市土壤中PBDEs持留的重要因素之一。PBDEs组成特征和统计分析表明,上海市土壤中PBDEs主要来源于十溴和五溴工业品。同时,部分采样点可能存在八溴工业品来源的污染。本研究结果与同类研究结果比较分析显示,研究区域内PBDEs污染高于背景土壤,但显著低于其它有直接污染源的区域,对于当前PBDEs污染应当引起重视,需要进一步监测与研究。
(4)上海市城区土壤中共检出74种PCBs同类物,城区土壤中PCBs的污染浓度在232~11300 ng·kg-1之间,平均含量3060 ng·kg-1。城区土壤污染浓度较高采样点主要是C4、C5、G6、G8、G9、L5、R1和R4,污染程度较高的区域主要是商业区和绿化带,低浓度样品主要分布在居民区和马路边样。农村及郊区土壤中共检出62种PCBs同类物,PCBs的污染浓度为71.7~2530 ng·kg-1,平均含量为534 ng·kg-1。农村及郊区污染浓度较高采样点主要是BS2、SJ6、JS4和FX4,从采样区域来看,整体污染水平较低,其污染可能主要来源于城区污染导致的区域大气沉降或是全球大气传输所致。城区土壤大部分采样点污染主要以四氯代、五氯代和六氯代同族体为主,而少部分则以三氯代和四氯代同族体为主;农村及郊区土壤污染主要三氯代和四氯代同族体为主,表明城区和农村PCBs来源不同。土壤中PCBs组成特征及统计分析显示,城区PCBs主要源于Aroclor1242和1254工业品,而农村主要来源于Aroclor1242工业品。相关性分析显示,土壤中PCBs与TOC具有明显相关性,表明TOC是影响上海市土壤中PCBs持留的重要因素之一。本研究结果与同类研究结果比较分析显示,研究区域内PCBs污染高于国内外背景土壤中PCBs水平,但显著低于其它有直接污染源的区域。
With the growth of population, rapid development of industry, the soil contamination by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has become more and more serious by leachate from waste solids, dry and wet deposition, and sewage irrigation. Due to their carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity, as well as endocrine disruptive activity, POPs contamination has increasingly aroused general concern. POPs in soil may contaminate the air, surface water and underground water by volatilization, diffusion and transfer. They easily accumulate in organism by bioconcentration and biomagnification, and finally endanger the health of human beings. So soil contamination by POPs is a key problem to be urgently solved and investigated. The contamination levels, spatial distribution, isomeric composition, possible sources and potential ecological risk of POPs including PAHs, OCPs, PBDEs and PCBs from soil in Shanghai urban areas and agricultural fields were systematically investigated. The study aimed to understanding the soil contamination status and potential risk posed by typical POPs in Shanghai region,and to providing the scientific basis for implementing the POPs convention. The main conclusions are summarized as follows:
1. The results showed that the total concentrations of 22 PAHs (ΣPAHs) ranged from 442 to 19700μg kg-1 in urban soil and from 141 to 2370μg kg-1 in agricultural soil of Shanghai, with means of 3780μg kg-1 and 757μg kg-1, respectively. The seven possible carcinogenic PAHs (Σ7CarPAHs) accounted for higher percentage ofΣPAHs. Among different sampling areas, the higher levels of PAHs were found in the roadside, followed by greenbelt, commercial district, park, residential district, and the low concentrations of PAHs were found in agricultural soil. The composition of PAHs was characterized by the high molecular weight PAHs, among which Flu, Pyr, BbF and Chr were most dominant components. The good correlations among the individual PAHs were observed. The contents of individual PAHs were not correlated with soil total organic carbon (TOC) in urban soil; on the contrary, there were significant correlations between soil TOC and individual PAHs in agricultural soil. The principal component analysis (PCA) and PAHs isomeric ratios indicated that PAHs in soil from Shanghai originated mainly from combustion. The risk assessment suggested that soil PAHs carcinogenic potential merited attention at present contamination level in urban areas.
2. The total concentrations of 24 OCPs ranged from 3.28 to 94.7μg kg-1 in urban soil and from 3.16 to 265μg kg-1 in agricultural soil of Shanghai, respectively. Among different sampling areas, the higher levels of PAHs were found in the greenbelt and park in urban soil, while the higher contaminated areas were distributed in south regions of Shanghai agricultural field (including Fengxian, Nanhui and Jinshan districts). According to the measured concentrations and detection frequencies, HCHs, DDTs, HCB and heptachlor epoxide were the most dominant compounds among the OCPs. The different compositions of DDTs, HCHs, Chlordane and endosulfan indicated that the residues of these compounds in most soil samples originated from historical application, besides slight recent introduction at some sampling locations. The correlation analysis showed there were no significant relations between TOC and OCPs. The soil quality of Shanghai was classified as low pollution by OCPs. The risk assessment showed that HCH residues in soil did not pose much risk to the geobiont therein, while DDTs posed some risk to the birds and geobiont.
3. The concentrations ofΣPBDEs ranged from 22.3 to 889 ng kg-1 in urban soils and 41.7 to 962 ng kg-1 in agricultural soil, and BDE 209 varied from 0.291 to 2910 and from 33.2 to 796 ng kg-1, respectively. BDE 209 was the predominant congener detected among the 44 congeners detected in soil, consisting with the fact that technical deca-BDE mixture is the dominant technical PBDE mixture used in China. Meanwhile, PBDEs homologues analysis and PCA revealed that the major source of PBDEs in Shanghai might be associated with the prevalent use of deca-BDE as a flame retardant, in addition penta-BDE also had contribution on PBDEs contamination in one-third soil samples. Furthermore, high level of PBDEs contamination was observed in north Shanghai because of the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization in the area, while high PBDEs content in urban area were distributed in greenbelts and commercial districts because of point-sources contamination. The correlation analysis showed there were significant relations between TOC and individual PBDEs, suggesting important influence of soil TOC on PBDEs contamination.
4. For PCBs contamination, 74 PCB congeners in urban areas and 62 PCB congeners in agricultural fields were identified, and the concentrations ofΣPCBs ranged from 232 to 11300 ng·kg-1 in urban soil and 71.7 to 2530 ng·kg-1 in agricultural soil, with means of 3060 ng·kg-1 and 534 ng·kg-1, respectively. For the urban sites, the higher PCB concentrations in the soil samples were found in commercial and greenbelt area, followed by park, residential and roadside sites, but the differences are not significant. The high level of PCBs were detected in BS2, SJ6, JS4 and FX4 in agricultural fields. The relative content of low weight molecular PCBs were higher in the rural sites than those in urban sites in Shanghai. PCBs homologues analysis and PCA revealed that PCBs in Shanghai might originate from Aroclor1242 and 1254 in urban areas, and Aroclor1242 in agricultural fields. The correlation analysis showed that there was relatively good correlation among the individual PCBs and soil TOC, suggesting important influence of soil TOC on PCBs contamination. Compared with related reports, the level of PCBs contamination was low in the studied areas.
引文
Agarwal, T., Khillare, P.S., Shridhar, V., et al., 2009. Pattern, sources and toxic potential of PAHs in the agricultural soils of Delhi, India [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163: 1033-1039.
Ahlborg, U., Becking, G.C., Birnbaum, L.S., et al., 1994. Toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like PCBs: Report on a WHO-ECEH and IPCS consultation, December 1993 [J]. Chemosphere, 28( 6): 1049-1067.
Aichner, B., Glaser, B., Zech, W., 2007. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban soils from Kathmandu, Nepal [J]. Organic Geochemistry, 38: 700-715.
Aigner, E.J., Leone, A.D., Falconer, R.L., 1998. Concentration and enantiomeric ratios of organochlorine pesicides in soils from the U.S. Corn Belt [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 32: 1162-1168.
Alawi, M., Khalili, F., Da?s, K., 1995. Interaction behavior of organochlorine pesticides with dissolved Jordanian humic acid [J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 28: 513-518.
Alcock, R.E., Bacon, J., Bardget, R.D., et al., 1996. Persistence and fate of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sewage sludge-amended agricultural soils [J]. Environmental Pollution, 93: 83-92.
Alcock, R.E., Behnisch, P.A., Jones, K.C., et al., 1998. Dioxin-like PCBs in the environment - Human exposure and the significance of sources [J]. Chemosphere, 37: 1457-1472.
Alcock, R.E., Jones, K.C., 1996. Dioxins in the environment: A review of trend data [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 30: 3133-3143.
Alcock, R.E., McGrath, S.P., Jones, K.C. 1995. The influence of multiple sewage sludge amendments on the PCB content of an agricultural soil over time [J]. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 14: 553-560.
Aleksandar, S., 2001. QSAR models for estimating properties of persistent organic pollutants required in evaluation of their environmental fate and risk [J]. Chemosphere, 43(3): 363-375.
Alexander, M., 1997. Aging, bioavailability, and overestimation of risk from environmental pollutants [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 34 (20): 4259-4265.
Amagai, T., Takahashi, Y., Matsushita, H., et al., 1999. A survey on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in soil in ChiangMai, Thailand [J]. Environment International, 25: 563-572.
Andersson, M., Ottesen, R.T., Volden, T., 2004. Building materials as a source of PCB pollution in Bergen, Norway [J], Science of Total Environment, 325: 139-144.
Andersson, O., Blomkvist, G., 1981. Polybrominated aromatic pollutants found in fish in Sweden [J]. Chemosphere, 10: 1051-1060.
Armitage, J.M., Hanson, M., Axelman, J., et al., 2006. Levels and vertical distribution of PCBs in agricultural and natural soils from Sweden [J]. Science of Total Environment, 371: 344-352.
Batterman, S., Chernyak, S., Gouden, Y., et al., 2009. PCBs in air, soil and milk in industrialized and urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa [J], Environmental Pollution, 157: 654-663.
Betts, K.S., 2007. Secondhand suspicions: breast cancer and passive smoking [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115: 136-143.
Bidleman, T.F., Jantunen, L.L.M., Helm, P.A., et al., 2000. Chlordane enantiomers and temporal trends of chlordane isomers in Arctic air [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 36: 539- 544.
Bidleman, T.F., Leone, A.D., 2004. Soil-air exchange of organochlorine pesticides in the Southern United States[J]. Environmental Pollution, 128: 49-57.
Blackwood, A., Wolff, M., Rundle, A., et al., 1998. Organochlorine compounds (DDE and PCB) in plasma and breast cyst fluid of women with benign breast disease [J]. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 7(7): 579-583.
Bobovnikova, T., Dibtseva, A., Mitroshkov, A., et al., 1993. Ecological assessment of a region with PCB emissions using samples of soil, vegetation and breast milk: a case study [J]. Science of Total Environment, 139/140: 357-364.
Bolger, M., Carrington, C., 1996. Hazard and risk assessment of crude oil contaminants in subsistence seafood samples from Prince William Sound [J]. American Fisheries Symposium, 18: 837-843.
Borisover, M.D., Graber, E.R., 1997. Specific interaction of organic compounds with soil organic carbon [J]. Chemosphere, 34: 1761-1776.
Br?ndli, T.C., Hartnik, T., Henriksen, T., et al., 2008. Sorption of native polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to black carbon and amended activated carbon in soil [J]. Chemosphere, 73: 1805-1810.
BSEF. An introduction to Brominated Flame Retardants Bromine Science and Environment Form [M], 2000. p28.
Bucheli, T.D., Blum, F., Desaules, A., et al., 2004. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, and molecular markers in soils of Switzerland [J]. Chemosphere, 56: 1061-1076.
Budzinski, H., Jones, I., Bellocq, J., et al., 1997. Evaluation of sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gironde estuary [J]. Marine Chemistry, 58: 85-97.
CA EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 1997. Public health goals for benzo[a]pyrene in drinking water. Sacramento: Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section [S], Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.
Cai, Q.Y., Mo, C.H., Li Y.H., et al., 2007. Occurrence and assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from vegetable fields of Pearl River Delta, South China [J]. Chemosphere, 68: 159-168.
Cai, Q.Y., Mo, C.H., Wu, Q.T., et al., 2008. The statues of soil contamination of semivolatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) in China: A review [J]. Science of Total Environment, 389: 209-224.
Cai, Z. W., Jiang, G. B. 2006. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil from e-waste recycling site [J]. Talanta, 70: 88-90.
CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment), 2007. Canadian soill quality guidelines for protection of environmental and human health [S]. Available from: http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/e8-003.pdf.
Chen, B.L., Xuan, X.D., Zhu, L.Z., et al., 2004. Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters, sediments and soils of Hangzhou City, China [J]. Water Research, 38: 3558-3568.
Chen, S.J., Gao, X.J., Mai, B.X., et al., 2006. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface sediments of the Yangtze River Delta: Levels, distribution and potential hydrodynamic influence [J]. Environmental Pollution, 144: 951-957.
Chen, Y., Wang, C., Wang, Z., et al., 2005a. Residues and source identification of persistent organic pollutants in farmland soils irrigated by effluents from biological treatment plants [J]. Environment International, 31: 778-783.
Chen, L.G., Ran, Y., Bi, X.H., et al., 2005b. Contents and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in vegetable soils of Guangzhou, China [J]. Chemosphere, 60: 879-890.
Chernyak, S.M., McConnell, L.L., Rice, C.P., 1995. Fate of some chlorinated hydrocarbons in arctic and far eastern ecosystems in the Russian Federation [J]. Science of Total Environment, 160: 75-85.
Chung, M.K., Hu, R., Cheung, K.C., et al., 2007. Pollutants in Hong Kong soils: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [J]. Chemosphere, 67: 464-473.
Cousins, I.T., Bondi, G., Jones, K.C., 1999. Measuring and modelling the vertical distribution of semivolatile organic compounds in soils. I: PCB and PAH soil core data [J]. Chemosphere, 39: 2507-2518.
Cousins, I.T., Hartlieb N., Teichmann C., et al., 1997. Measured and predicted volatilisation fluxes of PCBs from contaminated sludge-amended soils [J]. Environmental Pollution, 97: 229-238.
Covaci, A., Hura, C., Schepens, P., 2001. Selected persistent organochlorine pollutants in Romania [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 280: 143-152.
Crnkovi?, D., Risti?, M., Jovanovi?, A., et al., 2007. Levels of PAHs in the soils of Belgrade and its environs [J]. Environmental Monitering and Assessment, 125: 75-83.
Dai, J.L., Li, S.J., Zhang Y.L., et al., 2008. Distributions, sources and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil at Ji’nan city, China [J]. Environmental Motioning and Assessment, 147: 317-326.
Darnerud, P. O., Eriksen, G. S., Jhannesson, T., et al., 2001. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109: 49-68.
de Wit, C. A., 2002. An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment [J]. Chemosphere, 46: 583-624.
Dennis, J., McCauley, G..M., DeGraeve, T.K., 2000. Linton Sediments quality guidelines andassessment: overview and research needs [J]. Environmental Science & Policy, 3: 133-144.
Department of Soil Protection (1994) The Netherlands Soil Contamination Guidelines, Netherlands Intervention Values for Soil Remediation [S]. Reference No. DBO/07494013, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Ding, J.Y., Wu, S.C., 1997. Transport of organochlorine pesticides in soil columns enhanced by dissolved organic carbon [J]. Water Science and Technology, 35(7): 139-145.
Duval, M.M., Friedlander, S.K., 2004. Source resolution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Los Angeles atmosphere: application of a CMB with first order decay. U.S. EPA Report EPA-600/2-81-161, Washington, DC.
Eitzer, B.D., Mattina, M.J.I., Iannuchi-Berger, W., 2001. Compositional and chiral profiles of weathered chlordane residues in soil [J]. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 20: 2198-2204.
Eljarrat, E., Marsh, G., Labandeira, A., et al., 2008. Effect of sewage sludges contaminated with polybrominated diphenylethers on agricultural soils [J]. Chemosphere, 71: 1079-1086.
Eriksson, J., Green, N., Marsh, G., et al., 2004, Photochemical decomposition of 15 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in methanol/water [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 38: 3119-3125.
Eriksson, P., Jakobsson, E., Fredriksson, A., 2001. Brominated flame retardants: a novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment? [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109: 903-908.
Falandysz, J., Brudnowska, B., Kawano, M., et al., 2001. Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesicides in soils from the southern part of Poland [J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 40: 173-178.
Fava, S., 2002. Randomly methylatedβ-cyclodextrins (RAMEB) enhance the aerobic biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyl in aged-contaminated soils [J]. Journal of Inclusion Apahenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry, 44: 1-4.
Feng, J.L., Chan, C.K., Fang, M., et al., 2006. Characteristics of organic matter in PM2.5 in Shanghai [J], Chemosphere, 64: 1393-1400.
Fernandez, P., Burghardt, R., Smith, R., et al., 1994. High passage T47D human breast cancer cells: altered endocrine and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo p-dioxin responsiveness [J], European Journal of Pharmacology, 270 ( 3): 53-65.
Fraser, M.P., Cass, G.R., Simoneit, B.R.T., et al., 1997. Air quality model evaluation data for organics. 4. C2-C36 non-aromatic hydrocarbons [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 31: 2356-2367.
Fu, C.T., Wu, S.C., 2006. Seasonal variation of the distribution of PCBs in sediments and biota in a PCB-contaminated estuary [J]. Chemosphere 62: 1786-1794.
Fu, J.M., Mai, B.X., Sheng, G.Y., et al., 2003. Persistent organic pollutants in environment of the Pearl River Delta, China: an overview [J]. Chemosphere, 52: 1411-1422.
Gao, F., Jia, J.Y., Wang, X.M., 2008. Occurrence and ordination of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and hexachlorocyclohexane in agricultural soils from Guangzhou, China [J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 54: 155-166.
Garrigues, P., Marniesse, M.P., Wise, S.A., et al., 1987. Identification of mutagenic methylben[a]anthracene and methylchrysene isomers in natural samples by liquid-chromatography and shpolskil spectormetry [J]. Analytical Chemistry, 59: 1695-1700.
Gereke, A., Hartmann, P., Heeb, N., et al., 2005. Anaerobic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 39: 1078-1083.
Gong, Z.M., Tao, S., Xu, F.L., et al., 2004. Level and distribution of DDT in surface soils from Tianjin, China [J]. Chemosphere, 54: 1247-1253.
Gouin, T., Harner, T., 2003. Modelling the fate of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers [J]. Environment International, 29: 717-724.
Gramatica, P., Consolaro, F. and Pouia, S., 2001. QSAR approach to POPS screening far atmospheric persistence[J], Chemosphere, 43(4): 655-664.
Grimalt, J.O., Drooge, B.L., Ribes, A., et al., 2004. Persistent organochlorine compounds in soils and sediments of European high altitude mountain lakes [J]. Chemosphere, 54: 1549-1561.
Hale, R. C., La Guardia, M.J., Harvey, E., et al., 2002. Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the US environment [J]. Chemosphere, 46: 729-735.
Harner, T., Shoeib, M., Diamond, M., et al., 2004. Using passive air samplers to assess urban-rural trends for persistent organic pollutants. 1. Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorinepesticides [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 38: 4474-4483.
Harrad, S., Hunter S., 2006, Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Air and soil on a rural?urban transect across a major UK conurbation [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 40 (15): 4548-4553.
Hassanin, A., Breivik, K., Meijer, S. N., et al., 2004. PBDEs in European Background Soils: Levels and Factors Controlling Their Distribution [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 38 (3): 738-745.
Haws, L.C., Su, S.H., Harris, M., et al., 2006. Development of a refined database of mammalian relative potency estimates for dioxin-like compounds [J]. Toxicological Sciences, 89(1): 4-30.
He, J. Z, Kristion, R. R., Lisa, A., 2006. Microbial reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 40: 4429-4434.
Herrick, R.F., Lefkowitz, D.J., Weymouth, G.A., 2007. Soil contamination from PCBcontaining buildings [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115: 173-175.
Heywood, E., Wright, J., Wienburg, C.L., et al., 2006. Factors influencing the national distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in British soils [J].Environmental Science & Technology, 40: 7629-7635.
Hitch R.K., Day H.R., 1992. Unusual persistence of DDT in some western USA soils [J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 48: 259-264.
Hites, R. A., 2004. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: A meta-analysis of concentrations [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 38: 945-956.
Hwang, H.M., Wade, T.L., Sericano, J.L., et al., 2003. Concentrations and source characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pine needles from Korea, Mexico, and United States [J]. Atmosphereic Environment, 37: 2259-2267.
IARC, 1983 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Working Group, 1983. Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds, Part 1, Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data. In: Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans [R]. vol. 32. IARC, Lyone, France, pp. 1-447.
Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Ueda, K., et al. 1995. Persistent organochlorine residues in air, water, sediments, and soils from the Lake Baikal region, Russia [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 29: 792- 801.
Jamshidi, A., Hunter, S., Hazrati, S., et al., 2007. Concentrations and chiral signatures of polychlorinated biphenyls in outdoor and indoor air and soil in a major UK conurbation [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 41: 2153-2158.
Jiang, K., Li, L., Chen, Y., et al., 1997. Determination of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in Chinese commercial PCBs and emissions from a testing PCB incinerator[J]. Chemosphere, 34: 941-950.
Jones, K.C., de Voogt, P., 1999. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs): state of the science [J]. Environmental Pollution, 100: 209-221.
Jones, K.C., Stratford, J.A., Waterhouse, K.S., et al., 1989. Organic contaminants in Welsh soils: polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 23 : 540-550.
Jones, P. D., Giesy, J. P., Newsted, J. L., et al., 1994. Accumulation of 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo p-dioxin Equivalents by Double-Crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus, Pelicaniformes) Chicks in the North American Great Lakes [J], Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 27(2): 192-209.
Jongbloed, R.H., Traas, T.P., Luttik, R., 1996. A probabilistic model for deriving soil quality criteria based on secondary poisoning of top predators: II. calculations for dichlorodiphenyltri-chloroethane (DDT) and Cadmium [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 34(3): 279-306.
Kalbitz, K., Popp, P., Geyer, W., et al., 1997.β-HCH mobilization in polluted wetland soils as influenced by dissolved organic matter [J]. Science of Total Environment, 204: 37-48.
Kannan, K., Battula, S., Loganathan, B.G., et al., 2003. Trace organic contaminants, including toxaphene and trifluralin, in cotton field soils from Georgia and South Carolina, USA [J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 45: 30-36.
Katsoyiannis, A., 2006. Occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Soulou stream in the power generation area of Eordea, northwestern Greece [J]. Chemosphere, 65: 1551-1561.
Kavouras, I.G., Koutrakis, P., Tsapakis, M., et al., 2001. Source apportionment of urban particulate aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using multivariate methods [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 35 : 2288-2294.
Khalili, N.R., Scheff, P.A., Holsen, T.M., et al., 1995. PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emission [J]. Atmosphereic Environment, 29: 533-542.
Kim, J.H., Smith, A., 2001. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in soils from South Korea [J]. Chemosphere, 43: 137-140.
Kipopoulou, A.M., Manoli, E., Samara, C., et al., 1999. Bioconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetables grown in an industrial area [J]. Environmental Pollution, 106: 369-380.
Klánová, J., Matykiewiczová, N., Mácka, Z., et al., 2008. Persistent organic pollutants in soils and sediments from James Ross Island, Antarctica [J]. Environmental Pollution, 152:416-423.
Larsen, R.K., Baker, J.E., 2003. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: a comparison of three methods [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 37: 1873-1881.
Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R., de Boer, J., et al., 2006. Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment [J]. Chemosphere, 64: 187-208.
Law, R.J., Herzke, D., Harrad S., et al., 2008. Levels and trends of HBCD and BDEs in the European and Asian environments, with some information for other BFRs [J]. Chemosphere, 73: 223-242.
Lead, W.A., Steinnes, E., Bacon, J.R., et al., 1997. Polychlorinated biphenyls in UK and Norwegian soils: spatial and temporal trends[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 193: 229-236.
Leung, A. O. W., Luksemburg, W. J., Wong, A. S., et al., 2007. Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil and combusted residue at Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in Southeast China [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 41 (8): 2730-2737.
Leung, A., Cai, Z.W., Wong, M.H., 2006. Environmental contamination from electronic waste recycling at Guiyu, southeast China [J]. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 8: 21-33.
Li, J., Zhang, G., Qi, S.H., et al. 2006. Concentration, enantiomeric compositions and source of HCH, DDT and chlordane in soils from the Pearl River Delta, South China [J]. Science of Total Environment, 372: 215-224.
Li, K., Fu, S., Yang, Z. Z., et al., 2008. Composition, distribution and characterization of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the soil in Taiyuan, China [J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 81: 588-593.
Li, X.H., Wang, W., Wang, J., et al., 2008. Contamination of soils with organochlorine pesticide in urban parks in Beijing, China [J]. Chemosphere, 70: 1660-1668.
Liu, M., Cheng, S.B., Ou, D.N., et al., 2007. Characterization, identification of road dust PAHs in central Shanghai areas, China [J]. Atmosphereic Environment, 41: 8785-8795.
Liu, Y., Chen, L., Zhao, J.F., et al., 2008. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of rivers and an estuary in Shanghai, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 154: 298-305.
Luo, Y., Luo, X. J., Lin, Z., et al., 2009. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in road and farmland soils from an e-waste recycling region in Southern China: concentrations, source profiles, and potential dispersion and deposition [J]. Science of Total Environment, 407: 1105-1113.
Ma, L.L., Chu, S.G., Wang, X.T., et al., 2005. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface soils from outskirts of Beijing, China [J]. Chemosphere, 58: 1355-1363.
Mackay, D., Shium, W.Y., Ma, K.C., 1997. Illustrated Handbook of Physical–Chemical Properties of Environmental Fate of Organic Chemicals, vol. V. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
Mai, B. X., Chen, S. J., Luo, X. J., et al., 2005. Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the Pearl River Delta and adjacent South China Sea [ J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 39: 3521-3527.
Maliszewska-Kordybach B., 1996. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in Poland: preliminary proposals for criteria to evaluate the level of soil contamination [J]. Applied Geochemistry, 11: 121-127.
Manz M, Wenze K D, Dietze U, et al., 2001. Persistent organic pollutants in agricultural soils of central Germany [J]. Science of Total Environment, 277: 187-198.
Manzano, M. A., 2004. Catalyzed hydrogen peroxide treatment of polychlorinated biphenyl contaminated sandy soils [J]. Water, Air and Soil Pollutant, 154:1-4.
Martineau, D., De Guise, S., Fournier, M., et al., 1994. Bland Pathology and toxicology of beluga whales from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada. Past, present and future [J]. Science of Total Environment, 154( 2): 201-215.
Masih, A., Taneja, A., 2006. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations and related carcinogenic potencies in soil at a semi-arid region of India [J]. Chemosphere, 65: 449-456.
Matscheko, N., Tysklind, M., deWit, C., et al., 2002. Application of sewage sludge to arable land-soil concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls, and their accumulation in earthworms [J]. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 21 (12): 2515-2525.
McConnell, L L, Kucklick, J R, Bildeman, C F, et al. 1996. Air-water gas exchange of organochlorine compounds in Lake Baikal, Russia [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 30: 2975-2983.
Meijer, S. N., Ockenden,W.A., Sweetman, A., et al., 2003. Global distribution and budget of PCBs andHCB in background surface soils: Implications for sources and environmental processes [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 37: 667-672.
Meijer, S. N., Steinnes, E., Ockenden, W. A., et al., 2002. Influence of environmental variables on the spatial distribution of PCBs in Norwegian and UK soils: Implications for global cycling [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 36: 2146-2153.
Meijer, S.N., Halsall, C.J., Ockenden, W.A., et al., 2001. Organochlorine pesticide residues in archived UK soil [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 35: 1989-1995.
Meijer, S.N., Shoeib, M., Jantunen, L.M., et al., 2003. Air–soil exchange of organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soils. 1. Field measurements using a novel in situ sampling device [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 35: 3315-3324.
Menzie, C.A., Potocki, B.B., Santodonato J. 1992. Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs in the environment [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 26: 1278-1284.
Mielke, H.W., Gonzales, C.R., Smith, M.K., et al., 1999. The urban environment and children’s health: soil as an integrator of lead, zinc and cadmium in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA [J]. Environmental Research, 81: 117-129.
Mielke, H.W., Wang, G., Gonzales, C.R., et al., 2001. PAH and metal mixtures in New Orleans soils and sediments [J]. Science of Total Environment, 281 : 217-227.
Mielke, H.W., Wang, G.D., Gonzales, C.R., et al., 2004. Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface PAHs and metals in the soils of inner-city and suburban New Orleans, Louisiana, USA [J]. Environmental Toxicology & Pharmacology, 18:243-247.
Miglioranza, K.S.B., Aizpunde-Moreno, J.E., Moreno, V.J., 1998. Fate of organochlorine pesticides in soils and terrestrial biota of“Los Padres”pond watershed, Argentina [J]. Environmental Pollution, 105: 91-99.
Montelay-Massei, A., Ollivon, D., Garban, B., et al., 2004. Distribution and spatial trends of PAHs and PCBs in soils in the Seine River basin, France [J]. Chemosphere, 55: 555-565.
Mueller, K. E., Mueller-Spitz, S. R., Henry, H. F., et al., 2006. Fate of pentabrominated diphenyl ethers in soil: abiotic sorption, plant uptake, and the impact of interspecific plant interactions [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 40 (21): 6662-6667.
Nadal, M., Schuhmacher, M., Domingo, J.L., et al., 2004. Levels of PAHs in soil and vegetation samples from Tarragona County, Spain [J]. Environmental Pollution, 132: 1-11.
Nakata, H., Hirakawa, Y., Kawazoe, M., et al., 2005. Concentration and compositions of organochlorine contaminants in sediments, soils, crustaceans, fishes and birds collected from Lake Tai, Hangzhou Bay and Shanghai city region, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 133 : 415-429.
Nam, J.J., Song, B.H., Eom, K.C., et al., 2003. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in South Korea [J]. Chemosphere, 50: 1281-1289.
National Toxicology Program (NTP), 2005. Report on Carcinogens, eleventh ed. Public Health Service[R], US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
Nielsen, T., 1996. Traffic contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the center of a large city [J]. Atmosphereic Environment 30, 3481–3490.
Nisbet, I.C.T., LaGoy, P.K., 1992. Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [J]. Regular of Toxicology & Pharmacology, 16: 290-300.
Pandey, P.K., Patel, K.S., Lenicek, J., 1999. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: need for assessment of health risks in India? Study of an urban-industrial location in India [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessement, 59: 287-319.
Philips, D.H., 1999. Polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons in the diet [J]. Mutation Research, 443: 139-147.
Ping, L.F., Luo, Y.M., Zhang, H.B., et al., 2007. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in thirty typical soil profiles in the Yangtze River Delta region, east China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 147: 358-365.
Qiu, X., Zhu, T., Yao, B., et al., 2005. Contribution of dicofol to the current DDT pollution in China [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 39: 4385-4390. Rachel Carson, 1992. Silent Spring [M], New York.
Rahman, F., Langford, K. H., Scrimshaw, et al., 2001. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants [J]. Science of Total Environment, 275: 1-17.
Ray, S., Khillare, P.S., Agarwal, T., et al., 2008. Assessment of PAHs in soil around the International Airport in Delhi, India [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 156: 9-16.
Rayne, S., Ikonomou, M.G.., 2002. Reconstructing source polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns from semipermeable membrane devices in the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada, comparison to commercialmixtures [J]. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 21: 2292-2300.
Ren, N. Q., Que, M. X., Li, Y. F., et al., 2007. Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Chinese Surface Soils [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 41 (11): 3871-3876.
Rissato Sandr,a R., Galhiane Mario, S., Ximenes Valdecir, F., et al., 2006. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and water samples in the Northeastern part of SaǒPaulo State, Brazil [J]. Chemosphere, 65: 1949-1958.
Rogge, W.F., Hildemann, L.M., Mazurek, M.A., et al., 1993a. Sources of fine organic aersol. 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heav-duty diesel trucks [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 27: 636-651.
Rogge, W.F., Hildemann, L.M., Mazurek, M.A., et al., 1993b. Sources of fine organic aersol. 5. Natural gas home appliances [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 27: 2736-2744.
Sabljic, A., 2001. QSAR models for estimating properties of persistent organic pollutants required in evaluation of their environmental fate and risk [J]. Chemosphere, 43: 363-375.
Salihoglu, G., Tasdemir, Y., 2009. Prediction of the PCB pollution in the soils of Bursa, an industrial city in Turkey [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(2-3): 1523-1531.
Saltiene, Z., Brukstiene, D., Ruzgyte, A., 2002. Contamination of soil by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in some urban areas [J]. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 22: 23-35.
Sanger, D.M., Holland, A.F., Scott, G. I., 1999. Tidal creek and salt marsh sediments in south Carolina coastal estuaries:Ⅱ. distribution of organic contaminants [J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 37:458-471.
Schuhmacher, M., Nadal, M., Domingo, J .L., 2004. Levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PCNs in Soils and Vegetation in an Area with Chemical and Petrochemical Industries [J], Environmental Science & Technology, 38: 1960-1969.
Schuphan, I., Sajko, B., Ballschmiter, K.Z., 1972. On chemical and photochemical breakdown of the cyclodien-insecticides, aldrin, dieldrin, endosulfan and other hexachlorobicyclo- (2.2.2)-hepten-derivatives[J]. Z. Naturforsch, 276: 147-156.
Sellstrm, U., de Wit, C. A., Lundgren, N., et al., 2005. Effect of sewage-sludge application on concentrations of higher-brominated diphenyl ethers in soils and earthworms [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 39 (23): 9064-9070.
Senesi N., Miano T.M., 1995. The role of abiotic interactions with humic substances on the environmental impact of organic pollutants [M]. In: Huang P.M., Berthelin I., Bollag J.M., McGill W.B., Page A.L., editors. Environmental Impact of Soil Component Interactions. New York: CRC Press, 311-335.
Silliman, J.E., Meyers, P.A., Eadie, B.J., et al., 1998. Perylene: an indicator of alteration processes or precursor materials? [J]. Organic Geochemistry, 29: 1737-1744.
Simcik, M.F., Eisenreich, S.J., Lioy, P.J., et al., 1999. Source apportionment and source/sink relationships of PAHs in the coastal atmosphere of Chicago and lake Michigan [J]. Atmosphereic Environment, 33: 5071-5079.
Sinkkonen, S., Paasivirta, T., 2000. Degradation half-life times of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs for environmental fate modeling [J]. Chemosphere, 40: 943-949.
Sj?din, A.,Patterson, J. D.,Bergman, A., 2003. A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants-particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers [J]. Environment International, 29(6): 829-839.
Song, W. L., Ford, J. C., Li, A., et al. 2005. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the Sediments of the Great Lakes. 3. Lakes Ontario and Erie [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 39: 5600-5605.
Sovocool, G.W., Lewis, R.G., Harless, R.L., et al., 1977. Analysis of technical chlordane by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [J]. Analytical Chemestry, 49: 734-740.
State Environmental Protection Administration of China (SEPA), 2004. The technical specification for soil environmental monitoring [S]. The trade criterions of environmental protection in P R China, HJ/T 166, 25.
Szeto, S.Y., Price, P.M., 1991. Persistence of pesticide residues in mineral and organic soils in the Fraser valley of British Columbia [J]. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 39: 1679-1684.
Tanabe, S., 1988. PCB problems in the future-foresight from current knowkedge [J]. Evnironmental Pollution, 50: 5-28.
Tang, L., Tang, X.Y., Zhu, Y.G., et al., 2005. Contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils in Beijing, China [J]. Environment International, 31: 822-828.
Tao, S., Cui, Y.H., Xu, F.L.,et al., 2004. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soil and vegetables from Tianjin [J]. Science of Total Environment, 320: 11-24.
Tilman, G., Johannes, A.C.B., Michaela, E., et al., 2007. Indications for pedogenic formation of perylene in a terrestrial soil profile: Depth distribution and first results from stable carbon isotope ratios [J]. Applied Geochemistry, 22: 2653-2663.
Trapido, M., 1999. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Estonian soil: Contamination and profiles [J]. Environmental Pollution, 105: 67-74.
Tsai, P.J., Shih, T.S., Chen, H.L., et al., 2004. Assessing and predicting the exposures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their carcinogenic potencies from vehicle engine exhausts to highway toll station workers [J]. Atmosphereic Environment, 38: 333-343.
UK EA (Environmental Agency), 2007. Environmental Concentrations of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in UK Soil and Herbage [R]. UK Soil and Herbage Pollutant Survey. UKSHS Report No. 8.
Urzelai, V M, Angulo E. 2000. Deriving ecological risk-based soil quality values in the Basque County [J]. Science of Total Environment, 247(2): 279-284.
US EPA, Integrated Risk Infromation System [S]. National Center for Environmental Assessement, Office of Research and Development. Washington, DC. 1999.
US EPA. 1993. Provisional guidance for quantitative risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [S]. EPA/600/R-32/089. Final draft. Cincinnati: Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
US EPA. 2000. Technical Progress Report: Implementation Plan for Probabilistic Ecological Assessments-Terrestrivl Systems [R], US EPA.
Valavanidis, A., Fiotakis, K., Vlahogianni, T., et al., 2006. Characterization of atmospheric particulates, particle-bound transition metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of urban air in the centre of Athens (Greece) [J]. Chemosphere, 65: 760-768.
Van den Berg, M., Birnbaum, L.S., Denison, M., et al., 2006. The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds [J]. Toxicological Sciences, 93(2): 223-241.
VandenBerg, M., Bimbaum, L., Basveld, B.T.C., et al., 1998. PCDFs for humans and wildlife, Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 (12):775-792.
VROM (1994). Environmental quality objectives in the Nederlands [S]. Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment, 1994.
VROM, 2000. Circular on Target Values and Intervention Values for Soil Remediation: DBO/1999226863 [S], Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment Directorates- General for Environment Protection, Department of Soil Protection, Netherlands Government Gazette, No. 39.
Walker, K., 1999. Factors influencing the distribution of lindane and other hexachloroclohexanes in the environment [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 33: 4373-4378.
Wang, D. G., Yang, M., Jia, H. L., et al., 2008. Levels, distributions and profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls in surface soils of Dalian, China [J], Chemosphere, 73: 38-42.
Wang, D. L., Cai, Z. W., Jiang, G. B., et al., 2005. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil and sediment from an electronic waste recycling facility [J]. Chemosphere, 60: 810-816.
Wang, F., Jiang, X., Bian, Y.R., et al., 2007. Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China [J]. Journal of Environmental Science, 19: 584-590.
Wang, L.C., Lee, W.J., Lee, W.S., et al. 2003. Characterizing the emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from crematories and their impacts to the surrounding environment [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 37: 62-67.
Wang, T.Y., Lu, Y.L., Zhang, H., Shi, Y.J., 2005. Cotamination pf persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and relevant management in China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 31: 813-821.
Wang, X.F., Li, X.H., Cheng, H.X., et al., 2008. Organochlorine pesticides in particulate matter of Beijing, China [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 155: 350-357.
Wang, Z., Chen, J.W., Qiao, X.L., et al., 2007. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from urban to rural soils: A case study in Dalian, China [J]. Chemosphere, 68: 965-971.
Wania, F. and Mackay, D., 1999. The evolution of mass balance models of persistent organic pollutant fate in the environment [J]. Environmental Pollution, 100: 223-240.
Wania, F., Axelman, J., Bromano, D., 1998. A review of processes involved in the exchange of persistent organic pollutants across the air-sea interfaces [J]. Environmental Pollution, 102: 3-23.
Wania, F., D. Mackay., 1995. A global distribution modeal for persisted organic chemical [J]. Science of Total Environment, 160/161: 211-232.
Wania, F., Mackay, D. 1993. Global fractionation and cold condensation of low volatility organochlorinecompoundsin polar regions [J]. Ambio, 22: 10-18.
Wania, F., Mackay, D., Li, Y.F., et al., 1999. Strand. Glode chemical fate ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane: 1. Evaluation of a global distribution model [J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18: 1390-1399.
Wayne, T. S., Glenn, T., Dennis, Z., et al., 1997. Pesticide Prioritization for a Brain Cancer Case-Control Study [J]. Environmental Research, 74: 133-144.
Weinberg, J. 1998. Overview of POPs and need for a POPs treaty. Public forum on persistent organic pollutants—the international POPs elimination network.
Weiss, P., Riss, A., Gschmeidler, E., Schentz, H., 1994. Investigation of heavy metal, PAH, PCB patterns and PCDD/F profiles of soil samples from an industrialized urban area (Linz, Upper Austria) with multivariate statistical methods [J]. Chemosphere, 29: 2223-2236.
Wenzel, K.D., Manz, M., Hubert, A., et al., 2002. Fate of POPs (DDX, HCHs, PCBs) in upper soil layersof pine forests[J]. Science of Total Environment, 286: 143-154.
Wilcke, W., 2000. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil– a review [J]. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 163, 229-248.
Wilcke, W., Krauss, M., Safronov, G., et al., 2006. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soils of the Moscow region: concentrations and small-scale distribution along an urban-rural transect [J]. Environmental Pollution, 141: 327-335.
Wild, S.R., Jones, K.C., 1995. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the United Kingdom environment: a preliminary source inventory and budget [J]. Environmental Pollution, 88: 91-108.
Willett, K L., Ulrich, E M., Hites, R A. 1998. Differential toxicity and environmental fats of hexachlorlcy- clohexane isomers [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 32: 2197-2207.
Wong, M.H., Leung, A.O.W., Chan, J.K.Y., et al., 2005. A review on the usage of POP pesticides in China, with emphasis on DDT loadings in human milk [J]. Chemosphere, 60: 740-752.
World Health Organization (WHO), 1984. Environmental Health Criteria 40: Endosulfan, Geneva [R]. World Widelife Found. Stockholm Convention‘‘New POPs”: Screening additional POPs candidates [R]. April 2005, 38 p.
Wu, W.Z., Xu, Y., Schramm, K.W., et al., 1997. Study of sorption, biodegradation and isomerization of HCH in stimulated sediment/water system [J]. Chemosphere, 35: 1887-1894.
Xia, C.G., Dai, Z.R., 2001. Situations of termite harmfulness and chemical control in China, Pesticide Science and Admistry, (Suppl.) 16-19.
Xing, Y., Lu, Y., Dawson, R. W., et al., 2005. A spatial temporal assessment of pollution from PCBs in China [J]. Chemosphere, 60: 731-739.
Xu, D., Dan, M., Song, Y., et al., 2005. Concentration characteristics of extractable organohalogens in PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing, China [J]. Atmosphereic Environment, 39: 4119-4128.
Xue, N., Zhang, D., Xu, X., 2006. Organochlorinated pesticide multiresidues in surface sediments from Beijing Guanting reservoir [J]. Water Research, 40: 183-194.
Yang, X.L., Wang, S.S., Bian, Y.S., et al., 2008. Dicofol application resulted in high DDTs residue in cotton fields from northern Jiangsu province, China [J]. Journal Hazardous Materials, 150: 92-98.
Yang, Y., Zhang, X.X., Korenaga, T., 2002. Distribution of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soil of Tokushima, Japan [J]. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 138 (1-4): 51-60.
Yang, Z. Z., Zhao, X. R., Zhao, Q., et al., 2008. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Leaves and Soil from Typical Electronic Waste Polluted Area in South China [J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 80: 340-344.
Yin, C.Q., Jiang, X., Yang, X.L., et al. 2008. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils in the vicinity of Nanjing, China [J], Chemosphere, 73: 389-394.
Yun, S. H., Addink, R., McCabe, J. M., et al., 2008. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyls in sediment and floodplain soils of the Saginaw River Watershed, Michigan, USA [J]. Archives Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 55:1-10.
Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Vingarzan, R., et al., 2002. PAHs in the Fraser River Basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition [J]. Organic Geochemistry, 33: 489-515.
Zabel, E. W., Walker, M. K., Homung, M. W., et al., 1995. Interactions of Polychlorinated Dibenzo p-dioxin, Dibenzofuran, and Biphenyl Congeners for Producing Rainbow Trout Early Life Stage Mortality [J]. Toxicology Applied Pharmacology, 134(2): 204-213.
Zakaria, M.P., Takada, H., Tsutsumi, S., et al., 2002. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rivers and estuaries in Malaysia: A widespread input of petrogenic PAHs [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 36: 1907-1918.
Zhang W.X., 2003. Nanoscale iron particle for environmental remendiation [J]. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 5: 323-332.
Zhang, H.B., Luo, Y.M., Wong, M.H., et al., 2006. Distributions and concentrations of PAHs in Hong Kong soils [J]. Environmental Pollution, 141: 107-114.
Zhang, H.B., Luo, Y.M., Wong, M.H., et al., 2007. Concentrations and possible sources of polychlorinated biphenyls in the soils of Hong Kong [J]. Geoderma, 138: 244-251.
Zhang, H.B., Luo, Y.M., Zhao, Q.G., et al., 2006. Residues of organochlorine pesticides in Hong Kong soils [J]. Chemosphere, 63: 633-641.
Zhang, J.Y., Qiu, L.M., He, J., et al., 2007. Occurrence and congeners specific of polychlorinated biphenyls in agricultural soils from Southern Jiangsu, China [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19: 338-342.
Zhang, Z.L., Huang, J., Yu, G., et al., 2004. Occurrence of PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in Tonghui River of Beijing, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 130: 249-261.
Zhao, G. F., Wang, Z. J., Dong, M. H., et al., 2008. PBBs, PBDEs, and PCBs levels in hair of residents around e-waste disassembly sites in Zhejiang Province, China, and their potential sources [J]. Science of Total Environment, 397: 46-57.
Zhou, R., Zhu, L., Yang, K., et al., 2006. Distribution of organochlorine pesticide in surface water andsediments from Qiantang River, East China [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137: 68-75.
Zhu, L.Z., Chen, Y.Y., Zhou, R.B., et al., 2008. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, sediment and soil in drinking water resource of Zhejiang Province, China [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 150: 308-316.
Zou, M. Y., Ran, Y., Gong, J., et al., 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in watershed soils of the Pearl River Delta, China: occurrence, inventory, and fate [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 41 (24): 8262-8267.
安琼,董元华,王辉,等, 2004.苏南农田土壤有机氯农药残留规律[J].土壤学报, 41(3): 414-419.
安琼,董元华,王辉,等, 2005.南京地区土壤有机氯农药残留及分布特征[J].环境科学学报, 25(4): 470-474.
安琼,董元华,王辉,等, 2006.长江三角洲典型地区农田土壤中多氯联苯残留状况[J].环境科学, 27(3): 528-532
陈社军,麦碧娴,曾永平,等. 2005.珠江三角洲及南海北部海域表层沉积物中多溴联苯醚的分布特征[J].环境科学学报, 25(9): 1265-1271.
储少岗,杨春,徐晓白,等. 1995.典型污染地区底泥和土壤中残留多氯联苯(PCBs)的情况调查[J].中国环境科学, 15(3): 199-202.
龚钟明,王学军,李本纲,等. 2003.天津地区土壤中DDT的残留分布研究[J].环境科学学报, 23(4): 447–451.
韩志刚,杨玉盛,杨红玉,等. 2008.福州市农业土壤多环芳烃的含量、来源及生态风险[J].亚热带资源与环境学报, 3(2): 34-41.
黄俊,余刚,钱易, 2001.我国的持久性有机污染物问题与研究对策[J].环境保护. 11:3-6.
金相灿, 1991.沉积物中的有机物污染物化学[M].北京,科学出版社.
黎伟,程金平,马静,等.上海市某工业区可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中多氯联苯的表征与分布特征[J]. 环境化学, 2007, 26(3): 403-404.
李丽娜, 2007.上海市多介质环境中持久性毒害污染物的健康风险评价[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,华东师范大学出版社.
李延红,郭常义,汪国权,等. 2003.上海地区人乳中六六六、滴滴涕蓄积水平的动态研究[J].环境与职业医学, 20(3): 181-185.
刘贵春, 2007.长江口战略水源地持久性有机污染物的赋存特征及生物毒性[D].同济大学硕士学位论文,同济大学出版社.
刘汉霞,张庆华,江桂斌,等. 2005.多溴联苯醚及其环境问题[J].化学进展, 17(3): 554-562.
刘静,崔兆杰,范国兰,等. 2007.现代黄河三角洲土壤中多氯联苯来源解析研究[J].环境科学, 28(12): 2771-2776.
刘静,崔兆杰,许宏宇, 2006.土壤和沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)的环境行为研究进展[J].山东大学学报, 36(5): 94-98.
钱华,伏晴艳,马伯文, 2003.上海市空气环境中多环芳烃与苯并芘的监测分析[J].上海环境科学, 22(11): 779-784.
任朝晖, 2004.多氯联苯的测定方法研究及应用[D],四川大学硕士论文.
邵学新,吴明,蒋科毅. 2006.西溪湿地土壤有机氯农药残留特征及风险分析[J].生态与学报, 17(9): 1677–1682.
申荣艳,骆永明,章钢娅,等.长江三角洲地区城市污泥中多氯联苯和有机氯农药含量与组分研究[J].土壤, 2006, 38 (5): 539-546.
史双昕,邵丁丁,周丽,等. 2007.安徽省土壤中有机氯杀虫剂的残留状况研究[J].环境科学学报, 27(9): 1534-1541.
孙娜,陆晨刚,高翔,等.青藏高原东部土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源解析[J].环境科学, 2007, 28( 3): 664-668.
孙维湘,陈荣莉,孙安强. 1986.南迦巴瓦峰地区有机氯化合物的污染[J].环境科学, 7(6): 64-69.
孙小静,许世远,魏廉虢,等. 2007.上海郊区表层土壤中DDT残留特征[J].生态环境, 16(4): 615-618.
孙振中,戚隽渊,曾智超,等. 2008.长江口九段沙水域环境及生物体内多氯联苯分布[J].环境科学研究, 21(3): 92-97.
王伟,李兴红,陆海,等. 2008.银川城市土壤中有机氯农药残留及其潜在风险[J].温州大学学报, 29 (2 ): 32-37.
王连生, 1991.有机污染物化学[M],北京,科学出版社.
王连生,韩朔睽, 1998.有机污染化学进展[M].北京,化学工业出版社.
魏复盛, 1999.关于有毒有害化学物质污染及其监测[J].中国环境监测,特刊: 1-4.
魏中青,刘丛强,梁小兵,等. 2007.贵州红枫湖地区水稻土多氯联苯和有机氯农药的残留[J]. 环境科学, 28(2): 256-260.
吴德生, 2001.内分泌干扰物与人类健康[ J].环境与健康杂志, 18(4): 201-203.
徐恒志,贾宁,任仁, 2005.环境激素类有机氯农药的用途和危害[J].环境科学与管理, 30(5): 83-85.
杨国义,张天彬,高淑涛,等. 2007.珠江三角洲典型区域农业土壤中多环芳烃的含量分布特征及其污染来源[J].环境科学, 28(10): 2350-2354.
杨永亮,潘静,李悦,等. 2003.青岛近岸沉积物中持久性有机污染物多氯萘和多溴联苯醚[J]. 科学通报, 48(21): 2244-2251.
于新民,陆继龙,郝立波,等. 2007.吉林省中部土壤有机氯农药的含量及组成[J].土壤通报, 26(1): 1476-1479.
袁东星,杨东宁,陈猛,等. 2001.厦门西港及闽江口表层沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯污染物的含量及分布[J].环境科学学报, 21 (1): 107-120.
张利,刘红玉,张慧,等. 2008.湖南东部地区稻田土壤中有机氯农药残留及分布[J].环境科学研究, 25(1): 118-123.
张红艳,高如泰,江树人,等. 2006.北京市农田土壤中有机氯农药残留的空间分析[J].中国农业科学, 39(7): 1403–1410.
张惠兰,车宏宇,李广,辽宁省绿色食品生产基地土壤中有机氯农药残留分析[J].杂粮作物, 2001, 21(3): 44-45.
章海波,骆永明,滕应,等. 2006.珠江三角洲地区典型类型土壤中DDT残留及其潜在风险[J]. 土壤, 38 (5): 547-551.
章海波,骆永明,赵其国,等. 2006.香港土壤研究Ⅳ:土壤中有机氯化合物的含量和组成[J].土壤学报, 43(2): 220-225.
赵炳梓,张佳宝,朱安宁,等. 2005.黄淮海地区典型农业土壤中六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)的残留量研究Ⅱ:空间分布及垂直分布特征[J].土壤学报, 42(6): 916-922.
周静, 2008.孕妇体内PAHs、PBDEs的初步研究[D].上海大学硕士学位论文,上海大学出版社.
Ahlborg, U., Becking, G.C., Birnbaum, L.S., et al., 1994. Toxic equivalency factors for dioxin-like PCBs: Report on a WHO-ECEH and IPCS consultation, December 1993 [J]. Chemosphere, 28( 6): 1049-1067.
Aichner, B., Glaser, B., Zech, W., 2007. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in urban soils from Kathmandu, Nepal [J]. Organic Geochemistry, 38: 700-715.
Aigner, E.J., Leone, A.D., Falconer, R.L., 1998. Concentration and enantiomeric ratios of organochlorine pesicides in soils from the U.S. Corn Belt [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 32: 1162-1168.
Alawi, M., Khalili, F., Da?s, K., 1995. Interaction behavior of organochlorine pesticides with dissolved Jordanian humic acid [J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 28: 513-518.
Alcock, R.E., Bacon, J., Bardget, R.D., et al., 1996. Persistence and fate of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sewage sludge-amended agricultural soils [J]. Environmental Pollution, 93: 83-92.
Alcock, R.E., Behnisch, P.A., Jones, K.C., et al., 1998. Dioxin-like PCBs in the environment - Human exposure and the significance of sources [J]. Chemosphere, 37: 1457-1472.
Alcock, R.E., Jones, K.C., 1996. Dioxins in the environment: A review of trend data [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 30: 3133-3143.
Alcock, R.E., McGrath, S.P., Jones, K.C. 1995. The influence of multiple sewage sludge amendments on the PCB content of an agricultural soil over time [J]. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 14: 553-560.
Aleksandar, S., 2001. QSAR models for estimating properties of persistent organic pollutants required in evaluation of their environmental fate and risk [J]. Chemosphere, 43(3): 363-375.
Alexander, M., 1997. Aging, bioavailability, and overestimation of risk from environmental pollutants [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 34 (20): 4259-4265.
Amagai, T., Takahashi, Y., Matsushita, H., et al., 1999. A survey on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in soil in ChiangMai, Thailand [J]. Environment International, 25: 563-572.
Andersson, M., Ottesen, R.T., Volden, T., 2004. Building materials as a source of PCB pollution in Bergen, Norway [J], Science of Total Environment, 325: 139-144.
Andersson, O., Blomkvist, G., 1981. Polybrominated aromatic pollutants found in fish in Sweden [J]. Chemosphere, 10: 1051-1060.
Armitage, J.M., Hanson, M., Axelman, J., et al., 2006. Levels and vertical distribution of PCBs in agricultural and natural soils from Sweden [J]. Science of Total Environment, 371: 344-352.
Batterman, S., Chernyak, S., Gouden, Y., et al., 2009. PCBs in air, soil and milk in industrialized and urban areas of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa [J], Environmental Pollution, 157: 654-663.
Betts, K.S., 2007. Secondhand suspicions: breast cancer and passive smoking [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115: 136-143.
Bidleman, T.F., Jantunen, L.L.M., Helm, P.A., et al., 2000. Chlordane enantiomers and temporal trends of chlordane isomers in Arctic air [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 36: 539- 544.
Bidleman, T.F., Leone, A.D., 2004. Soil-air exchange of organochlorine pesticides in the Southern United States[J]. Environmental Pollution, 128: 49-57.
Blackwood, A., Wolff, M., Rundle, A., et al., 1998. Organochlorine compounds (DDE and PCB) in plasma and breast cyst fluid of women with benign breast disease [J]. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 7(7): 579-583.
Bobovnikova, T., Dibtseva, A., Mitroshkov, A., et al., 1993. Ecological assessment of a region with PCB emissions using samples of soil, vegetation and breast milk: a case study [J]. Science of Total Environment, 139/140: 357-364.
Bolger, M., Carrington, C., 1996. Hazard and risk assessment of crude oil contaminants in subsistence seafood samples from Prince William Sound [J]. American Fisheries Symposium, 18: 837-843.
Borisover, M.D., Graber, E.R., 1997. Specific interaction of organic compounds with soil organic carbon [J]. Chemosphere, 34: 1761-1776.
Br?ndli, T.C., Hartnik, T., Henriksen, T., et al., 2008. Sorption of native polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to black carbon and amended activated carbon in soil [J]. Chemosphere, 73: 1805-1810.
BSEF. An introduction to Brominated Flame Retardants Bromine Science and Environment Form [M], 2000. p28.
Bucheli, T.D., Blum, F., Desaules, A., et al., 2004. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, and molecular markers in soils of Switzerland [J]. Chemosphere, 56: 1061-1076.
Budzinski, H., Jones, I., Bellocq, J., et al., 1997. Evaluation of sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gironde estuary [J]. Marine Chemistry, 58: 85-97.
CA EPA (California Environmental Protection Agency). 1997. Public health goals for benzo[a]pyrene in drinking water. Sacramento: Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Section [S], Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.
Cai, Q.Y., Mo, C.H., Li Y.H., et al., 2007. Occurrence and assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from vegetable fields of Pearl River Delta, South China [J]. Chemosphere, 68: 159-168.
Cai, Q.Y., Mo, C.H., Wu, Q.T., et al., 2008. The statues of soil contamination of semivolatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) in China: A review [J]. Science of Total Environment, 389: 209-224.
Cai, Z. W., Jiang, G. B. 2006. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil from e-waste recycling site [J]. Talanta, 70: 88-90.
CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment), 2007. Canadian soill quality guidelines for protection of environmental and human health [S]. Available from: http://www.ccme.ca/assets/pdf/e8-003.pdf.
Chen, B.L., Xuan, X.D., Zhu, L.Z., et al., 2004. Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters, sediments and soils of Hangzhou City, China [J]. Water Research, 38: 3558-3568.
Chen, S.J., Gao, X.J., Mai, B.X., et al., 2006. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface sediments of the Yangtze River Delta: Levels, distribution and potential hydrodynamic influence [J]. Environmental Pollution, 144: 951-957.
Chen, Y., Wang, C., Wang, Z., et al., 2005a. Residues and source identification of persistent organic pollutants in farmland soils irrigated by effluents from biological treatment plants [J]. Environment International, 31: 778-783.
Chen, L.G., Ran, Y., Bi, X.H., et al., 2005b. Contents and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in vegetable soils of Guangzhou, China [J]. Chemosphere, 60: 879-890.
Chernyak, S.M., McConnell, L.L., Rice, C.P., 1995. Fate of some chlorinated hydrocarbons in arctic and far eastern ecosystems in the Russian Federation [J]. Science of Total Environment, 160: 75-85.
Chung, M.K., Hu, R., Cheung, K.C., et al., 2007. Pollutants in Hong Kong soils: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [J]. Chemosphere, 67: 464-473.
Cousins, I.T., Bondi, G., Jones, K.C., 1999. Measuring and modelling the vertical distribution of semivolatile organic compounds in soils. I: PCB and PAH soil core data [J]. Chemosphere, 39: 2507-2518.
Cousins, I.T., Hartlieb N., Teichmann C., et al., 1997. Measured and predicted volatilisation fluxes of PCBs from contaminated sludge-amended soils [J]. Environmental Pollution, 97: 229-238.
Covaci, A., Hura, C., Schepens, P., 2001. Selected persistent organochlorine pollutants in Romania [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 280: 143-152.
Crnkovi?, D., Risti?, M., Jovanovi?, A., et al., 2007. Levels of PAHs in the soils of Belgrade and its environs [J]. Environmental Monitering and Assessment, 125: 75-83.
Dai, J.L., Li, S.J., Zhang Y.L., et al., 2008. Distributions, sources and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil at Ji’nan city, China [J]. Environmental Motioning and Assessment, 147: 317-326.
Darnerud, P. O., Eriksen, G. S., Jhannesson, T., et al., 2001. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109: 49-68.
de Wit, C. A., 2002. An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment [J]. Chemosphere, 46: 583-624.
Dennis, J., McCauley, G..M., DeGraeve, T.K., 2000. Linton Sediments quality guidelines andassessment: overview and research needs [J]. Environmental Science & Policy, 3: 133-144.
Department of Soil Protection (1994) The Netherlands Soil Contamination Guidelines, Netherlands Intervention Values for Soil Remediation [S]. Reference No. DBO/07494013, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Ding, J.Y., Wu, S.C., 1997. Transport of organochlorine pesticides in soil columns enhanced by dissolved organic carbon [J]. Water Science and Technology, 35(7): 139-145.
Duval, M.M., Friedlander, S.K., 2004. Source resolution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Los Angeles atmosphere: application of a CMB with first order decay. U.S. EPA Report EPA-600/2-81-161, Washington, DC.
Eitzer, B.D., Mattina, M.J.I., Iannuchi-Berger, W., 2001. Compositional and chiral profiles of weathered chlordane residues in soil [J]. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 20: 2198-2204.
Eljarrat, E., Marsh, G., Labandeira, A., et al., 2008. Effect of sewage sludges contaminated with polybrominated diphenylethers on agricultural soils [J]. Chemosphere, 71: 1079-1086.
Eriksson, J., Green, N., Marsh, G., et al., 2004, Photochemical decomposition of 15 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in methanol/water [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 38: 3119-3125.
Eriksson, P., Jakobsson, E., Fredriksson, A., 2001. Brominated flame retardants: a novel class of developmental neurotoxicants in our environment? [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109: 903-908.
Falandysz, J., Brudnowska, B., Kawano, M., et al., 2001. Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesicides in soils from the southern part of Poland [J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 40: 173-178.
Fava, S., 2002. Randomly methylatedβ-cyclodextrins (RAMEB) enhance the aerobic biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyl in aged-contaminated soils [J]. Journal of Inclusion Apahenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry, 44: 1-4.
Feng, J.L., Chan, C.K., Fang, M., et al., 2006. Characteristics of organic matter in PM2.5 in Shanghai [J], Chemosphere, 64: 1393-1400.
Fernandez, P., Burghardt, R., Smith, R., et al., 1994. High passage T47D human breast cancer cells: altered endocrine and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo p-dioxin responsiveness [J], European Journal of Pharmacology, 270 ( 3): 53-65.
Fraser, M.P., Cass, G.R., Simoneit, B.R.T., et al., 1997. Air quality model evaluation data for organics. 4. C2-C36 non-aromatic hydrocarbons [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 31: 2356-2367.
Fu, C.T., Wu, S.C., 2006. Seasonal variation of the distribution of PCBs in sediments and biota in a PCB-contaminated estuary [J]. Chemosphere 62: 1786-1794.
Fu, J.M., Mai, B.X., Sheng, G.Y., et al., 2003. Persistent organic pollutants in environment of the Pearl River Delta, China: an overview [J]. Chemosphere, 52: 1411-1422.
Gao, F., Jia, J.Y., Wang, X.M., 2008. Occurrence and ordination of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and hexachlorocyclohexane in agricultural soils from Guangzhou, China [J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 54: 155-166.
Garrigues, P., Marniesse, M.P., Wise, S.A., et al., 1987. Identification of mutagenic methylben[a]anthracene and methylchrysene isomers in natural samples by liquid-chromatography and shpolskil spectormetry [J]. Analytical Chemistry, 59: 1695-1700.
Gereke, A., Hartmann, P., Heeb, N., et al., 2005. Anaerobic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 39: 1078-1083.
Gong, Z.M., Tao, S., Xu, F.L., et al., 2004. Level and distribution of DDT in surface soils from Tianjin, China [J]. Chemosphere, 54: 1247-1253.
Gouin, T., Harner, T., 2003. Modelling the fate of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers [J]. Environment International, 29: 717-724.
Gramatica, P., Consolaro, F. and Pouia, S., 2001. QSAR approach to POPS screening far atmospheric persistence[J], Chemosphere, 43(4): 655-664.
Grimalt, J.O., Drooge, B.L., Ribes, A., et al., 2004. Persistent organochlorine compounds in soils and sediments of European high altitude mountain lakes [J]. Chemosphere, 54: 1549-1561.
Hale, R. C., La Guardia, M.J., Harvey, E., et al., 2002. Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the US environment [J]. Chemosphere, 46: 729-735.
Harner, T., Shoeib, M., Diamond, M., et al., 2004. Using passive air samplers to assess urban-rural trends for persistent organic pollutants. 1. Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorinepesticides [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 38: 4474-4483.
Harrad, S., Hunter S., 2006, Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Air and soil on a rural?urban transect across a major UK conurbation [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 40 (15): 4548-4553.
Hassanin, A., Breivik, K., Meijer, S. N., et al., 2004. PBDEs in European Background Soils: Levels and Factors Controlling Their Distribution [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 38 (3): 738-745.
Haws, L.C., Su, S.H., Harris, M., et al., 2006. Development of a refined database of mammalian relative potency estimates for dioxin-like compounds [J]. Toxicological Sciences, 89(1): 4-30.
He, J. Z, Kristion, R. R., Lisa, A., 2006. Microbial reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 40: 4429-4434.
Herrick, R.F., Lefkowitz, D.J., Weymouth, G.A., 2007. Soil contamination from PCBcontaining buildings [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115: 173-175.
Heywood, E., Wright, J., Wienburg, C.L., et al., 2006. Factors influencing the national distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in British soils [J].Environmental Science & Technology, 40: 7629-7635.
Hitch R.K., Day H.R., 1992. Unusual persistence of DDT in some western USA soils [J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 48: 259-264.
Hites, R. A., 2004. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: A meta-analysis of concentrations [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 38: 945-956.
Hwang, H.M., Wade, T.L., Sericano, J.L., et al., 2003. Concentrations and source characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pine needles from Korea, Mexico, and United States [J]. Atmosphereic Environment, 37: 2259-2267.
IARC, 1983 International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Working Group, 1983. Polynuclear Aromatic Compounds, Part 1, Chemical, Environmental and Experimental Data. In: Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans [R]. vol. 32. IARC, Lyone, France, pp. 1-447.
Iwata, H., Tanabe, S., Ueda, K., et al. 1995. Persistent organochlorine residues in air, water, sediments, and soils from the Lake Baikal region, Russia [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 29: 792- 801.
Jamshidi, A., Hunter, S., Hazrati, S., et al., 2007. Concentrations and chiral signatures of polychlorinated biphenyls in outdoor and indoor air and soil in a major UK conurbation [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 41: 2153-2158.
Jiang, K., Li, L., Chen, Y., et al., 1997. Determination of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in Chinese commercial PCBs and emissions from a testing PCB incinerator[J]. Chemosphere, 34: 941-950.
Jones, K.C., de Voogt, P., 1999. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs): state of the science [J]. Environmental Pollution, 100: 209-221.
Jones, K.C., Stratford, J.A., Waterhouse, K.S., et al., 1989. Organic contaminants in Welsh soils: polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 23 : 540-550.
Jones, P. D., Giesy, J. P., Newsted, J. L., et al., 1994. Accumulation of 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo p-dioxin Equivalents by Double-Crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus, Pelicaniformes) Chicks in the North American Great Lakes [J], Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 27(2): 192-209.
Jongbloed, R.H., Traas, T.P., Luttik, R., 1996. A probabilistic model for deriving soil quality criteria based on secondary poisoning of top predators: II. calculations for dichlorodiphenyltri-chloroethane (DDT) and Cadmium [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 34(3): 279-306.
Kalbitz, K., Popp, P., Geyer, W., et al., 1997.β-HCH mobilization in polluted wetland soils as influenced by dissolved organic matter [J]. Science of Total Environment, 204: 37-48.
Kannan, K., Battula, S., Loganathan, B.G., et al., 2003. Trace organic contaminants, including toxaphene and trifluralin, in cotton field soils from Georgia and South Carolina, USA [J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 45: 30-36.
Katsoyiannis, A., 2006. Occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Soulou stream in the power generation area of Eordea, northwestern Greece [J]. Chemosphere, 65: 1551-1561.
Kavouras, I.G., Koutrakis, P., Tsapakis, M., et al., 2001. Source apportionment of urban particulate aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using multivariate methods [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 35 : 2288-2294.
Khalili, N.R., Scheff, P.A., Holsen, T.M., et al., 1995. PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emission [J]. Atmosphereic Environment, 29: 533-542.
Kim, J.H., Smith, A., 2001. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in soils from South Korea [J]. Chemosphere, 43: 137-140.
Kipopoulou, A.M., Manoli, E., Samara, C., et al., 1999. Bioconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetables grown in an industrial area [J]. Environmental Pollution, 106: 369-380.
Klánová, J., Matykiewiczová, N., Mácka, Z., et al., 2008. Persistent organic pollutants in soils and sediments from James Ross Island, Antarctica [J]. Environmental Pollution, 152:416-423.
Larsen, R.K., Baker, J.E., 2003. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: a comparison of three methods [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 37: 1873-1881.
Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R., de Boer, J., et al., 2006. Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment [J]. Chemosphere, 64: 187-208.
Law, R.J., Herzke, D., Harrad S., et al., 2008. Levels and trends of HBCD and BDEs in the European and Asian environments, with some information for other BFRs [J]. Chemosphere, 73: 223-242.
Lead, W.A., Steinnes, E., Bacon, J.R., et al., 1997. Polychlorinated biphenyls in UK and Norwegian soils: spatial and temporal trends[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 193: 229-236.
Leung, A. O. W., Luksemburg, W. J., Wong, A. S., et al., 2007. Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil and combusted residue at Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in Southeast China [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 41 (8): 2730-2737.
Leung, A., Cai, Z.W., Wong, M.H., 2006. Environmental contamination from electronic waste recycling at Guiyu, southeast China [J]. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 8: 21-33.
Li, J., Zhang, G., Qi, S.H., et al. 2006. Concentration, enantiomeric compositions and source of HCH, DDT and chlordane in soils from the Pearl River Delta, South China [J]. Science of Total Environment, 372: 215-224.
Li, K., Fu, S., Yang, Z. Z., et al., 2008. Composition, distribution and characterization of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the soil in Taiyuan, China [J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 81: 588-593.
Li, X.H., Wang, W., Wang, J., et al., 2008. Contamination of soils with organochlorine pesticide in urban parks in Beijing, China [J]. Chemosphere, 70: 1660-1668.
Liu, M., Cheng, S.B., Ou, D.N., et al., 2007. Characterization, identification of road dust PAHs in central Shanghai areas, China [J]. Atmosphereic Environment, 41: 8785-8795.
Liu, Y., Chen, L., Zhao, J.F., et al., 2008. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of rivers and an estuary in Shanghai, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 154: 298-305.
Luo, Y., Luo, X. J., Lin, Z., et al., 2009. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in road and farmland soils from an e-waste recycling region in Southern China: concentrations, source profiles, and potential dispersion and deposition [J]. Science of Total Environment, 407: 1105-1113.
Ma, L.L., Chu, S.G., Wang, X.T., et al., 2005. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface soils from outskirts of Beijing, China [J]. Chemosphere, 58: 1355-1363.
Mackay, D., Shium, W.Y., Ma, K.C., 1997. Illustrated Handbook of Physical–Chemical Properties of Environmental Fate of Organic Chemicals, vol. V. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
Mai, B. X., Chen, S. J., Luo, X. J., et al., 2005. Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sediments of the Pearl River Delta and adjacent South China Sea [ J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 39: 3521-3527.
Maliszewska-Kordybach B., 1996. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in Poland: preliminary proposals for criteria to evaluate the level of soil contamination [J]. Applied Geochemistry, 11: 121-127.
Manz M, Wenze K D, Dietze U, et al., 2001. Persistent organic pollutants in agricultural soils of central Germany [J]. Science of Total Environment, 277: 187-198.
Manzano, M. A., 2004. Catalyzed hydrogen peroxide treatment of polychlorinated biphenyl contaminated sandy soils [J]. Water, Air and Soil Pollutant, 154:1-4.
Martineau, D., De Guise, S., Fournier, M., et al., 1994. Bland Pathology and toxicology of beluga whales from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada. Past, present and future [J]. Science of Total Environment, 154( 2): 201-215.
Masih, A., Taneja, A., 2006. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations and related carcinogenic potencies in soil at a semi-arid region of India [J]. Chemosphere, 65: 449-456.
Matscheko, N., Tysklind, M., deWit, C., et al., 2002. Application of sewage sludge to arable land-soil concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls, and their accumulation in earthworms [J]. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 21 (12): 2515-2525.
McConnell, L L, Kucklick, J R, Bildeman, C F, et al. 1996. Air-water gas exchange of organochlorine compounds in Lake Baikal, Russia [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 30: 2975-2983.
Meijer, S. N., Ockenden,W.A., Sweetman, A., et al., 2003. Global distribution and budget of PCBs andHCB in background surface soils: Implications for sources and environmental processes [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 37: 667-672.
Meijer, S. N., Steinnes, E., Ockenden, W. A., et al., 2002. Influence of environmental variables on the spatial distribution of PCBs in Norwegian and UK soils: Implications for global cycling [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 36: 2146-2153.
Meijer, S.N., Halsall, C.J., Ockenden, W.A., et al., 2001. Organochlorine pesticide residues in archived UK soil [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 35: 1989-1995.
Meijer, S.N., Shoeib, M., Jantunen, L.M., et al., 2003. Air–soil exchange of organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soils. 1. Field measurements using a novel in situ sampling device [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 35: 3315-3324.
Menzie, C.A., Potocki, B.B., Santodonato J. 1992. Exposure to carcinogenic PAHs in the environment [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 26: 1278-1284.
Mielke, H.W., Gonzales, C.R., Smith, M.K., et al., 1999. The urban environment and children’s health: soil as an integrator of lead, zinc and cadmium in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA [J]. Environmental Research, 81: 117-129.
Mielke, H.W., Wang, G., Gonzales, C.R., et al., 2001. PAH and metal mixtures in New Orleans soils and sediments [J]. Science of Total Environment, 281 : 217-227.
Mielke, H.W., Wang, G.D., Gonzales, C.R., et al., 2004. Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface PAHs and metals in the soils of inner-city and suburban New Orleans, Louisiana, USA [J]. Environmental Toxicology & Pharmacology, 18:243-247.
Miglioranza, K.S.B., Aizpunde-Moreno, J.E., Moreno, V.J., 1998. Fate of organochlorine pesticides in soils and terrestrial biota of“Los Padres”pond watershed, Argentina [J]. Environmental Pollution, 105: 91-99.
Montelay-Massei, A., Ollivon, D., Garban, B., et al., 2004. Distribution and spatial trends of PAHs and PCBs in soils in the Seine River basin, France [J]. Chemosphere, 55: 555-565.
Mueller, K. E., Mueller-Spitz, S. R., Henry, H. F., et al., 2006. Fate of pentabrominated diphenyl ethers in soil: abiotic sorption, plant uptake, and the impact of interspecific plant interactions [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 40 (21): 6662-6667.
Nadal, M., Schuhmacher, M., Domingo, J.L., et al., 2004. Levels of PAHs in soil and vegetation samples from Tarragona County, Spain [J]. Environmental Pollution, 132: 1-11.
Nakata, H., Hirakawa, Y., Kawazoe, M., et al., 2005. Concentration and compositions of organochlorine contaminants in sediments, soils, crustaceans, fishes and birds collected from Lake Tai, Hangzhou Bay and Shanghai city region, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 133 : 415-429.
Nam, J.J., Song, B.H., Eom, K.C., et al., 2003. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils in South Korea [J]. Chemosphere, 50: 1281-1289.
National Toxicology Program (NTP), 2005. Report on Carcinogens, eleventh ed. Public Health Service[R], US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.
Nielsen, T., 1996. Traffic contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the center of a large city [J]. Atmosphereic Environment 30, 3481–3490.
Nisbet, I.C.T., LaGoy, P.K., 1992. Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [J]. Regular of Toxicology & Pharmacology, 16: 290-300.
Pandey, P.K., Patel, K.S., Lenicek, J., 1999. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: need for assessment of health risks in India? Study of an urban-industrial location in India [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessement, 59: 287-319.
Philips, D.H., 1999. Polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons in the diet [J]. Mutation Research, 443: 139-147.
Ping, L.F., Luo, Y.M., Zhang, H.B., et al., 2007. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in thirty typical soil profiles in the Yangtze River Delta region, east China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 147: 358-365.
Qiu, X., Zhu, T., Yao, B., et al., 2005. Contribution of dicofol to the current DDT pollution in China [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 39: 4385-4390. Rachel Carson, 1992. Silent Spring [M], New York.
Rahman, F., Langford, K. H., Scrimshaw, et al., 2001. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants [J]. Science of Total Environment, 275: 1-17.
Ray, S., Khillare, P.S., Agarwal, T., et al., 2008. Assessment of PAHs in soil around the International Airport in Delhi, India [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 156: 9-16.
Rayne, S., Ikonomou, M.G.., 2002. Reconstructing source polybrominated diphenyl ether congener patterns from semipermeable membrane devices in the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada, comparison to commercialmixtures [J]. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 21: 2292-2300.
Ren, N. Q., Que, M. X., Li, Y. F., et al., 2007. Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Chinese Surface Soils [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 41 (11): 3871-3876.
Rissato Sandr,a R., Galhiane Mario, S., Ximenes Valdecir, F., et al., 2006. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and water samples in the Northeastern part of SaǒPaulo State, Brazil [J]. Chemosphere, 65: 1949-1958.
Rogge, W.F., Hildemann, L.M., Mazurek, M.A., et al., 1993a. Sources of fine organic aersol. 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heav-duty diesel trucks [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 27: 636-651.
Rogge, W.F., Hildemann, L.M., Mazurek, M.A., et al., 1993b. Sources of fine organic aersol. 5. Natural gas home appliances [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 27: 2736-2744.
Sabljic, A., 2001. QSAR models for estimating properties of persistent organic pollutants required in evaluation of their environmental fate and risk [J]. Chemosphere, 43: 363-375.
Salihoglu, G., Tasdemir, Y., 2009. Prediction of the PCB pollution in the soils of Bursa, an industrial city in Turkey [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(2-3): 1523-1531.
Saltiene, Z., Brukstiene, D., Ruzgyte, A., 2002. Contamination of soil by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in some urban areas [J]. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 22: 23-35.
Sanger, D.M., Holland, A.F., Scott, G. I., 1999. Tidal creek and salt marsh sediments in south Carolina coastal estuaries:Ⅱ. distribution of organic contaminants [J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 37:458-471.
Schuhmacher, M., Nadal, M., Domingo, J .L., 2004. Levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PCNs in Soils and Vegetation in an Area with Chemical and Petrochemical Industries [J], Environmental Science & Technology, 38: 1960-1969.
Schuphan, I., Sajko, B., Ballschmiter, K.Z., 1972. On chemical and photochemical breakdown of the cyclodien-insecticides, aldrin, dieldrin, endosulfan and other hexachlorobicyclo- (2.2.2)-hepten-derivatives[J]. Z. Naturforsch, 276: 147-156.
Sellstrm, U., de Wit, C. A., Lundgren, N., et al., 2005. Effect of sewage-sludge application on concentrations of higher-brominated diphenyl ethers in soils and earthworms [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 39 (23): 9064-9070.
Senesi N., Miano T.M., 1995. The role of abiotic interactions with humic substances on the environmental impact of organic pollutants [M]. In: Huang P.M., Berthelin I., Bollag J.M., McGill W.B., Page A.L., editors. Environmental Impact of Soil Component Interactions. New York: CRC Press, 311-335.
Silliman, J.E., Meyers, P.A., Eadie, B.J., et al., 1998. Perylene: an indicator of alteration processes or precursor materials? [J]. Organic Geochemistry, 29: 1737-1744.
Simcik, M.F., Eisenreich, S.J., Lioy, P.J., et al., 1999. Source apportionment and source/sink relationships of PAHs in the coastal atmosphere of Chicago and lake Michigan [J]. Atmosphereic Environment, 33: 5071-5079.
Sinkkonen, S., Paasivirta, T., 2000. Degradation half-life times of PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs for environmental fate modeling [J]. Chemosphere, 40: 943-949.
Sj?din, A.,Patterson, J. D.,Bergman, A., 2003. A review on human exposure to brominated flame retardants-particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers [J]. Environment International, 29(6): 829-839.
Song, W. L., Ford, J. C., Li, A., et al. 2005. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the Sediments of the Great Lakes. 3. Lakes Ontario and Erie [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 39: 5600-5605.
Sovocool, G.W., Lewis, R.G., Harless, R.L., et al., 1977. Analysis of technical chlordane by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [J]. Analytical Chemestry, 49: 734-740.
State Environmental Protection Administration of China (SEPA), 2004. The technical specification for soil environmental monitoring [S]. The trade criterions of environmental protection in P R China, HJ/T 166, 25.
Szeto, S.Y., Price, P.M., 1991. Persistence of pesticide residues in mineral and organic soils in the Fraser valley of British Columbia [J]. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 39: 1679-1684.
Tanabe, S., 1988. PCB problems in the future-foresight from current knowkedge [J]. Evnironmental Pollution, 50: 5-28.
Tang, L., Tang, X.Y., Zhu, Y.G., et al., 2005. Contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils in Beijing, China [J]. Environment International, 31: 822-828.
Tao, S., Cui, Y.H., Xu, F.L.,et al., 2004. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soil and vegetables from Tianjin [J]. Science of Total Environment, 320: 11-24.
Tilman, G., Johannes, A.C.B., Michaela, E., et al., 2007. Indications for pedogenic formation of perylene in a terrestrial soil profile: Depth distribution and first results from stable carbon isotope ratios [J]. Applied Geochemistry, 22: 2653-2663.
Trapido, M., 1999. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Estonian soil: Contamination and profiles [J]. Environmental Pollution, 105: 67-74.
Tsai, P.J., Shih, T.S., Chen, H.L., et al., 2004. Assessing and predicting the exposures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their carcinogenic potencies from vehicle engine exhausts to highway toll station workers [J]. Atmosphereic Environment, 38: 333-343.
UK EA (Environmental Agency), 2007. Environmental Concentrations of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in UK Soil and Herbage [R]. UK Soil and Herbage Pollutant Survey. UKSHS Report No. 8.
Urzelai, V M, Angulo E. 2000. Deriving ecological risk-based soil quality values in the Basque County [J]. Science of Total Environment, 247(2): 279-284.
US EPA, Integrated Risk Infromation System [S]. National Center for Environmental Assessement, Office of Research and Development. Washington, DC. 1999.
US EPA. 1993. Provisional guidance for quantitative risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [S]. EPA/600/R-32/089. Final draft. Cincinnati: Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
US EPA. 2000. Technical Progress Report: Implementation Plan for Probabilistic Ecological Assessments-Terrestrivl Systems [R], US EPA.
Valavanidis, A., Fiotakis, K., Vlahogianni, T., et al., 2006. Characterization of atmospheric particulates, particle-bound transition metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of urban air in the centre of Athens (Greece) [J]. Chemosphere, 65: 760-768.
Van den Berg, M., Birnbaum, L.S., Denison, M., et al., 2006. The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds [J]. Toxicological Sciences, 93(2): 223-241.
VandenBerg, M., Bimbaum, L., Basveld, B.T.C., et al., 1998. PCDFs for humans and wildlife, Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for PCBs, PCDDs [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106 (12):775-792.
VROM (1994). Environmental quality objectives in the Nederlands [S]. Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment, 1994.
VROM, 2000. Circular on Target Values and Intervention Values for Soil Remediation: DBO/1999226863 [S], Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment Directorates- General for Environment Protection, Department of Soil Protection, Netherlands Government Gazette, No. 39.
Walker, K., 1999. Factors influencing the distribution of lindane and other hexachloroclohexanes in the environment [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 33: 4373-4378.
Wang, D. G., Yang, M., Jia, H. L., et al., 2008. Levels, distributions and profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls in surface soils of Dalian, China [J], Chemosphere, 73: 38-42.
Wang, D. L., Cai, Z. W., Jiang, G. B., et al., 2005. Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil and sediment from an electronic waste recycling facility [J]. Chemosphere, 60: 810-816.
Wang, F., Jiang, X., Bian, Y.R., et al., 2007. Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China [J]. Journal of Environmental Science, 19: 584-590.
Wang, L.C., Lee, W.J., Lee, W.S., et al. 2003. Characterizing the emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from crematories and their impacts to the surrounding environment [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 37: 62-67.
Wang, T.Y., Lu, Y.L., Zhang, H., Shi, Y.J., 2005. Cotamination pf persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and relevant management in China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 31: 813-821.
Wang, X.F., Li, X.H., Cheng, H.X., et al., 2008. Organochlorine pesticides in particulate matter of Beijing, China [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 155: 350-357.
Wang, Z., Chen, J.W., Qiao, X.L., et al., 2007. Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from urban to rural soils: A case study in Dalian, China [J]. Chemosphere, 68: 965-971.
Wania, F. and Mackay, D., 1999. The evolution of mass balance models of persistent organic pollutant fate in the environment [J]. Environmental Pollution, 100: 223-240.
Wania, F., Axelman, J., Bromano, D., 1998. A review of processes involved in the exchange of persistent organic pollutants across the air-sea interfaces [J]. Environmental Pollution, 102: 3-23.
Wania, F., D. Mackay., 1995. A global distribution modeal for persisted organic chemical [J]. Science of Total Environment, 160/161: 211-232.
Wania, F., Mackay, D. 1993. Global fractionation and cold condensation of low volatility organochlorinecompoundsin polar regions [J]. Ambio, 22: 10-18.
Wania, F., Mackay, D., Li, Y.F., et al., 1999. Strand. Glode chemical fate ofα-hexachlorocyclohexane: 1. Evaluation of a global distribution model [J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18: 1390-1399.
Wayne, T. S., Glenn, T., Dennis, Z., et al., 1997. Pesticide Prioritization for a Brain Cancer Case-Control Study [J]. Environmental Research, 74: 133-144.
Weinberg, J. 1998. Overview of POPs and need for a POPs treaty. Public forum on persistent organic pollutants—the international POPs elimination network.
Weiss, P., Riss, A., Gschmeidler, E., Schentz, H., 1994. Investigation of heavy metal, PAH, PCB patterns and PCDD/F profiles of soil samples from an industrialized urban area (Linz, Upper Austria) with multivariate statistical methods [J]. Chemosphere, 29: 2223-2236.
Wenzel, K.D., Manz, M., Hubert, A., et al., 2002. Fate of POPs (DDX, HCHs, PCBs) in upper soil layersof pine forests[J]. Science of Total Environment, 286: 143-154.
Wilcke, W., 2000. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil– a review [J]. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 163, 229-248.
Wilcke, W., Krauss, M., Safronov, G., et al., 2006. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soils of the Moscow region: concentrations and small-scale distribution along an urban-rural transect [J]. Environmental Pollution, 141: 327-335.
Wild, S.R., Jones, K.C., 1995. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the United Kingdom environment: a preliminary source inventory and budget [J]. Environmental Pollution, 88: 91-108.
Willett, K L., Ulrich, E M., Hites, R A. 1998. Differential toxicity and environmental fats of hexachlorlcy- clohexane isomers [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 32: 2197-2207.
Wong, M.H., Leung, A.O.W., Chan, J.K.Y., et al., 2005. A review on the usage of POP pesticides in China, with emphasis on DDT loadings in human milk [J]. Chemosphere, 60: 740-752.
World Health Organization (WHO), 1984. Environmental Health Criteria 40: Endosulfan, Geneva [R]. World Widelife Found. Stockholm Convention‘‘New POPs”: Screening additional POPs candidates [R]. April 2005, 38 p.
Wu, W.Z., Xu, Y., Schramm, K.W., et al., 1997. Study of sorption, biodegradation and isomerization of HCH in stimulated sediment/water system [J]. Chemosphere, 35: 1887-1894.
Xia, C.G., Dai, Z.R., 2001. Situations of termite harmfulness and chemical control in China, Pesticide Science and Admistry, (Suppl.) 16-19.
Xing, Y., Lu, Y., Dawson, R. W., et al., 2005. A spatial temporal assessment of pollution from PCBs in China [J]. Chemosphere, 60: 731-739.
Xu, D., Dan, M., Song, Y., et al., 2005. Concentration characteristics of extractable organohalogens in PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing, China [J]. Atmosphereic Environment, 39: 4119-4128.
Xue, N., Zhang, D., Xu, X., 2006. Organochlorinated pesticide multiresidues in surface sediments from Beijing Guanting reservoir [J]. Water Research, 40: 183-194.
Yang, X.L., Wang, S.S., Bian, Y.S., et al., 2008. Dicofol application resulted in high DDTs residue in cotton fields from northern Jiangsu province, China [J]. Journal Hazardous Materials, 150: 92-98.
Yang, Y., Zhang, X.X., Korenaga, T., 2002. Distribution of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soil of Tokushima, Japan [J]. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 138 (1-4): 51-60.
Yang, Z. Z., Zhao, X. R., Zhao, Q., et al., 2008. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Leaves and Soil from Typical Electronic Waste Polluted Area in South China [J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 80: 340-344.
Yin, C.Q., Jiang, X., Yang, X.L., et al. 2008. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils in the vicinity of Nanjing, China [J], Chemosphere, 73: 389-394.
Yun, S. H., Addink, R., McCabe, J. M., et al., 2008. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polybrominated biphenyls in sediment and floodplain soils of the Saginaw River Watershed, Michigan, USA [J]. Archives Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 55:1-10.
Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Vingarzan, R., et al., 2002. PAHs in the Fraser River Basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition [J]. Organic Geochemistry, 33: 489-515.
Zabel, E. W., Walker, M. K., Homung, M. W., et al., 1995. Interactions of Polychlorinated Dibenzo p-dioxin, Dibenzofuran, and Biphenyl Congeners for Producing Rainbow Trout Early Life Stage Mortality [J]. Toxicology Applied Pharmacology, 134(2): 204-213.
Zakaria, M.P., Takada, H., Tsutsumi, S., et al., 2002. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rivers and estuaries in Malaysia: A widespread input of petrogenic PAHs [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 36: 1907-1918.
Zhang W.X., 2003. Nanoscale iron particle for environmental remendiation [J]. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 5: 323-332.
Zhang, H.B., Luo, Y.M., Wong, M.H., et al., 2006. Distributions and concentrations of PAHs in Hong Kong soils [J]. Environmental Pollution, 141: 107-114.
Zhang, H.B., Luo, Y.M., Wong, M.H., et al., 2007. Concentrations and possible sources of polychlorinated biphenyls in the soils of Hong Kong [J]. Geoderma, 138: 244-251.
Zhang, H.B., Luo, Y.M., Zhao, Q.G., et al., 2006. Residues of organochlorine pesticides in Hong Kong soils [J]. Chemosphere, 63: 633-641.
Zhang, J.Y., Qiu, L.M., He, J., et al., 2007. Occurrence and congeners specific of polychlorinated biphenyls in agricultural soils from Southern Jiangsu, China [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 19: 338-342.
Zhang, Z.L., Huang, J., Yu, G., et al., 2004. Occurrence of PAHs, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in Tonghui River of Beijing, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 130: 249-261.
Zhao, G. F., Wang, Z. J., Dong, M. H., et al., 2008. PBBs, PBDEs, and PCBs levels in hair of residents around e-waste disassembly sites in Zhejiang Province, China, and their potential sources [J]. Science of Total Environment, 397: 46-57.
Zhou, R., Zhu, L., Yang, K., et al., 2006. Distribution of organochlorine pesticide in surface water andsediments from Qiantang River, East China [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 137: 68-75.
Zhu, L.Z., Chen, Y.Y., Zhou, R.B., et al., 2008. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, sediment and soil in drinking water resource of Zhejiang Province, China [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 150: 308-316.
Zou, M. Y., Ran, Y., Gong, J., et al., 2007. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in watershed soils of the Pearl River Delta, China: occurrence, inventory, and fate [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 41 (24): 8262-8267.
安琼,董元华,王辉,等, 2004.苏南农田土壤有机氯农药残留规律[J].土壤学报, 41(3): 414-419.
安琼,董元华,王辉,等, 2005.南京地区土壤有机氯农药残留及分布特征[J].环境科学学报, 25(4): 470-474.
安琼,董元华,王辉,等, 2006.长江三角洲典型地区农田土壤中多氯联苯残留状况[J].环境科学, 27(3): 528-532
陈社军,麦碧娴,曾永平,等. 2005.珠江三角洲及南海北部海域表层沉积物中多溴联苯醚的分布特征[J].环境科学学报, 25(9): 1265-1271.
储少岗,杨春,徐晓白,等. 1995.典型污染地区底泥和土壤中残留多氯联苯(PCBs)的情况调查[J].中国环境科学, 15(3): 199-202.
龚钟明,王学军,李本纲,等. 2003.天津地区土壤中DDT的残留分布研究[J].环境科学学报, 23(4): 447–451.
韩志刚,杨玉盛,杨红玉,等. 2008.福州市农业土壤多环芳烃的含量、来源及生态风险[J].亚热带资源与环境学报, 3(2): 34-41.
黄俊,余刚,钱易, 2001.我国的持久性有机污染物问题与研究对策[J].环境保护. 11:3-6.
金相灿, 1991.沉积物中的有机物污染物化学[M].北京,科学出版社.
黎伟,程金平,马静,等.上海市某工业区可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中多氯联苯的表征与分布特征[J]. 环境化学, 2007, 26(3): 403-404.
李丽娜, 2007.上海市多介质环境中持久性毒害污染物的健康风险评价[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文,华东师范大学出版社.
李延红,郭常义,汪国权,等. 2003.上海地区人乳中六六六、滴滴涕蓄积水平的动态研究[J].环境与职业医学, 20(3): 181-185.
刘贵春, 2007.长江口战略水源地持久性有机污染物的赋存特征及生物毒性[D].同济大学硕士学位论文,同济大学出版社.
刘汉霞,张庆华,江桂斌,等. 2005.多溴联苯醚及其环境问题[J].化学进展, 17(3): 554-562.
刘静,崔兆杰,范国兰,等. 2007.现代黄河三角洲土壤中多氯联苯来源解析研究[J].环境科学, 28(12): 2771-2776.
刘静,崔兆杰,许宏宇, 2006.土壤和沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)的环境行为研究进展[J].山东大学学报, 36(5): 94-98.
钱华,伏晴艳,马伯文, 2003.上海市空气环境中多环芳烃与苯并芘的监测分析[J].上海环境科学, 22(11): 779-784.
任朝晖, 2004.多氯联苯的测定方法研究及应用[D],四川大学硕士论文.
邵学新,吴明,蒋科毅. 2006.西溪湿地土壤有机氯农药残留特征及风险分析[J].生态与学报, 17(9): 1677–1682.
申荣艳,骆永明,章钢娅,等.长江三角洲地区城市污泥中多氯联苯和有机氯农药含量与组分研究[J].土壤, 2006, 38 (5): 539-546.
史双昕,邵丁丁,周丽,等. 2007.安徽省土壤中有机氯杀虫剂的残留状况研究[J].环境科学学报, 27(9): 1534-1541.
孙娜,陆晨刚,高翔,等.青藏高原东部土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源解析[J].环境科学, 2007, 28( 3): 664-668.
孙维湘,陈荣莉,孙安强. 1986.南迦巴瓦峰地区有机氯化合物的污染[J].环境科学, 7(6): 64-69.
孙小静,许世远,魏廉虢,等. 2007.上海郊区表层土壤中DDT残留特征[J].生态环境, 16(4): 615-618.
孙振中,戚隽渊,曾智超,等. 2008.长江口九段沙水域环境及生物体内多氯联苯分布[J].环境科学研究, 21(3): 92-97.
王伟,李兴红,陆海,等. 2008.银川城市土壤中有机氯农药残留及其潜在风险[J].温州大学学报, 29 (2 ): 32-37.
王连生, 1991.有机污染物化学[M],北京,科学出版社.
王连生,韩朔睽, 1998.有机污染化学进展[M].北京,化学工业出版社.
魏复盛, 1999.关于有毒有害化学物质污染及其监测[J].中国环境监测,特刊: 1-4.
魏中青,刘丛强,梁小兵,等. 2007.贵州红枫湖地区水稻土多氯联苯和有机氯农药的残留[J]. 环境科学, 28(2): 256-260.
吴德生, 2001.内分泌干扰物与人类健康[ J].环境与健康杂志, 18(4): 201-203.
徐恒志,贾宁,任仁, 2005.环境激素类有机氯农药的用途和危害[J].环境科学与管理, 30(5): 83-85.
杨国义,张天彬,高淑涛,等. 2007.珠江三角洲典型区域农业土壤中多环芳烃的含量分布特征及其污染来源[J].环境科学, 28(10): 2350-2354.
杨永亮,潘静,李悦,等. 2003.青岛近岸沉积物中持久性有机污染物多氯萘和多溴联苯醚[J]. 科学通报, 48(21): 2244-2251.
于新民,陆继龙,郝立波,等. 2007.吉林省中部土壤有机氯农药的含量及组成[J].土壤通报, 26(1): 1476-1479.
袁东星,杨东宁,陈猛,等. 2001.厦门西港及闽江口表层沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯污染物的含量及分布[J].环境科学学报, 21 (1): 107-120.
张利,刘红玉,张慧,等. 2008.湖南东部地区稻田土壤中有机氯农药残留及分布[J].环境科学研究, 25(1): 118-123.
张红艳,高如泰,江树人,等. 2006.北京市农田土壤中有机氯农药残留的空间分析[J].中国农业科学, 39(7): 1403–1410.
张惠兰,车宏宇,李广,辽宁省绿色食品生产基地土壤中有机氯农药残留分析[J].杂粮作物, 2001, 21(3): 44-45.
章海波,骆永明,滕应,等. 2006.珠江三角洲地区典型类型土壤中DDT残留及其潜在风险[J]. 土壤, 38 (5): 547-551.
章海波,骆永明,赵其国,等. 2006.香港土壤研究Ⅳ:土壤中有机氯化合物的含量和组成[J].土壤学报, 43(2): 220-225.
赵炳梓,张佳宝,朱安宁,等. 2005.黄淮海地区典型农业土壤中六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)的残留量研究Ⅱ:空间分布及垂直分布特征[J].土壤学报, 42(6): 916-922.
周静, 2008.孕妇体内PAHs、PBDEs的初步研究[D].上海大学硕士学位论文,上海大学出版社.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |