钻井中封堵漏层和水层的理论研究及新型堵剂的研制
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摘要
井筒中的漏失和地层出水是油气井工程中典型的复杂情况,严重影响着安全优质的钻完井设计和施工,要解决这些问题就必须在理论上寻求新的方法进行深入研究,同时研制新型的堵剂,形成新的技术。
针对井漏这一钻井液侵入地层的极端形式,以达西定律为依据,结合流体力学动量守恒定律,在对抑制钻井液侵入地层机理分析的基础上,建立了一维、二维钻井液侵入地层模型;并结合井漏的力学分析,建立了堵漏模型。从模型中可以得出:降低地层渗透率和孔隙度,并最终在井壁上形成致密的泥饼是堵漏作业成功的关键;颗粒类堵漏材料密度和体积太大会冲击地层,不利于堵漏作业;符合颗粒级配原理的颗粒类材料在堵漏中会起到较好的效果;在微裂缝中形成渗透率非常低的隔层是阻止裂缝扩展,成功封堵该类漏层的关键;触变性水泥浆为孔洞缝存在的恶性漏失层的封堵提供了有效手段;油溶性水泥浆为储层漏失的封堵提供了有效手段。
在对地层出水原因进行分析的基础上,结合流体动力学理论建立了地层出水模型;并结合对地层阻力的分析,建立了地层堵水模型。物模实验研究结果进一步表明:堵水剂进入水层的距离越远,堵水剂最终的粘度越大,地层与堵水剂之间的最大阻力也会越大,也就越有利于对水层的封堵;初始粘度较低,成胶后粘度较大的冻胶材料可以作为有效的堵水剂。
在分析常规聚合物冻胶机理和缺陷的基础上,结合交联反应基本原理,研制出了成胶强度更大、成胶时间较短且可控的新型堵剂,并利用红外分析对其机理进行了验证。针对冻胶类堵剂力学性能评价设备方面的不足,设计并建立了冻胶力学性能评价装置。大量的实验研究结果表明:新型堵剂具有较好的耐高温、耐酸碱、耐高矿化度特性;与常规聚合物冻胶相比,新型堵剂具有良好的直角稠化特性,稠度可以超过100Bc,在成胶过程中,静液柱压力基本不变,而且成胶时间相对较短、可控;该堵剂与管壁剪切力梯度非常低,因此即使在钻杆中已经成胶,也容易被压出来,从而可以避免造成井下事故;随着温度的升高,该堵剂的阻压系数逐渐增大,有利于在地层中起到良好的封隔作用;该堵剂可以在裂缝中承受较大的压力,可以用来配合触变性水泥浆对恶性漏失层进行封堵;其堵水能力高于堵油能力,可以用作储层漏失的堵漏剂;该冻胶具有良好的抑制性,可有效地防止页岩膨胀。综合研究表明:新型堵剂具备了良好的堵漏剂和堵水剂性能。
Lost circulation and formation water out are typical complex circumstance in oil & gas well engineering fields, which have detrimental effect on the high-quality design and implement of drilling and completion. The solution for the problems is that new plugging agents should be prepared while the new method is being explored theoretically in depth, and the new technology should be formed finally.
In view of lost circulation which is an extreme manifestation for drilling fluid invading formation, pursuant to Darcy's equation, referring to momentum conservation law of hydromechanics theory, and based on the analysis of inhibiting drilling fluid from invading formation, one dimensional model and two dimensional model for drilling fluid invading formation were built. The model study shows that, the key for successful plugging is to decrease formation permeability and porosity and to form tight cake on the wellface, it is unfavorable for plugging that the density and volume of grain-typied plugging materials are high enough to shock the formation, grain-typied materials corresponding with grain composition theory can plug the lost circulation better than others, forming barrier bed with far low permeability in microcrack is the key to keep fracture from expanding and to plug leakage zone of this type successfully, thixotropic cement slurry can provide an effective way for the plugging of vicious leakage zone with cavities and fractures.
Referring to the theory of fluid kinetics, the model for formation water out was built on the basis of the reason analysis on formation water out. Studies on the physical model show that, the more farer the intake distance of water shutoff agent in water zone is, the more higher the final viscosity of blocking agent is, the more stronger the resistance between formation and blocking agent is, it is benefit for the blocking of water zone. Gel materials with low initial viscosity and high viscosity can be selected as effective blocking agents.
Based on analysis of the mechanism and deficiency of conventional polymer gel , and referring to the fundamentals of crosslinking reactions, a new gel-typed plugging agent with controllable gelation time and high strength was prepared, and its mechanism was testified by infrared analysis. A new evaluation device for gel's mechanics performance was designed and established in view of the deficiency of existing evaluation device. Abundant experiments results show that, the new plugging agent is thermostable, it has property of pH resistance and it can resist to hypersalinity. Comparing to the conventional ones, the new plugging agent has better property of right angle thickening, its thickness can exceed 100Bc, its static fluid column pressure can remain stationary during gelation process, and it also has shorter and controlled gelation time. The shear force between the gel and the pipe wall is so low that the gel can be expressed from the pipe even if the gel is formed, which can guard against downhole accidence.
The pressure resisting coefficient of the gel increases with the increasing of temperature which is favor of its sealing effect in formation. The plugging agent can bear stronger pressure in fractures, which can be used to plugging vicious lost circulation in coordination with thixotropic cement slurry. The new plugging agent can be applied for plugging in reservoir, because it's property of water shutoff is better than its property of oil layer plugging. The plugging agent has good rejection capability and it keep the shale from expanding effectively. Comprehensive researches show that, the new plugging agent has good properties of plugging agent and blocking agent.
针对井漏这一钻井液侵入地层的极端形式,以达西定律为依据,结合流体力学动量守恒定律,在对抑制钻井液侵入地层机理分析的基础上,建立了一维、二维钻井液侵入地层模型;并结合井漏的力学分析,建立了堵漏模型。从模型中可以得出:降低地层渗透率和孔隙度,并最终在井壁上形成致密的泥饼是堵漏作业成功的关键;颗粒类堵漏材料密度和体积太大会冲击地层,不利于堵漏作业;符合颗粒级配原理的颗粒类材料在堵漏中会起到较好的效果;在微裂缝中形成渗透率非常低的隔层是阻止裂缝扩展,成功封堵该类漏层的关键;触变性水泥浆为孔洞缝存在的恶性漏失层的封堵提供了有效手段;油溶性水泥浆为储层漏失的封堵提供了有效手段。
在对地层出水原因进行分析的基础上,结合流体动力学理论建立了地层出水模型;并结合对地层阻力的分析,建立了地层堵水模型。物模实验研究结果进一步表明:堵水剂进入水层的距离越远,堵水剂最终的粘度越大,地层与堵水剂之间的最大阻力也会越大,也就越有利于对水层的封堵;初始粘度较低,成胶后粘度较大的冻胶材料可以作为有效的堵水剂。
在分析常规聚合物冻胶机理和缺陷的基础上,结合交联反应基本原理,研制出了成胶强度更大、成胶时间较短且可控的新型堵剂,并利用红外分析对其机理进行了验证。针对冻胶类堵剂力学性能评价设备方面的不足,设计并建立了冻胶力学性能评价装置。大量的实验研究结果表明:新型堵剂具有较好的耐高温、耐酸碱、耐高矿化度特性;与常规聚合物冻胶相比,新型堵剂具有良好的直角稠化特性,稠度可以超过100Bc,在成胶过程中,静液柱压力基本不变,而且成胶时间相对较短、可控;该堵剂与管壁剪切力梯度非常低,因此即使在钻杆中已经成胶,也容易被压出来,从而可以避免造成井下事故;随着温度的升高,该堵剂的阻压系数逐渐增大,有利于在地层中起到良好的封隔作用;该堵剂可以在裂缝中承受较大的压力,可以用来配合触变性水泥浆对恶性漏失层进行封堵;其堵水能力高于堵油能力,可以用作储层漏失的堵漏剂;该冻胶具有良好的抑制性,可有效地防止页岩膨胀。综合研究表明:新型堵剂具备了良好的堵漏剂和堵水剂性能。
Lost circulation and formation water out are typical complex circumstance in oil & gas well engineering fields, which have detrimental effect on the high-quality design and implement of drilling and completion. The solution for the problems is that new plugging agents should be prepared while the new method is being explored theoretically in depth, and the new technology should be formed finally.
In view of lost circulation which is an extreme manifestation for drilling fluid invading formation, pursuant to Darcy's equation, referring to momentum conservation law of hydromechanics theory, and based on the analysis of inhibiting drilling fluid from invading formation, one dimensional model and two dimensional model for drilling fluid invading formation were built. The model study shows that, the key for successful plugging is to decrease formation permeability and porosity and to form tight cake on the wellface, it is unfavorable for plugging that the density and volume of grain-typied plugging materials are high enough to shock the formation, grain-typied materials corresponding with grain composition theory can plug the lost circulation better than others, forming barrier bed with far low permeability in microcrack is the key to keep fracture from expanding and to plug leakage zone of this type successfully, thixotropic cement slurry can provide an effective way for the plugging of vicious leakage zone with cavities and fractures.
Referring to the theory of fluid kinetics, the model for formation water out was built on the basis of the reason analysis on formation water out. Studies on the physical model show that, the more farer the intake distance of water shutoff agent in water zone is, the more higher the final viscosity of blocking agent is, the more stronger the resistance between formation and blocking agent is, it is benefit for the blocking of water zone. Gel materials with low initial viscosity and high viscosity can be selected as effective blocking agents.
Based on analysis of the mechanism and deficiency of conventional polymer gel , and referring to the fundamentals of crosslinking reactions, a new gel-typed plugging agent with controllable gelation time and high strength was prepared, and its mechanism was testified by infrared analysis. A new evaluation device for gel's mechanics performance was designed and established in view of the deficiency of existing evaluation device. Abundant experiments results show that, the new plugging agent is thermostable, it has property of pH resistance and it can resist to hypersalinity. Comparing to the conventional ones, the new plugging agent has better property of right angle thickening, its thickness can exceed 100Bc, its static fluid column pressure can remain stationary during gelation process, and it also has shorter and controlled gelation time. The shear force between the gel and the pipe wall is so low that the gel can be expressed from the pipe even if the gel is formed, which can guard against downhole accidence.
The pressure resisting coefficient of the gel increases with the increasing of temperature which is favor of its sealing effect in formation. The plugging agent can bear stronger pressure in fractures, which can be used to plugging vicious lost circulation in coordination with thixotropic cement slurry. The new plugging agent can be applied for plugging in reservoir, because it's property of water shutoff is better than its property of oil layer plugging. The plugging agent has good rejection capability and it keep the shale from expanding effectively. Comprehensive researches show that, the new plugging agent has good properties of plugging agent and blocking agent.
引文
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[3]韩振华,李金炭.TC—938堵剂在任平2井堵漏中的应用.石油钻才工艺,1999;21(5):37-41
[4]杨振杰,张克明.YLD-1油水井堵漏剂的性能特点与现场应用.石油钻探技术,2004;32(1):7-9
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[6]James R.Bruton et al.Lost Circulation Control:Evolving Techniques and Strategies to Reduce Downhole Mud Losses.SPE/IADC 67735,2001
[7]Summers et al.Method for plugging subterranean formations with siliceous gels.U.S.Pat 372396,1989
[8]Eoff et al.Well treatment fluid and methods for blocking permeability of a subterranean zone.U.S.Pat7,128,148,2006
[9]Eoff et al.Methods and compositions for cementing wells.U.S.Pat 7,063,153,2006
[10]Horton et al.Prevention and treatment of lost circulation with cross-linked polymer material.U.S.Pat 7,098,172,2006
[11]Victor N.Nikdaevskiy,The Near-State of Stress and Induced Rock Damage.2000,SPE5871
[12]Jean Destroches.Applications of Wireline Stress Measurement.SPE,1999,2(5):451-460
[13]BerntS.Aadny,J.Sebastian Bel Classification of Drilling-induced Fractures and Their Relationshipt to In-situ Stress Direction.The Log Analyst.November-December,1998
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[15]B.A.Eaton.Fractuer Gradient Prediction Techniques and Their Application in Drilling,Stimulation and Secondary Recovery Operations,SPE2136
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[17]赵福麟.采油用剂.东营:石油大学出版社,1997
[18]纪朝凤,葛红江.调剖堵水材料研究现状与发展趋势.石油钻采工艺,2002;24(1):54-57
[19]殷艳玲,张贵才.化学堵水调剖剂综述.油气地质与采收率.2003;10(6):64-66
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