管内石蜡沉积物的力学响应特性研究
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摘要
原油管道内石蜡沉积物的力学响应特性研究,是从流变学角度探讨管道内石蜡沉积物的结构破坏特性,从理论上研究地形起伏地区管道内石蜡沉积物的破坏滑脱过程,从而描述地形起伏地区管道的停输蜡堵凝管过程。由于胶凝原油与管道内石蜡沉积物有相似的结构特性和力学特性,同时胶凝原油的启动结构破坏过程与石蜡沉积物的受力变形有耦合作用,于是首先根据不同剪应力下胶凝原油的蠕变特性构建了胶凝原油的粘弹性流变模型和非线性粘弹塑性流变模型,且都能精确拟合实验曲线。利用时间-温度-应力等效原理分析了胶凝原油的非线性蠕变行为,得到参考应力水平和参考温度下的蠕变主曲线,并回归得到了主曲线的粘弹性流变模型。为了研究管道内石蜡沉积物的结构特性和流变特性,及与胶凝原油的不同,利用X射线衍射仪、偏光显微镜、差热分析仪和流变仪分别对魏荆线外输原油石蜡沉积物和魏荆线低温胶凝原油的内部蜡晶微观结构和全温度区间内系统热性能和流变性能进行了对比分析。结果表明石蜡沉积物和胶凝原油两种物质的蜡晶类型一样,但石蜡沉积物的蜡晶成片状较大,蜡晶之间的距离较远,结构相对比较松散。利用自主研制开发的直接剪切仪,在不加热破坏管道内石蜡沉积物原有结构的条件下,进行了破坏剪切实验。根据实验曲线推导得到了石蜡沉积物结构破坏过程的粘弹性流变模型和粘弹触变方程,同时还得到了不同温度下管道内石蜡沉积物的松弛模量表达式。根据石蜡沉积物的结构力学破坏特性,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对管道内石蜡沉积物建立了有限元模型,对不同工况下停输瞬间“爬坡”管道内沉积层的轴向剪应力分布进行了计算。结果表明石蜡沉积物的密度、管道的“爬坡”角度和石蜡沉积物厚度都决定着沉积层内剪应力的分布。同时利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA程序中的ALE多物质耦合算法,对“爬坡”管道内石蜡沉积物在不同结构强度、不同石蜡沉积物厚度的工况下和管道“爬坡”角度、“爬坡”距离、管径不同的情况下发生的破坏滑脱过程进行了数值仿真模拟。分析结果得出石蜡沉积物的结构强度越小、管道的“爬坡”角度越大、管径越大、沉积层越厚石蜡沉积物越容易产生破坏滑脱,及滑脱后与管中液态原油发生置换达到平衡的时间越短。
The investigation on the mechanical behavior of the paraffin deposits is to study the mechanism of the structural break for the paraffin deposits and analyze the slippage of the paraffin deposits in inclined pipelines, so that the block of the oil pipeline during shut down period can be analyzed as well. Considering the similarity of the mechanical behaviors and mutual actions between gelled crude oil and paraffin deposits, a visco-elastic model and a nonlinear visco-elastic-plastic model were presented on the basis of creep tests under different shear stresses. By analyzing the time-temperature-stress equivalence of creep behavior for gelled crude oil, the main creep curve under reference stress and reference temperature was obtained. A visco-elastic model based upon the main creep curve was also presented. A variaty of methods were applied to analyze the mechanical and rheological behaviors of the paraffin deposits and gelled crude oil in Weijing oil pipeline, for instance, using X-ray diffractometer and polarizing microscope to study the microstructure, using differential scanning calorimeter to study the thermal characteristics, and using rheometer to study the rheological properties. It was shown that the wax crystallization styles of paraffin deposits and gelled crude oil were almost the same, while for the paraffin deposits, the wax crystal was a little bigger and the spaces among wax crystals were larger, resulting in loose structure. Rate-controlled shear tests without thermal treatment were applied to the paraffin deposits by the self-made direct shear apparatus. According to the test data, a visco-elastic model and a visco-elastic-thixotropy equation were presented, and the relaxation modules of the paraffin deposits under different temperatures were obtained. By virtue of ANSYS/LS-DYNA software, a finite element method was applied to analyze the longitudinal shear stress distribution of the paraffin deposits in the slope pipeline. It was shown that, the longitudinal stress distribution was dependent upon the pipeline slope angle, density and thickness of the paraffin deposits. By using ALE coupling-computation method, the slippage of the paraffin deposits in slope pipeline was simulated under conditions of different slope angles, slope distances, pipeline diameters, structural strengths and thicknesses of paraffin deposits. It showed that, the block of the pipeline due to the slippage of paraffin deposits were prone to occur in the cases of large slope angle, large pipeline diameter, large deposit thickness and weak structural strength of the paraffin deposits.
The investigation on the mechanical behavior of the paraffin deposits is to study the mechanism of the structural break for the paraffin deposits and analyze the slippage of the paraffin deposits in inclined pipelines, so that the block of the oil pipeline during shut down period can be analyzed as well. Considering the similarity of the mechanical behaviors and mutual actions between gelled crude oil and paraffin deposits, a visco-elastic model and a nonlinear visco-elastic-plastic model were presented on the basis of creep tests under different shear stresses. By analyzing the time-temperature-stress equivalence of creep behavior for gelled crude oil, the main creep curve under reference stress and reference temperature was obtained. A visco-elastic model based upon the main creep curve was also presented. A variaty of methods were applied to analyze the mechanical and rheological behaviors of the paraffin deposits and gelled crude oil in Weijing oil pipeline, for instance, using X-ray diffractometer and polarizing microscope to study the microstructure, using differential scanning calorimeter to study the thermal characteristics, and using rheometer to study the rheological properties. It was shown that the wax crystallization styles of paraffin deposits and gelled crude oil were almost the same, while for the paraffin deposits, the wax crystal was a little bigger and the spaces among wax crystals were larger, resulting in loose structure. Rate-controlled shear tests without thermal treatment were applied to the paraffin deposits by the self-made direct shear apparatus. According to the test data, a visco-elastic model and a visco-elastic-thixotropy equation were presented, and the relaxation modules of the paraffin deposits under different temperatures were obtained. By virtue of ANSYS/LS-DYNA software, a finite element method was applied to analyze the longitudinal shear stress distribution of the paraffin deposits in the slope pipeline. It was shown that, the longitudinal stress distribution was dependent upon the pipeline slope angle, density and thickness of the paraffin deposits. By using ALE coupling-computation method, the slippage of the paraffin deposits in slope pipeline was simulated under conditions of different slope angles, slope distances, pipeline diameters, structural strengths and thicknesses of paraffin deposits. It showed that, the block of the pipeline due to the slippage of paraffin deposits were prone to occur in the cases of large slope angle, large pipeline diameter, large deposit thickness and weak structural strength of the paraffin deposits.
引文
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