煤矿防灭火凝胶泡沫的理论与技术研究
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摘要
煤自燃和瓦斯事故严重威胁着煤矿安全生产和矿工的生命安全。为了防治煤自燃,国内外采用了灌浆、惰气、阻化剂和凝胶等技术,但这些技术都存在一些不足。本文根据煤矿的实际需要和目前常用防灭火技术的不足,提出了结合凝胶和泡沫各自优点的凝胶泡沫技术,凝胶泡沫能较好地充填采空区或高冒区,既能有效扑灭火灾,又能够包裹煤体、封堵裂隙,防治漏风;在防治煤炭自燃的同时,还能封堵煤体,减少瓦斯向外释放。
凝胶泡沫由表面活性剂、交联剂和高分子的溶液经机械发泡形成。论文应用表面化学、流体力学、物理化学、热力学和高分子化学等理论,较系统地研究了凝胶泡沫的形成机理。研制出了发泡能力强、胶凝时间可控、泡沫强度较高、稳定时间长、可适应恶劣环境和成本较低的凝胶泡沫。通过流变学实验分析了凝胶泡沫的发泡高度、反应时间、温度对其粘弹性的影响,建立了凝胶泡沫的本构方程,得到了对凝胶泡沫的黏弹性影响较大的参数。建立了凝胶泡沫在水平管道中流动的数学模型,根据模型可以计算凝胶泡沫在管路中流动的各项技术参数。根据煤自燃的理论和凝胶泡沫防灭火的性能,得出了凝胶泡沫防治煤自燃理论。通过凝胶泡沫对煤的阻化实验,证明了凝胶泡沫具有良好的阻化性能,凝胶泡沫处理过的煤样的升温速率较原煤样显著下降,且能抑制煤的氧化和指标气体一氧化碳的释放,凝胶泡沫在不同升温阶段有不同的阻化效果。通过封堵实验得出凝胶泡沫具有良好的封堵性能,能够封堵一定压力的气体。建立了实验室模拟现场凝胶泡沫制备系统,试验得出了能更好指导现场应用的相关技术及参数。
凝胶泡沫利用凝胶固水特性和泡沫堆积、延展特性防治煤炭自燃。较之一般的水浆流动,以泡沫为载体的凝胶泡沫覆盖面广,并可向上部堆积,能够解决采空区隐蔽火源、高位火源、巷道高冒火灾和采空区大范围的防灭火难题,为矿井煤自燃火灾防治提供了一项新的技术手段。
As coal spontaneous ignition and gas outburst accident pose a serious threat to the mine production and the safety of miners, the techniques like grouting, inert gases, inhibitor and gel were used to prevent coal spontaneous ignition. Although there are some disadvantages. The study provides a new foamed gel which combines the advantages of gel and foam to meet the coal mine practical demands and specific applications. Foamed gel formed by the exiting pouring system can fill the gob or the tunnel top collapse to extinguish the mine fire more efficiently for its ability of wide spread and upwards cumulated and its outstanding plugging capability makes it possible to enwrap coal, plug cranny and prevent air leak. The foamed gel can effectively prevent the coal spontaneous ignition as well as plug coal to prevent gas from release.
The foamed gel formation mechanism has been studied, which based on the theories of surface chemistry, fluid mechanics, physical chemistry, thermodynamics, and polymer chemistry. Basing on the unique formation mechanism of foamed gel, the formula has been developed, which has the advantages of strong foaming ability, time-controllable for making gel, high quality of foam strength, long stabled time of foam, adaptable to wretched condition, and low cost, etc. The preparation system, simulates the field investigation, was set up to provide data for the application. The effects of foam height, reaction time and temperature of the foam viscoelasticity was analyzed by the rheology experiments,and the constitutive model was established to get the most influential parameter to the foamed gel viscoelasticity. The mathematics model of foamed gel’s flowing in the pipeline was also established to calculate the parameters. The theory of foamed gel’s preventing coal spontaneous ignition obtained from the analyses for the affections to coal spontaneous ignition. The high inhibit effect of foamed gel was proved by the inhibit experiments when the temperature decrease, oxygenation restrain and CO release restrain of the coal sample treated by foamed gel was obvious, and foamed gel shows different inhibit effects during different temperature. The outstanding plugging capability was also testified by the plugging test results. The foamed gel, combines the gel technique with foam technique, takes the advantage of gel’s preservation of water, foam’s accumulation and spreading out to prevent coal spontaneous ignition. Compared to the normal coal water sprager, the foam carried foamed gel overcasts large areas and has a upwards accumulation to solve the fire prevention and extinguishing problems such as covert fire in gob, perch fire, fire in tunnel top collapse and large-scale fire prevention and extinguishing in gob, etc. The system for pouring three-phase-foam, safe and reliable, convenient, successive flux poured, was set up to adapt a series of fire prevention and extinguishing problems.
凝胶泡沫由表面活性剂、交联剂和高分子的溶液经机械发泡形成。论文应用表面化学、流体力学、物理化学、热力学和高分子化学等理论,较系统地研究了凝胶泡沫的形成机理。研制出了发泡能力强、胶凝时间可控、泡沫强度较高、稳定时间长、可适应恶劣环境和成本较低的凝胶泡沫。通过流变学实验分析了凝胶泡沫的发泡高度、反应时间、温度对其粘弹性的影响,建立了凝胶泡沫的本构方程,得到了对凝胶泡沫的黏弹性影响较大的参数。建立了凝胶泡沫在水平管道中流动的数学模型,根据模型可以计算凝胶泡沫在管路中流动的各项技术参数。根据煤自燃的理论和凝胶泡沫防灭火的性能,得出了凝胶泡沫防治煤自燃理论。通过凝胶泡沫对煤的阻化实验,证明了凝胶泡沫具有良好的阻化性能,凝胶泡沫处理过的煤样的升温速率较原煤样显著下降,且能抑制煤的氧化和指标气体一氧化碳的释放,凝胶泡沫在不同升温阶段有不同的阻化效果。通过封堵实验得出凝胶泡沫具有良好的封堵性能,能够封堵一定压力的气体。建立了实验室模拟现场凝胶泡沫制备系统,试验得出了能更好指导现场应用的相关技术及参数。
凝胶泡沫利用凝胶固水特性和泡沫堆积、延展特性防治煤炭自燃。较之一般的水浆流动,以泡沫为载体的凝胶泡沫覆盖面广,并可向上部堆积,能够解决采空区隐蔽火源、高位火源、巷道高冒火灾和采空区大范围的防灭火难题,为矿井煤自燃火灾防治提供了一项新的技术手段。
As coal spontaneous ignition and gas outburst accident pose a serious threat to the mine production and the safety of miners, the techniques like grouting, inert gases, inhibitor and gel were used to prevent coal spontaneous ignition. Although there are some disadvantages. The study provides a new foamed gel which combines the advantages of gel and foam to meet the coal mine practical demands and specific applications. Foamed gel formed by the exiting pouring system can fill the gob or the tunnel top collapse to extinguish the mine fire more efficiently for its ability of wide spread and upwards cumulated and its outstanding plugging capability makes it possible to enwrap coal, plug cranny and prevent air leak. The foamed gel can effectively prevent the coal spontaneous ignition as well as plug coal to prevent gas from release.
The foamed gel formation mechanism has been studied, which based on the theories of surface chemistry, fluid mechanics, physical chemistry, thermodynamics, and polymer chemistry. Basing on the unique formation mechanism of foamed gel, the formula has been developed, which has the advantages of strong foaming ability, time-controllable for making gel, high quality of foam strength, long stabled time of foam, adaptable to wretched condition, and low cost, etc. The preparation system, simulates the field investigation, was set up to provide data for the application. The effects of foam height, reaction time and temperature of the foam viscoelasticity was analyzed by the rheology experiments,and the constitutive model was established to get the most influential parameter to the foamed gel viscoelasticity. The mathematics model of foamed gel’s flowing in the pipeline was also established to calculate the parameters. The theory of foamed gel’s preventing coal spontaneous ignition obtained from the analyses for the affections to coal spontaneous ignition. The high inhibit effect of foamed gel was proved by the inhibit experiments when the temperature decrease, oxygenation restrain and CO release restrain of the coal sample treated by foamed gel was obvious, and foamed gel shows different inhibit effects during different temperature. The outstanding plugging capability was also testified by the plugging test results. The foamed gel, combines the gel technique with foam technique, takes the advantage of gel’s preservation of water, foam’s accumulation and spreading out to prevent coal spontaneous ignition. Compared to the normal coal water sprager, the foam carried foamed gel overcasts large areas and has a upwards accumulation to solve the fire prevention and extinguishing problems such as covert fire in gob, perch fire, fire in tunnel top collapse and large-scale fire prevention and extinguishing in gob, etc. The system for pouring three-phase-foam, safe and reliable, convenient, successive flux poured, was set up to adapt a series of fire prevention and extinguishing problems.
引文
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