矿井建设项目安全事故机理与控制研究
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摘要
在国际建筑安全形势比较严峻的背景下,中国煤炭建设进入新一轮建设高潮,其中矿井建设项目安全事故频发。矿井建设项目安全管理是煤矿安全管理的一个重要组成部分,但长期以来并未得到应有的重视。矿井建设项目的安全管理既不同于生产矿井,又不同于地面一般工业与民用建筑项目的安全管理。矿井建设项目是一项大型综合性工程,主体工程处于复杂多变的地质条件下,岩层松软、富水、含瓦斯,赋存条件复杂;与生产矿井相比,由于首次揭开煤层岩层,遇水害、煤岩突出、瓦斯突出等的危险性更高;与地面建筑施工相比,施工空间狭小、施工机具笨重、操作视野差,作业环境更为复杂;矿建项目作业群体受教育程度更低、工人的熟练程度更低、工作强度更高、施工涉及爆破作业,同时矿井建设项目参与方与管理主体较多、项目组织的稳定性差、安全管理的难度更高,造成安全管理的模式与生产矿井存在极大差别,危险程度更大,故需要关注矿井建设项目安全事故机理和控制对策研究。
论文认为矿井建设项目安全系统是一个复杂的社会技术系统,具有复杂性特征:安全系统特别复杂,由相互依赖的多个子系统组成,具有非线性、高度动态性、开放性和相互作用性,安全系统涉及多重反馈过程,包含软硬数据信息,并对安全政策和安全措施具有抵制性。借鉴传统木桶理论,利用安全熵的概念探索性地建立了安全木桶模型,论文提出建设本质安全型矿井建设项目的观点。
采用解释结构模型(ISM)方法解析了矿井建设项目安全系统结构,把矿建项目安全系统划分为现场作业层、安全保障层、决策管理层和监督规范层四个结构层次,界定了安全事故机理中的行为主体。利用改进的层次分析法构建了瓦斯、提升运输、透水、顶板、运输、高处坠落、模板坍塌和中毒窒息8类安全事故致因层次结构模型,分析了其安全事故致因机理,给出了相应事故致因机理图,并利用安全木桶模型和安全系统结构层次结论分析了事故致因机理和影响效应。
利用系统动力学方法构建了8类矿建项目安全事故突变机理模型,揭示了安全事故的发生机理:矿井建设项目安全事故是项目安全木桶出现环境短板、管理短板、设备短板和人员短板的耦合结果,安全系统四个结构层产生的不安全行为的耦合效应是导致项目安全度下降的原因,当项目安全度低于阈值时就会发生瓦斯、井筒提升、透水、顶板、运输、高处坠落、模板坍塌和中毒和窒息等安全事故。
在矿井建设项目安全事故机理基础上提出了不安全行为耦合论:安全事故是安全系统的现场作业层、安全保障层、决策管理层和监督规范层四个结构层次所产生的不安全行为的耦合结果,丰富了安全事故致因理论。
构建了矿井建设项目不安全行为对项目安全度影响机理的结构方程模型,通过对调查问卷的数据分析,发现了不安全行为的四个中介变量“安全投入、安全外部监督、安全沟通和安全检查”四个外源潜变量对项目安全度的三个中介变量“安全环境、安全设备和安全管理”三个内生潜变量的影响路径,从实证角度验证了安全系统不同结构层的不安全行为对项目安全度的影响机理。
利用SOM神经网络实现了矿井建设项目安全事故特征与事故类别之间的高度非线性映射,利用映射结果证实了不安全行为中工人因子、设备因子、环境因子和管理因子的耦合会导致相应安全事故的发生,可以利用该机理进行安全事故预测。提出安全集成控制的观点,给出了矿井建设项目不安全行为控制管理信息系统结构和系统开发关键技术建议,以加强对矿井建设项目安全事故的控制。
该论文有图67幅,表91个,参考文献225篇。
Under the background of the severe international construction safety, coal mine construction has entered into a new round of climax, accompany with phenomenon of more safety accidents happened in China. Safety management of mine construction project has not been emphasized in the long term, which is an important part of mine safety management, though it is different from the productive mine and the general industrial and civil construction project. The mine construction project exists in the complex and multivariant geologic condition of soft rock formation, abundant water and gas, causing more hazards. Also, the disadvantage of narrow working space, bulky construction equipments, inferior visual field, blasting operation and the ill involved groups, more participation and management parts, unstable project organization and so forth, can bring more detrimental effects than the productive mine. So more attention should be paid to the safety mechanism and control of safety accidents in mine construction projects.
With the characteristic of extremely complex, consisting of multiple interdependent components, highly dynamic, involving multiple feedback processes, nonlinear relationships, both hard and soft data, openness, resisting the safety policy and measures, the safety system of mine construction project is regarded as a complex socio-technical system. Using for reference on traditional cask theory, a exploratory safety cask model is built up on the basis of dissipative structure theory. Furthermore, viewpoint on the model is put forward to the construction of intrinsically safe type mine project.
Based on analysis and computation of the safety factor of mine construction project, an interpretive structural model of safety system is built up to describe the relationship path among them using the interpretive structural model(ISM) method. Then the safety system is divided into four different hierarchies: field operation, safety guarantee, decision management, supervision norm. As the factors coupling effect of workers, equipment, management and environment may lead to the accident occurrence in mine construction project, 8 accident hierarchical structure model of gas explosion, hoisting conveyance, water, roof, haulage, falling, formwork collapse and poison and asphyxia are constructed using the modified analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method, and corresponding mechanism diagrams are given.
Based on the view of complexity, 8 catastrophic model of mine construction accident are built up using the system dynamics method. Safety state of mine construction project safety system may be divided into 3 running state, running the simulation analysis of using test function. The mechanism of accidents is pointed out as follows: it is the coupling results of short plank consisted of environment, management, equipment and staff, leading to the descending safety degree, then generating the accidents. And the coupling theory of unsafe behavior is put out.
After the statistical analysis of unsafe behavior in mine construction project, the paper probes into the effect path of unsafe behavior on safety performance using the one way ANOVA and structural equation model(SEM) method. A quantitative description of cause, evolution conditions and trends of workers’unsafe behavior is done in mine construction project.
In accordance with the high non-linear reflecting capability of the self organization mapping(SOM) neural network, the accident prediction model is established and applied based on the relationship between accident features and accident categories.
This paper introduces the concept of safety integration control, analyzeing on the structure of unsafe behavior management information system for mine construction project and advancing some key technology suggestions for system development.
There are 67 figures, 91 tables and 225 references in the paper.
论文认为矿井建设项目安全系统是一个复杂的社会技术系统,具有复杂性特征:安全系统特别复杂,由相互依赖的多个子系统组成,具有非线性、高度动态性、开放性和相互作用性,安全系统涉及多重反馈过程,包含软硬数据信息,并对安全政策和安全措施具有抵制性。借鉴传统木桶理论,利用安全熵的概念探索性地建立了安全木桶模型,论文提出建设本质安全型矿井建设项目的观点。
采用解释结构模型(ISM)方法解析了矿井建设项目安全系统结构,把矿建项目安全系统划分为现场作业层、安全保障层、决策管理层和监督规范层四个结构层次,界定了安全事故机理中的行为主体。利用改进的层次分析法构建了瓦斯、提升运输、透水、顶板、运输、高处坠落、模板坍塌和中毒窒息8类安全事故致因层次结构模型,分析了其安全事故致因机理,给出了相应事故致因机理图,并利用安全木桶模型和安全系统结构层次结论分析了事故致因机理和影响效应。
利用系统动力学方法构建了8类矿建项目安全事故突变机理模型,揭示了安全事故的发生机理:矿井建设项目安全事故是项目安全木桶出现环境短板、管理短板、设备短板和人员短板的耦合结果,安全系统四个结构层产生的不安全行为的耦合效应是导致项目安全度下降的原因,当项目安全度低于阈值时就会发生瓦斯、井筒提升、透水、顶板、运输、高处坠落、模板坍塌和中毒和窒息等安全事故。
在矿井建设项目安全事故机理基础上提出了不安全行为耦合论:安全事故是安全系统的现场作业层、安全保障层、决策管理层和监督规范层四个结构层次所产生的不安全行为的耦合结果,丰富了安全事故致因理论。
构建了矿井建设项目不安全行为对项目安全度影响机理的结构方程模型,通过对调查问卷的数据分析,发现了不安全行为的四个中介变量“安全投入、安全外部监督、安全沟通和安全检查”四个外源潜变量对项目安全度的三个中介变量“安全环境、安全设备和安全管理”三个内生潜变量的影响路径,从实证角度验证了安全系统不同结构层的不安全行为对项目安全度的影响机理。
利用SOM神经网络实现了矿井建设项目安全事故特征与事故类别之间的高度非线性映射,利用映射结果证实了不安全行为中工人因子、设备因子、环境因子和管理因子的耦合会导致相应安全事故的发生,可以利用该机理进行安全事故预测。提出安全集成控制的观点,给出了矿井建设项目不安全行为控制管理信息系统结构和系统开发关键技术建议,以加强对矿井建设项目安全事故的控制。
该论文有图67幅,表91个,参考文献225篇。
Under the background of the severe international construction safety, coal mine construction has entered into a new round of climax, accompany with phenomenon of more safety accidents happened in China. Safety management of mine construction project has not been emphasized in the long term, which is an important part of mine safety management, though it is different from the productive mine and the general industrial and civil construction project. The mine construction project exists in the complex and multivariant geologic condition of soft rock formation, abundant water and gas, causing more hazards. Also, the disadvantage of narrow working space, bulky construction equipments, inferior visual field, blasting operation and the ill involved groups, more participation and management parts, unstable project organization and so forth, can bring more detrimental effects than the productive mine. So more attention should be paid to the safety mechanism and control of safety accidents in mine construction projects.
With the characteristic of extremely complex, consisting of multiple interdependent components, highly dynamic, involving multiple feedback processes, nonlinear relationships, both hard and soft data, openness, resisting the safety policy and measures, the safety system of mine construction project is regarded as a complex socio-technical system. Using for reference on traditional cask theory, a exploratory safety cask model is built up on the basis of dissipative structure theory. Furthermore, viewpoint on the model is put forward to the construction of intrinsically safe type mine project.
Based on analysis and computation of the safety factor of mine construction project, an interpretive structural model of safety system is built up to describe the relationship path among them using the interpretive structural model(ISM) method. Then the safety system is divided into four different hierarchies: field operation, safety guarantee, decision management, supervision norm. As the factors coupling effect of workers, equipment, management and environment may lead to the accident occurrence in mine construction project, 8 accident hierarchical structure model of gas explosion, hoisting conveyance, water, roof, haulage, falling, formwork collapse and poison and asphyxia are constructed using the modified analytic hierarchy process(AHP) method, and corresponding mechanism diagrams are given.
Based on the view of complexity, 8 catastrophic model of mine construction accident are built up using the system dynamics method. Safety state of mine construction project safety system may be divided into 3 running state, running the simulation analysis of using test function. The mechanism of accidents is pointed out as follows: it is the coupling results of short plank consisted of environment, management, equipment and staff, leading to the descending safety degree, then generating the accidents. And the coupling theory of unsafe behavior is put out.
After the statistical analysis of unsafe behavior in mine construction project, the paper probes into the effect path of unsafe behavior on safety performance using the one way ANOVA and structural equation model(SEM) method. A quantitative description of cause, evolution conditions and trends of workers’unsafe behavior is done in mine construction project.
In accordance with the high non-linear reflecting capability of the self organization mapping(SOM) neural network, the accident prediction model is established and applied based on the relationship between accident features and accident categories.
This paper introduces the concept of safety integration control, analyzeing on the structure of unsafe behavior management information system for mine construction project and advancing some key technology suggestions for system development.
There are 67 figures, 91 tables and 225 references in the paper.
引文
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