水力压裂岩体非线性损伤演化研究
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摘要
准确地描述水力压裂裂缝形成与分布是优化压裂施工参数、提高压裂效果的重要依据。以往的水力裂缝研究主要基于断裂力学基础上的单一裂缝扩展和延伸。然而,大量的现场实践表明,水力压裂形成的不是单一裂缝,而是由许多微小裂缝增长、扩大、汇合形成的局部破坏带。运用断裂力学理论难以准确合理地模拟或描述地下储层真实的破裂过程。针对这一问题,需从一个新的理论视角出发对水力裂缝真实形态及破裂机理等问题做更深层次的研究与探索。本文运用损伤力学研究水力压裂岩体的损伤特性和微裂缝形成过程。开展了基于损伤理论井眼围岩应力分布研究;水力压裂过程岩体非线性损伤力学和非线性损伤演化研究,建立了运用损伤理论描述水力压裂岩体破坏和微裂缝形成的研究方法,为弥补断裂力学研究水力压裂的不足提供了新的研究思路和计算手段。主要研究工作与研究成果如下:
首先,本论文考虑双重介质岩体渗流作用,将井眼围岩区域分为破坏区、损伤区和弹性区,基于损伤理论建立了井眼围岩的应力分布和井眼围岩破坏半径和损伤半径计算模型。该模型的建立为水力压裂的岩体损伤力学模型和非线性损伤演化的研究打下了基础。
其次,考虑水力压裂为岩体动静态组合加载过程,提出动态应力强度因子计算方法,建立了水力压裂动态加载下微裂缝形成和岩体非线性损伤劣化的应力分布模型。
再次,根据能量守恒原理,建立了水力压裂过程岩体损伤劣化的本构模型。计算分析了岩体损伤变量、岩体损伤应变、弹性模量与泵压的变化关系。并假设加载过程中,释放出的能量促使新的微裂纹演化,微裂纹以分岔-生长-再分岔生长模式形成,建立了任意压裂阶段微裂缝的增长数目和长度分岔损伤演化本构模型。计算结果与前人试验研究成果变化规律吻合。
建立了任意压裂阶段微裂缝损伤演化增长分布形态模型,得出岩体微裂缝损伤演化分岔增长在主裂缝周围形成“树叉”状附属微裂缝。确定分支微裂缝与基础裂缝的初次分岔夹角范围和分岔角随裂缝分岔级数变化规律;建立了微裂缝分岔增长后的微裂缝张开度模型,分别计算了矩形裂缝、椭圆形裂缝和楔形裂缝张开度。并通过有限元模拟方法对模型进行了验证。
建立了水力压裂岩体微裂缝的生长密度和生长长度方程,给出任意压裂阶段微裂缝分岔增长数以及微裂缝分布密度和裂缝间距;得到了微裂缝的增长长度随泵压以及初始微裂缝的变化规律。
最后,根据建立的微裂缝形态模型、微裂缝的增长密度和增长长度模型以及压裂岩体微裂缝演化后的渗透张量模型,运用有限元模拟软件对吉林油田新民区块进行了产能模拟,结果表明,基于损伤理论的水力压裂岩体渗透张量计算得到的产能与实际产能吻合较好。
本文创新性地将损伤力学理论用于研究水力压裂岩体破坏和微裂缝形成,为水力压裂岩体的破坏特征和裂缝分布状态开辟了一个新的研究方向。本文的研究从岩体宏细观的角度揭示了岩体宏观主裂缝扩展和延伸是岩体细观损伤劣化和微裂缝演化发展的物理内涵。得出了主裂缝扩展和延伸是微裂缝细观损伤演化的宏观唯象表征。本论文的研究解释了运用断裂力学研究水力压裂单一裂缝扩展和延伸与实际工程存在误差的根本问题。对更深刻的了解水力压裂过程岩石的破裂机理提供了更为成熟可靠的科学依据,对进一步改善水力压裂设计提供了强有力的理论指导和技术支持,具有重要的学术价值和现实意义。
The precise description of hydraulic fracturing crack formation and distribution is an important factor for optimizing fracture operation parameters and improving the effect of fracture. The study is aimed at mainly single fracture mechanics and crack propagation based on the hydraulic cracks now. However, The massive practical applications show that the hydraulic fracturing forms not single fracture,but zone of local damage owing to many tiny cracks growth、expansion and concourse.It is difficult to simulate or describe accurately and reasonably underground reservoir actual break process. In order to solve this problem, the deeper research and exploration is needed for hydraulic fracture actual shape, fracture mechanism from a new theory view. Damage characteristics and micro cracks forming process of hydraulic fracture rock are studied based on damage mechanics in this paper.; The study of stress distribution around wellbore rock is carried on based on damage mechanics;The study of rock nonlinear damage mechanics and nonlinear damage evolution in the process of hydraulic fracturing are carried on, the research method of the description of hydraulic fracturing rock mass destruction and micro crack formation is built up, and the new study and calculation method is provided for making up for a deficiency of fracture mechanics research hydraulic fracturing. Main work and research results are as follows:
Firstly, double medium rock seepage effects is considered in this paper, wellbore area is divided into breach zone,the damage zone and the elastic zone, the model and calculation of rock stress distribution brech radius and damage radius are built up based on damage theory,Which lays a foundation for hydraulic fracturing rock damage mechanics model and nonlinear damage evolution.
Secondly, it is considered that hydraulic fracturing loads rock by the way of dynamic and static combinations, dynamic stress intensity factor calculation method is put forward, the model of micro crack formation and rock stress distribution of nonlinear damage degradation under the hydraulic fracturing dynamic loading are built up.
Moreover,Taking no account of the energy loss, according to the principle of energy conservation, the constitutive model of rock damage degradation in the process of hydraulic fracturing is built up. Rock damage variable, rock damage strain and the relationship between the elastic modulus and protected are calculated and analyzed. And it is assumed that in the process of loading release energy prompted new micro cracks evolution, micro crack is formed by the furcation-growth- furcation model, the constitutive model of micro cracks growing number and length bifurcation damage evolution at any fracturing stage is built up. The calculation results tally closely with previous experimental results.
The model of evolution and growth distribution shape of fracture on any fracturing stage is established,the accessory microfracture of“branched”shape aroud main fracture is found as evolution and growth of fracture of rock mass is obtained .the boundary primary bifurcation angle on branched and initial microfracture and the rule on bifurcation angle with bifurcation series is established. The model of fracture open degree is builted, and calculating the open degree of rectangle、ellipse and wedge microfracture and the model is simulated and verified through finite element method , the result coincides well.
The model of growth density and growth length of microfracture of rock mass on hydraulic fracturing are built; The bifurcation amount、bifurcation density and interval of microfracture are obtained; the change rule of growth length of microfracture with pump pressure and initial microfracture.
At last, the model on permeability tensor on rock mass on hydraulic fracturing is built based on morphological model、density model and length model, simulating the deliverability of an oil well of Xinmin block of Jilin oilfield using finite element software.the result show that the permeability tensor based on damage theory calculate is more coincide the practice.
In this paper hydraulic fracturing rock damage and micro cracks formation are studied by innovative use of damage mechanics theory, a new research direction is opened up for hydraulic fracturing rock damage characteristic and fracture distribution status. This paper from the rock micro-to-macro point of view shows that rock macroscopy major fracture extendibility and expandability are the physical connotation of rock microscopic damage deterioration and micro cracks evolution and development. It is concluded that the major fracture extendibility and expandability is the macroscopy token of micro cracks microscopic damage evolution. why the single fracture extendibility and expandability in the hydraulic fracturing process studied by use of fracture mechanics exist errors compared with practical engineering is explained in this paper. The more mature and reliable scientific evidence is provided for more profoundly understanding the rock fracture mechanism in the hydraulic fracturing process, the vigorous theoretical guidance and technical support are provided for further improving hydraulic fracturing design, which has great academic value and practical significance.
首先,本论文考虑双重介质岩体渗流作用,将井眼围岩区域分为破坏区、损伤区和弹性区,基于损伤理论建立了井眼围岩的应力分布和井眼围岩破坏半径和损伤半径计算模型。该模型的建立为水力压裂的岩体损伤力学模型和非线性损伤演化的研究打下了基础。
其次,考虑水力压裂为岩体动静态组合加载过程,提出动态应力强度因子计算方法,建立了水力压裂动态加载下微裂缝形成和岩体非线性损伤劣化的应力分布模型。
再次,根据能量守恒原理,建立了水力压裂过程岩体损伤劣化的本构模型。计算分析了岩体损伤变量、岩体损伤应变、弹性模量与泵压的变化关系。并假设加载过程中,释放出的能量促使新的微裂纹演化,微裂纹以分岔-生长-再分岔生长模式形成,建立了任意压裂阶段微裂缝的增长数目和长度分岔损伤演化本构模型。计算结果与前人试验研究成果变化规律吻合。
建立了任意压裂阶段微裂缝损伤演化增长分布形态模型,得出岩体微裂缝损伤演化分岔增长在主裂缝周围形成“树叉”状附属微裂缝。确定分支微裂缝与基础裂缝的初次分岔夹角范围和分岔角随裂缝分岔级数变化规律;建立了微裂缝分岔增长后的微裂缝张开度模型,分别计算了矩形裂缝、椭圆形裂缝和楔形裂缝张开度。并通过有限元模拟方法对模型进行了验证。
建立了水力压裂岩体微裂缝的生长密度和生长长度方程,给出任意压裂阶段微裂缝分岔增长数以及微裂缝分布密度和裂缝间距;得到了微裂缝的增长长度随泵压以及初始微裂缝的变化规律。
最后,根据建立的微裂缝形态模型、微裂缝的增长密度和增长长度模型以及压裂岩体微裂缝演化后的渗透张量模型,运用有限元模拟软件对吉林油田新民区块进行了产能模拟,结果表明,基于损伤理论的水力压裂岩体渗透张量计算得到的产能与实际产能吻合较好。
本文创新性地将损伤力学理论用于研究水力压裂岩体破坏和微裂缝形成,为水力压裂岩体的破坏特征和裂缝分布状态开辟了一个新的研究方向。本文的研究从岩体宏细观的角度揭示了岩体宏观主裂缝扩展和延伸是岩体细观损伤劣化和微裂缝演化发展的物理内涵。得出了主裂缝扩展和延伸是微裂缝细观损伤演化的宏观唯象表征。本论文的研究解释了运用断裂力学研究水力压裂单一裂缝扩展和延伸与实际工程存在误差的根本问题。对更深刻的了解水力压裂过程岩石的破裂机理提供了更为成熟可靠的科学依据,对进一步改善水力压裂设计提供了强有力的理论指导和技术支持,具有重要的学术价值和现实意义。
The precise description of hydraulic fracturing crack formation and distribution is an important factor for optimizing fracture operation parameters and improving the effect of fracture. The study is aimed at mainly single fracture mechanics and crack propagation based on the hydraulic cracks now. However, The massive practical applications show that the hydraulic fracturing forms not single fracture,but zone of local damage owing to many tiny cracks growth、expansion and concourse.It is difficult to simulate or describe accurately and reasonably underground reservoir actual break process. In order to solve this problem, the deeper research and exploration is needed for hydraulic fracture actual shape, fracture mechanism from a new theory view. Damage characteristics and micro cracks forming process of hydraulic fracture rock are studied based on damage mechanics in this paper.; The study of stress distribution around wellbore rock is carried on based on damage mechanics;The study of rock nonlinear damage mechanics and nonlinear damage evolution in the process of hydraulic fracturing are carried on, the research method of the description of hydraulic fracturing rock mass destruction and micro crack formation is built up, and the new study and calculation method is provided for making up for a deficiency of fracture mechanics research hydraulic fracturing. Main work and research results are as follows:
Firstly, double medium rock seepage effects is considered in this paper, wellbore area is divided into breach zone,the damage zone and the elastic zone, the model and calculation of rock stress distribution brech radius and damage radius are built up based on damage theory,Which lays a foundation for hydraulic fracturing rock damage mechanics model and nonlinear damage evolution.
Secondly, it is considered that hydraulic fracturing loads rock by the way of dynamic and static combinations, dynamic stress intensity factor calculation method is put forward, the model of micro crack formation and rock stress distribution of nonlinear damage degradation under the hydraulic fracturing dynamic loading are built up.
Moreover,Taking no account of the energy loss, according to the principle of energy conservation, the constitutive model of rock damage degradation in the process of hydraulic fracturing is built up. Rock damage variable, rock damage strain and the relationship between the elastic modulus and protected are calculated and analyzed. And it is assumed that in the process of loading release energy prompted new micro cracks evolution, micro crack is formed by the furcation-growth- furcation model, the constitutive model of micro cracks growing number and length bifurcation damage evolution at any fracturing stage is built up. The calculation results tally closely with previous experimental results.
The model of evolution and growth distribution shape of fracture on any fracturing stage is established,the accessory microfracture of“branched”shape aroud main fracture is found as evolution and growth of fracture of rock mass is obtained .the boundary primary bifurcation angle on branched and initial microfracture and the rule on bifurcation angle with bifurcation series is established. The model of fracture open degree is builted, and calculating the open degree of rectangle、ellipse and wedge microfracture and the model is simulated and verified through finite element method , the result coincides well.
The model of growth density and growth length of microfracture of rock mass on hydraulic fracturing are built; The bifurcation amount、bifurcation density and interval of microfracture are obtained; the change rule of growth length of microfracture with pump pressure and initial microfracture.
At last, the model on permeability tensor on rock mass on hydraulic fracturing is built based on morphological model、density model and length model, simulating the deliverability of an oil well of Xinmin block of Jilin oilfield using finite element software.the result show that the permeability tensor based on damage theory calculate is more coincide the practice.
In this paper hydraulic fracturing rock damage and micro cracks formation are studied by innovative use of damage mechanics theory, a new research direction is opened up for hydraulic fracturing rock damage characteristic and fracture distribution status. This paper from the rock micro-to-macro point of view shows that rock macroscopy major fracture extendibility and expandability are the physical connotation of rock microscopic damage deterioration and micro cracks evolution and development. It is concluded that the major fracture extendibility and expandability is the macroscopy token of micro cracks microscopic damage evolution. why the single fracture extendibility and expandability in the hydraulic fracturing process studied by use of fracture mechanics exist errors compared with practical engineering is explained in this paper. The more mature and reliable scientific evidence is provided for more profoundly understanding the rock fracture mechanism in the hydraulic fracturing process, the vigorous theoretical guidance and technical support are provided for further improving hydraulic fracturing design, which has great academic value and practical significance.
引文
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