深水钻井井口力学分析及导管承载能力研究
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摘要
深水钻井水下井口上部连接防喷器组及隔水管,下部连接套管串,在钻井作业过程中承受复杂的作用力,一旦发生井口失稳,将会带来严重后果。但是目前并没有针对该问题的系统的理论分析方法,因此有必要对水下井口的力学稳定性和导管及表层套管承载能力开展研究,为我国深水钻井设计及施工提供一定的理论依据。
针对深水钻井特点,在综合分析井口横向弯矩及竖向力的共同作用、管柱抗弯刚度的变化、管柱与海底浅部地层间的非线性响应等特征的基础上,根据桩基和材料力学理论,建立了适于深水钻井的导管和表层套管承载能力分析模型及相应求解方法。结果表明,导管的侧阻力占到竖向承载力的绝大部分比例,随着导管入泥长度的增加,其竖向承载力迅速增大;横向作用力对管柱的作用集中在其上部较短的一段区域内,随着隔水管顶部张紧力、钻井船漂移量、海流流速的增加,管柱最大横向位移、偏移角度、弯矩、剪力及地基反力都逐渐增大,同时对管柱的作用深度逐渐增加。
综合考虑海洋环境载荷、钻井船漂移、隔水管扰动等因素对套管柱与地层之间的相互作用的影响,提出了深水钻井水下井口力学稳定性分析方法,并建立了相应的力学分析模型及数值化求解方法。分析结果表明,水下井口的横向偏移及弯矩随张力比和海流流速的增加而大幅增大;随着钻井船漂移量的增加,井口的横向位移和弯矩近似线性增加;导管的下入深度必须超过海底浅部松软土层,超过该深度后下入深度再大对井口的横向稳定性也几乎没有影响;提高泥线以下一定深度的导管抗弯强度、控制合理的井口高度及冲刷深度、获取浅部地层的取样数据等措施可以增强水下井口的稳定性。
针对隔水管摆动对井口稳定性及管柱承载能力的动态影响问题,依据土动力学基本理论,考虑土体非线性、管柱截面变化以及井口承担竖向载荷的特点,建立了管柱与海底浅部地层相互作用的动力分析模型,推导了线性模型中管柱的横向位移、偏移角度、弯矩、剪力的解析表达式,同时建立了非线性模型的数值化求解方法。分析结果表明,在较低频率区域管柱的变形及内力与静力情况下相差不大,只有接近管柱的自振频率时,变形及内力才急剧增加;导管外径和壁厚对管柱自振频率影响不大;不考虑井口竖向力对管柱的动力横向承载能力几乎没有影响;采用静力方法对井口稳定性及导管表层套管的承载能力进行分析可以满足工程要求。
针对深水钻井喷射下入导管的工艺特点,依据所建立的井口力学稳定性和管柱承载能力分析理论,重点考虑时间效应对导管承载力的影响,建立了深水钻井导管下入深度确定方法,并提出了确定导管下深的必要条件。分析表明,随着恢复时间的增加,所需下入的导管深度可以相应减小,但是过大的时间间隔将增加钻井日费;承载力增长系数的选取对设计结果有较大影响,应根据区域试验数据确定;深水环境下隔水管传递到井口上的作用力对导管下入深度确定几乎没有影响。
针对深水钻井SBOP系统的特点,利用所建立的常规深水钻井系统的井口稳定性分析理论对SBOP系统的水下井口稳定性及导管承载能力进行了分析。结果表明,SBOP系统的导管下入深度可以比常规系统浅很多,隔水管尺寸变小使其水下井口承受的载荷较常规系统大大降低,但是过小的导管尺寸仍然存在使井口失稳的危险;随着水深的增加,SBOP系统水下井口的横向偏移和弯矩逐渐增大,在较深水域必须增加隔水管浮力块。
在理论研究的基础上,编制了深水钻井井口力学稳定性分析及导管下深设计软件,该软件可以迅速实现常规和SBOP两种系统的水下井口的力学稳定性能分析、导管和表层套管的承载能力分析、以及导管的合理下入深度设计。
As drilling operations move to deep water, subsea wellhead bears complex stress because it joins the marine riser and casing string. The stability of subsea wellhead becomes increasingly concerned. However, there is no theoretical analysis method regarding this problem at present. Therefore, it is essential to run research on the wellhead mechanical stability and the conductor bearing capacity.
Based on the theories of pile foundation and mechanics of materials, a bearing capacity analytical model of the conductor and surface casing for deepwater drilling was established. The model considered deepwater drilling conditions, combined axial and lateral loads, variable stiffness of string, and nonlinear response between the string and soil. A numerical method was adopted to solve this model. Results indicate that the skin resistance of conductor occupies the major part of the vertical bearing capacity, and the vertical bearing capacity of conductor increases rapidly along with the conductor into the soil. The effect of lateral load is focused on the upper string section, and greater setting depth of the casing string has almost no influence on its lateral bearing capacity. With drilling vessel offset or TTR’s increase, the maximal lateral displacement, bending moment, shearing force and soil reaction along the string increased obviously, and the acting depth of the string increased gradually.
Considering the influences such as the marine environmental loads, drilling vessel drifting, riser dynamic disturbance, nonlinear behavior between casing string and formation, a comprehensive stability analysis method and its corresponding numerical solution method were proposed. Results illustrate that the lateral displacement and bending moment of the wellhead increased nearly linear with the mean drifting offset. The greater TTR may cause wellhead instability because the wellhead has a limited bearing moment capacity, and thus it is necessary to disconnect the LMRP and BOP connection promptly. The setting depth of conductor must overrun the shallow soil of the sea bed, but greater setting depth has almost no influence on the stability of wellhead. Such measures as to enhance the conductor bending strength, control scour depth on seabed, acquire the geological sample data of shallow formation can strengthen the stability performance of wellhead.
In view of the wellhead stability's dynamic effect problem that was caused by the riser swinging, according to the basic theory of terradynamics, considering the non-linear characteristics of soil, string-section changes and vertical load on the wellhead, the dynamic analytical model and the numerical solution method were established. The analysis results indicate that the deformation and internal force of casing string in the lower frequency region have little difference with the static situation, and the deformation and internal forces began to increase sharply only close to the natural frequency of the string. The outer diameter and wall thickness of conductor have little influence on the natural frequency of the string. The static method of the wellhead mechanical stability and conductor bearing capacity analysis is fulfilling the engineering requirements.
Based on the analysis of conductor mechanical characteristics, jetting technique, geotechnics and pile theory, a universal determination method of conductor setting depth considering time effect was proposed. The method can reduce conductor design blindness and drilling cost. Results show that with set-up time increasing, the bearing capacity of conductor increases gradually, and the required setting depth could decrease. However, longer set-up time could cause drilling cost increasing, and therefore the set-up time should be determined according to actual situation. The growth factor of bearing capacity has considerable influence on the result, and it should be selected on the basis of block experimental data.
The conventional stability analysis theory of subsea wellhead has been used to analyze the wellhead mechanical stability and the conductor bearing capacity of the SBOP system for deepwater drilling. Results indicate that the setting depth of conductor and the load on the subsea wellhead of SBOP system are smaller than conventional riser system. The riser with larger size will cause subsea wellhead greater bending moment and lateral displacement. It is necessary to increase the riser buoyancy when water depth increases.
Based on the above theoretical studies, a software to analyze the mechanical stability of subsea wellhead was developed. This software may realize the mechanical properties analyses of subsea wellhead, the bearing capacity analysis of conductor and surface casing, the reasonable setting depth design of conductor for both conventional and SBOP drilling system.
针对深水钻井特点,在综合分析井口横向弯矩及竖向力的共同作用、管柱抗弯刚度的变化、管柱与海底浅部地层间的非线性响应等特征的基础上,根据桩基和材料力学理论,建立了适于深水钻井的导管和表层套管承载能力分析模型及相应求解方法。结果表明,导管的侧阻力占到竖向承载力的绝大部分比例,随着导管入泥长度的增加,其竖向承载力迅速增大;横向作用力对管柱的作用集中在其上部较短的一段区域内,随着隔水管顶部张紧力、钻井船漂移量、海流流速的增加,管柱最大横向位移、偏移角度、弯矩、剪力及地基反力都逐渐增大,同时对管柱的作用深度逐渐增加。
综合考虑海洋环境载荷、钻井船漂移、隔水管扰动等因素对套管柱与地层之间的相互作用的影响,提出了深水钻井水下井口力学稳定性分析方法,并建立了相应的力学分析模型及数值化求解方法。分析结果表明,水下井口的横向偏移及弯矩随张力比和海流流速的增加而大幅增大;随着钻井船漂移量的增加,井口的横向位移和弯矩近似线性增加;导管的下入深度必须超过海底浅部松软土层,超过该深度后下入深度再大对井口的横向稳定性也几乎没有影响;提高泥线以下一定深度的导管抗弯强度、控制合理的井口高度及冲刷深度、获取浅部地层的取样数据等措施可以增强水下井口的稳定性。
针对隔水管摆动对井口稳定性及管柱承载能力的动态影响问题,依据土动力学基本理论,考虑土体非线性、管柱截面变化以及井口承担竖向载荷的特点,建立了管柱与海底浅部地层相互作用的动力分析模型,推导了线性模型中管柱的横向位移、偏移角度、弯矩、剪力的解析表达式,同时建立了非线性模型的数值化求解方法。分析结果表明,在较低频率区域管柱的变形及内力与静力情况下相差不大,只有接近管柱的自振频率时,变形及内力才急剧增加;导管外径和壁厚对管柱自振频率影响不大;不考虑井口竖向力对管柱的动力横向承载能力几乎没有影响;采用静力方法对井口稳定性及导管表层套管的承载能力进行分析可以满足工程要求。
针对深水钻井喷射下入导管的工艺特点,依据所建立的井口力学稳定性和管柱承载能力分析理论,重点考虑时间效应对导管承载力的影响,建立了深水钻井导管下入深度确定方法,并提出了确定导管下深的必要条件。分析表明,随着恢复时间的增加,所需下入的导管深度可以相应减小,但是过大的时间间隔将增加钻井日费;承载力增长系数的选取对设计结果有较大影响,应根据区域试验数据确定;深水环境下隔水管传递到井口上的作用力对导管下入深度确定几乎没有影响。
针对深水钻井SBOP系统的特点,利用所建立的常规深水钻井系统的井口稳定性分析理论对SBOP系统的水下井口稳定性及导管承载能力进行了分析。结果表明,SBOP系统的导管下入深度可以比常规系统浅很多,隔水管尺寸变小使其水下井口承受的载荷较常规系统大大降低,但是过小的导管尺寸仍然存在使井口失稳的危险;随着水深的增加,SBOP系统水下井口的横向偏移和弯矩逐渐增大,在较深水域必须增加隔水管浮力块。
在理论研究的基础上,编制了深水钻井井口力学稳定性分析及导管下深设计软件,该软件可以迅速实现常规和SBOP两种系统的水下井口的力学稳定性能分析、导管和表层套管的承载能力分析、以及导管的合理下入深度设计。
As drilling operations move to deep water, subsea wellhead bears complex stress because it joins the marine riser and casing string. The stability of subsea wellhead becomes increasingly concerned. However, there is no theoretical analysis method regarding this problem at present. Therefore, it is essential to run research on the wellhead mechanical stability and the conductor bearing capacity.
Based on the theories of pile foundation and mechanics of materials, a bearing capacity analytical model of the conductor and surface casing for deepwater drilling was established. The model considered deepwater drilling conditions, combined axial and lateral loads, variable stiffness of string, and nonlinear response between the string and soil. A numerical method was adopted to solve this model. Results indicate that the skin resistance of conductor occupies the major part of the vertical bearing capacity, and the vertical bearing capacity of conductor increases rapidly along with the conductor into the soil. The effect of lateral load is focused on the upper string section, and greater setting depth of the casing string has almost no influence on its lateral bearing capacity. With drilling vessel offset or TTR’s increase, the maximal lateral displacement, bending moment, shearing force and soil reaction along the string increased obviously, and the acting depth of the string increased gradually.
Considering the influences such as the marine environmental loads, drilling vessel drifting, riser dynamic disturbance, nonlinear behavior between casing string and formation, a comprehensive stability analysis method and its corresponding numerical solution method were proposed. Results illustrate that the lateral displacement and bending moment of the wellhead increased nearly linear with the mean drifting offset. The greater TTR may cause wellhead instability because the wellhead has a limited bearing moment capacity, and thus it is necessary to disconnect the LMRP and BOP connection promptly. The setting depth of conductor must overrun the shallow soil of the sea bed, but greater setting depth has almost no influence on the stability of wellhead. Such measures as to enhance the conductor bending strength, control scour depth on seabed, acquire the geological sample data of shallow formation can strengthen the stability performance of wellhead.
In view of the wellhead stability's dynamic effect problem that was caused by the riser swinging, according to the basic theory of terradynamics, considering the non-linear characteristics of soil, string-section changes and vertical load on the wellhead, the dynamic analytical model and the numerical solution method were established. The analysis results indicate that the deformation and internal force of casing string in the lower frequency region have little difference with the static situation, and the deformation and internal forces began to increase sharply only close to the natural frequency of the string. The outer diameter and wall thickness of conductor have little influence on the natural frequency of the string. The static method of the wellhead mechanical stability and conductor bearing capacity analysis is fulfilling the engineering requirements.
Based on the analysis of conductor mechanical characteristics, jetting technique, geotechnics and pile theory, a universal determination method of conductor setting depth considering time effect was proposed. The method can reduce conductor design blindness and drilling cost. Results show that with set-up time increasing, the bearing capacity of conductor increases gradually, and the required setting depth could decrease. However, longer set-up time could cause drilling cost increasing, and therefore the set-up time should be determined according to actual situation. The growth factor of bearing capacity has considerable influence on the result, and it should be selected on the basis of block experimental data.
The conventional stability analysis theory of subsea wellhead has been used to analyze the wellhead mechanical stability and the conductor bearing capacity of the SBOP system for deepwater drilling. Results indicate that the setting depth of conductor and the load on the subsea wellhead of SBOP system are smaller than conventional riser system. The riser with larger size will cause subsea wellhead greater bending moment and lateral displacement. It is necessary to increase the riser buoyancy when water depth increases.
Based on the above theoretical studies, a software to analyze the mechanical stability of subsea wellhead was developed. This software may realize the mechanical properties analyses of subsea wellhead, the bearing capacity analysis of conductor and surface casing, the reasonable setting depth design of conductor for both conventional and SBOP drilling system.
引文
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