水稻高产优质品种的形态特征和生理特性研究
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摘要
本文以13个水稻品种为试材,研究群体的生长发育、生理特性,以及其营养元素积累分配规律,量化达到高产优质的各指标的适宜范围。研究结果表明:
1.参试品种根据产量、品质指标进行聚类,可以划分为3类:第一类为高产类,包括辽盐188、辽优20、辽粳326;第二类为高产优质类,包括辽粳294、辽粳9号、沈稻2号、沈稻3号、沈稻8号、沈稻9号;第三类为优质类,包括奥羽316、沈稻7号、沈农8718、沈农315。
2.高产优质水稻品种各产量指标的变化范围为:产量9.32～9.66t/hm~2、穗数296.16～379.20穗/m~2、成粒数109.60～129.97粒/穗、成粒率85.55%～89.01%。高产水稻品种产量的提高表现在每穗颖花数、成粒数和一次枝梗数的增加。一定范围内,产量随着穗数、成粒数、颖花数的增加而呈显著二次曲线增加,当每平方米约325穗,每穗颖花数150个左右,每穗成粒数140个左右,产量可接近10000kg/hm~2。成粒数、颖花数是决定产量的主要因素。一次枝梗粒粒率、粒重均高于二次枝梗粒,上部枝梗粒成粒率、粒重高于中下部籽粒,因此提高弱势籽粒的成粒数是提高产量的主要途径。
3.各品种垩白指标品种间差异最明显,辽粳326、辽优20、辽盐188的垩白粒率和垩白度较大;食味值、蛋白质含量、胶稠度品种间的差异也较明显,中产品种的蛋白质含量、胶稠度较高。高产优质水稻品种主要品质指标的变化范围分别为:糙米率81.13%～82.22%、整精米率65.77%～67.22%、垩白粒率9.28%～19.94%、垩白度1.48～3.44、直链淀粉含量17.50%～17.76%、胶稠度78.03～84.67cm。糙米率、精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度、食味值高,蛋白质含量低的品种,产量也较高;蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸含量与颖花数、食味值间负相关显著,与蛋白质含量间正相关极显著。通过调节穗数、成粒数、颖花数及粒重等指标提高产量的同时,可以改善碾米品质、蒸煮食味品质,因此,高产优质具有协调的一面。
4.高产优质水稻品种的主要形态指标的变化范围为:穗茎角41.52～54.4度、剑叶叶茎角14.19～20.37度、倒二叶叶茎角12.71～15.39度、一次枝梗数12.03～14.58、二次枝梗数19.73～26.77、着粒密度7.72～8.89粒/cm。穗茎角越大、剑叶叶茎角大、倒二叶叶茎角以及倒三叶叶茎角均大的品种其产量、成粒数、成粒率、于粒重较低,碾米品质、外观品质、蒸煮食味品质均较差;叶片较长、较宽,成粒数偏高,千粒重、干物质重具有一定程度的增加,因而产量偏高。籽粒偏长的品种,垩白粒率、垩白度也偏高,而食味值、直链淀粉含量也较高,蛋白质含量、胶稠度、碱消值偏低。
穗部性状与产量、品质间相关密切,一、二次枝梗数越多,成粒数、颖花数相应也多,着粒密度越大,产量相对较高;穗长较长的品种品质相对稍差;枝梗数、成粒数、颖花数、着粒密度高的品种碾米品质、垩白粒率、垩白度、食味值、直链淀粉含量也偏高,胶稠度偏低。其他品质指标差异不大。当穗茎角达55～57度,一次枝梗数达12～13.5个,二次枝梗数达34个左右,着粒密度达8.2～9.7粒/cm时,产量、碾米品质、垩白度、食味值、蛋白质含量、胶稠度均达最优值。
5.剪叶降低水稻的成粒率、粒重,尤其对后开花的子粒影响较大。叶片对子粒充实的作用大小依次为剑叶＞倒二叶＞其他叶片。叶片全剪处理会显著增加空粒率,剪去部分叶片处理会显著增加秕粒率。
籽粒增重均符合Logistic曲线模型,在灌浆前期物质积累稍少,在抽穗后7-14天左右进入快速积累阶段,在抽穗后21-28时积累物质量变少,有的到后期甚至籽粒饱和不进行物质积累。整个生育期间,各品种的不同部位籽粒的粒重积累量不同,上部＞中部＞下部,一次枝梗粒＞二次枝梗粒。灌浆速率的变化品种间不同,辽优20呈现“双峰”曲线,其他品种则呈“单峰”曲线变化。
在抽穗后7～21天左右叶片的叶绿素含量达最高值,随后逐渐下降。叶面积、叶面积指数均呈相同规律,齐穗期＞灌浆期＞拔节期＞成熟期。光合指标比较可以看出,齐穗期的气孔导度高、气孔阻力小、蒸腾速率高,从而净光合速率也较高。叶面积指数与产量品质间的关系相对密切,一定范围内适当提高叶面积指数,使其在4.2左右时,净光合速率大最高值,可以提高产量,也可以改善品质。
物质积累规律可以看出,穗的转运物质量最多,其次为叶片,茎最少,叶片是主要输出器官,多数品种的茎也是输出器官,其中辽粳294、沈农315、沈农8718、沈稻7号的茎在生育后期仍具有一定的物质积累过程。
6.各品种的氮、磷、钾元素在成熟期的积累量均高于齐穗期的积累量。钾素主要积累在茎中,且茎的钾的积累量远高于氮、磷。除了Cu外,其他元素灌浆期间均有不同程度的积累量,其中镁的积累量较大,积累量比较可以看出镁＞锰＞铁＞铜。除氮、磷、钾,铁、镁元素的含量也与产量、品质的关系密切,提高上述元素的含量,可以一定程度上提高产量、改善品质。
In other to quantify the optimum range of characters,the studys on the growth and development of rice,physiological characters of the plants,and the accumulation and distribution of nutrition,using 13 cultivars of high grain yield and quality,were performed.The results are as follows:
1.The cultivars are devided into 3 types:firstly,it is high yield cultivar,including Liaoyan188, Liaoyou20,Liaojing326;secondly.Secondly,it is high yield and good quality cultivar,including Liaojing294,Liaojing9,Shendao2,Shendao3,Shendao8,Shendao9.Thirdly,it is high quality cultivars, including aoyou316,shendao7,shennong315,shennong8718.
2.For the variety with high yield and good quality,the range of yield is 9.32-9.66 ton per hecter, panicle number per square hundred-metre is 296.16-379.20,ripened grain number is 109.60-129.97, ripened grains rate is 85.55%-89.01%.The spiklets grains per panicle,ripened grains per panicle,and primary branche number could promote grains yield's increasing.In some extent,panicle number,spiklets per panicle,ripened grains per panicle and grains yield show significant quadratic curve,when panicle number per square hundred-metre reaches 325,spiklets per panicle reaches 150,ripened grains per panicle reaches 140,grains yield could reach 10000 kg.Ripened grains per panicle and spiklets per panicle are the main factors of grain yield.The percentage of ripened grains,grain weight of primary branches are higher than that of second branches.The percentage of ripened grains,grains weight of upper are higher than that of middle and bottom.Increasing the ripened grains of inferior grains could increase grain yield effectively.
3.The difference of chalkiness characters is significant.The difference of eating value,protein content, gel consistency is distinct.The protein content and gel consistency of middle-yield cultivars are higher.For the variety with high yield and good quality,the range of brown rice rate is 81.13-82.22%,head rice rate is 65.77-67.22%,percentage of chalky kernel is 9.28-19.94%,chalkiness is 1.48-3.44,gel consistency is 17.50-17.76%,amylase content is 78.03-84.67cm.Rice cultivars with high brown rice rate,high milled rice rate,high chalkiness grain rate and chalkiness area,high eating value,and low protein have high grain yield. Met content,Leu content,Phe content and Lys content have significant negative effect on spileket grains per panicle,eating value,which is extremely significant positive on protein content.Adjusting panicle number,ripened grains per panicle,spikilet per panicle,grain weight could increase grain yield,milling, cooking and eating qualities,so it could coordinate high grain yield and quality.
4.For the variety with high yield and good quality,the range of angle of panicle and culm is 41.52-54.4,angle of flag and culm is 14.19-20.37,angle of second leaf and culm is 12.71-15.39,primary rachis branches is 12.03-14.58,second rachis branches is 19.73-26.77,spiklet density is 7.72-8.89,spiklets per centimeter.It is negative relative relation of plant type characters,leaf characters and grain yield and quality.The grain yield,ripened grains per panicle,percentage of ripened grains,1000-grain weight, milling quality,appearance quality,cooking and eating quality of rice varieties will be lower,which is with larger angle of panicle and culm,larger angle of flag and culm,larger angle of second leaf and culm,larger angle of third leaf and culm.The 1000-grain weight,dry matter weight increases with longer and wider leaf, larger leaf area and LAI,leading to high grain yield.The chalkiness characters increase with larger leaf area and longer grains,and the eating value and amylase content are higher,the protein content,gel consistency and alkali apeeding value are lower.
There is closed correlation of panicle characters and grain yield,or quality.There is more ripened grains per panicle and spilikets per panicle with more branches,spiklets density is larger,so grain yield is higher.The quality is worse with longer panicle.The cultivars with high branches number,ripened grains per panicle,spilkilets per panicle and spiklets density have high milling quality,high chalkiness,high eating value,high protain content,and gel consistency of which is lower.There is little difference of other quality characters.The grain yield,milling quality,chalkiness,eating value,protein content and gel consistency reach superior value,when panicle is 55-57°,primary branches is 12-13.5,secondary branches is about 34,spiklets density is 8.2-9.7 grains per cm.
5.Leaf-cutting lowers the percentage of ripened grains and grain weight,especially influences greatly on the grains of late flowering.The order of the effect that leaves contributed to grain filling is the flag＞the second leave from the top＞other leaves.Cutting all leaves significantly increases empty grain percentage. Partially cutting leaf treatment have greater effect on percentage of shrunken grain.
The accumulation matter weight shows in "logistic" curve,which is low before heading and then entered into advancing rapidly accumulation stage at 7-14 days after heading,the speed lowers at 21-28 days after heading.The accumulation amount of dry matter in various positions' grains is different, upper＞middle＞bottom,primary rachis branches＞second rachis branches.The filling rate shows different law,which of Liaoyou20 shows 'double-peak' curve,others 'single-peak' curve.
The chlorollyll content reaches the highest 7-21 days after heading,then lowers.The leaf area and leaf area index show the same law:full heading stage＞filling stage＞booting stage＞ripening stage.Stomata conductance,stomata resistance,transpiration rate at full heading stage is high,leading to high net photosynthesis rate.There is closed correlation of leaf area index and grain yield,quality.In some extent increasing leaf area index could promoted grain yield and quality.
The transporting matter weight of panicle is the highest,then that of leaves,that of culm is the lowest. Leaf is the main exporting organ to panicle,culm is also the exporting organ to panicle.There is some matter accumulation in the culm of Liaojing294,Shennong315,Shennong8718,Shendao7 at latter stage. The ratio of weight of culm or leaf,showed gradually decreasing trend,and that of panicle and yellow leaf is opposite.
6.The accumulation weight of N,or P and K,at ripening stage is higher than full heading stage.Culm is the accumulation organ of K,The accumulation weight of K is higher than that of N,P.During filling stage all nutrients(except Cu) accumulated,and the accumulation weight of Mg is too high to the accumulation weight of N,or P.The accumulation weight order is Mg＞Mg＞Fe＞Cu.There is closed correlation between accumulation weight of N,P,K,Fe,Mn,and grain yield,quality.It is the way to improve grain yield and quality with increasing the nutrients.
1.参试品种根据产量、品质指标进行聚类,可以划分为3类:第一类为高产类,包括辽盐188、辽优20、辽粳326;第二类为高产优质类,包括辽粳294、辽粳9号、沈稻2号、沈稻3号、沈稻8号、沈稻9号;第三类为优质类,包括奥羽316、沈稻7号、沈农8718、沈农315。
2.高产优质水稻品种各产量指标的变化范围为:产量9.32～9.66t/hm~2、穗数296.16～379.20穗/m~2、成粒数109.60～129.97粒/穗、成粒率85.55%～89.01%。高产水稻品种产量的提高表现在每穗颖花数、成粒数和一次枝梗数的增加。一定范围内,产量随着穗数、成粒数、颖花数的增加而呈显著二次曲线增加,当每平方米约325穗,每穗颖花数150个左右,每穗成粒数140个左右,产量可接近10000kg/hm~2。成粒数、颖花数是决定产量的主要因素。一次枝梗粒粒率、粒重均高于二次枝梗粒,上部枝梗粒成粒率、粒重高于中下部籽粒,因此提高弱势籽粒的成粒数是提高产量的主要途径。
3.各品种垩白指标品种间差异最明显,辽粳326、辽优20、辽盐188的垩白粒率和垩白度较大;食味值、蛋白质含量、胶稠度品种间的差异也较明显,中产品种的蛋白质含量、胶稠度较高。高产优质水稻品种主要品质指标的变化范围分别为:糙米率81.13%～82.22%、整精米率65.77%～67.22%、垩白粒率9.28%～19.94%、垩白度1.48～3.44、直链淀粉含量17.50%～17.76%、胶稠度78.03～84.67cm。糙米率、精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度、食味值高,蛋白质含量低的品种,产量也较高;蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸含量与颖花数、食味值间负相关显著,与蛋白质含量间正相关极显著。通过调节穗数、成粒数、颖花数及粒重等指标提高产量的同时,可以改善碾米品质、蒸煮食味品质,因此,高产优质具有协调的一面。
4.高产优质水稻品种的主要形态指标的变化范围为:穗茎角41.52～54.4度、剑叶叶茎角14.19～20.37度、倒二叶叶茎角12.71～15.39度、一次枝梗数12.03～14.58、二次枝梗数19.73～26.77、着粒密度7.72～8.89粒/cm。穗茎角越大、剑叶叶茎角大、倒二叶叶茎角以及倒三叶叶茎角均大的品种其产量、成粒数、成粒率、于粒重较低,碾米品质、外观品质、蒸煮食味品质均较差;叶片较长、较宽,成粒数偏高,千粒重、干物质重具有一定程度的增加,因而产量偏高。籽粒偏长的品种,垩白粒率、垩白度也偏高,而食味值、直链淀粉含量也较高,蛋白质含量、胶稠度、碱消值偏低。
穗部性状与产量、品质间相关密切,一、二次枝梗数越多,成粒数、颖花数相应也多,着粒密度越大,产量相对较高;穗长较长的品种品质相对稍差;枝梗数、成粒数、颖花数、着粒密度高的品种碾米品质、垩白粒率、垩白度、食味值、直链淀粉含量也偏高,胶稠度偏低。其他品质指标差异不大。当穗茎角达55～57度,一次枝梗数达12～13.5个,二次枝梗数达34个左右,着粒密度达8.2～9.7粒/cm时,产量、碾米品质、垩白度、食味值、蛋白质含量、胶稠度均达最优值。
5.剪叶降低水稻的成粒率、粒重,尤其对后开花的子粒影响较大。叶片对子粒充实的作用大小依次为剑叶＞倒二叶＞其他叶片。叶片全剪处理会显著增加空粒率,剪去部分叶片处理会显著增加秕粒率。
籽粒增重均符合Logistic曲线模型,在灌浆前期物质积累稍少,在抽穗后7-14天左右进入快速积累阶段,在抽穗后21-28时积累物质量变少,有的到后期甚至籽粒饱和不进行物质积累。整个生育期间,各品种的不同部位籽粒的粒重积累量不同,上部＞中部＞下部,一次枝梗粒＞二次枝梗粒。灌浆速率的变化品种间不同,辽优20呈现“双峰”曲线,其他品种则呈“单峰”曲线变化。
在抽穗后7～21天左右叶片的叶绿素含量达最高值,随后逐渐下降。叶面积、叶面积指数均呈相同规律,齐穗期＞灌浆期＞拔节期＞成熟期。光合指标比较可以看出,齐穗期的气孔导度高、气孔阻力小、蒸腾速率高,从而净光合速率也较高。叶面积指数与产量品质间的关系相对密切,一定范围内适当提高叶面积指数,使其在4.2左右时,净光合速率大最高值,可以提高产量,也可以改善品质。
物质积累规律可以看出,穗的转运物质量最多,其次为叶片,茎最少,叶片是主要输出器官,多数品种的茎也是输出器官,其中辽粳294、沈农315、沈农8718、沈稻7号的茎在生育后期仍具有一定的物质积累过程。
6.各品种的氮、磷、钾元素在成熟期的积累量均高于齐穗期的积累量。钾素主要积累在茎中,且茎的钾的积累量远高于氮、磷。除了Cu外,其他元素灌浆期间均有不同程度的积累量,其中镁的积累量较大,积累量比较可以看出镁＞锰＞铁＞铜。除氮、磷、钾,铁、镁元素的含量也与产量、品质的关系密切,提高上述元素的含量,可以一定程度上提高产量、改善品质。
In other to quantify the optimum range of characters,the studys on the growth and development of rice,physiological characters of the plants,and the accumulation and distribution of nutrition,using 13 cultivars of high grain yield and quality,were performed.The results are as follows:
1.The cultivars are devided into 3 types:firstly,it is high yield cultivar,including Liaoyan188, Liaoyou20,Liaojing326;secondly.Secondly,it is high yield and good quality cultivar,including Liaojing294,Liaojing9,Shendao2,Shendao3,Shendao8,Shendao9.Thirdly,it is high quality cultivars, including aoyou316,shendao7,shennong315,shennong8718.
2.For the variety with high yield and good quality,the range of yield is 9.32-9.66 ton per hecter, panicle number per square hundred-metre is 296.16-379.20,ripened grain number is 109.60-129.97, ripened grains rate is 85.55%-89.01%.The spiklets grains per panicle,ripened grains per panicle,and primary branche number could promote grains yield's increasing.In some extent,panicle number,spiklets per panicle,ripened grains per panicle and grains yield show significant quadratic curve,when panicle number per square hundred-metre reaches 325,spiklets per panicle reaches 150,ripened grains per panicle reaches 140,grains yield could reach 10000 kg.Ripened grains per panicle and spiklets per panicle are the main factors of grain yield.The percentage of ripened grains,grain weight of primary branches are higher than that of second branches.The percentage of ripened grains,grains weight of upper are higher than that of middle and bottom.Increasing the ripened grains of inferior grains could increase grain yield effectively.
3.The difference of chalkiness characters is significant.The difference of eating value,protein content, gel consistency is distinct.The protein content and gel consistency of middle-yield cultivars are higher.For the variety with high yield and good quality,the range of brown rice rate is 81.13-82.22%,head rice rate is 65.77-67.22%,percentage of chalky kernel is 9.28-19.94%,chalkiness is 1.48-3.44,gel consistency is 17.50-17.76%,amylase content is 78.03-84.67cm.Rice cultivars with high brown rice rate,high milled rice rate,high chalkiness grain rate and chalkiness area,high eating value,and low protein have high grain yield. Met content,Leu content,Phe content and Lys content have significant negative effect on spileket grains per panicle,eating value,which is extremely significant positive on protein content.Adjusting panicle number,ripened grains per panicle,spikilet per panicle,grain weight could increase grain yield,milling, cooking and eating qualities,so it could coordinate high grain yield and quality.
4.For the variety with high yield and good quality,the range of angle of panicle and culm is 41.52-54.4,angle of flag and culm is 14.19-20.37,angle of second leaf and culm is 12.71-15.39,primary rachis branches is 12.03-14.58,second rachis branches is 19.73-26.77,spiklet density is 7.72-8.89,spiklets per centimeter.It is negative relative relation of plant type characters,leaf characters and grain yield and quality.The grain yield,ripened grains per panicle,percentage of ripened grains,1000-grain weight, milling quality,appearance quality,cooking and eating quality of rice varieties will be lower,which is with larger angle of panicle and culm,larger angle of flag and culm,larger angle of second leaf and culm,larger angle of third leaf and culm.The 1000-grain weight,dry matter weight increases with longer and wider leaf, larger leaf area and LAI,leading to high grain yield.The chalkiness characters increase with larger leaf area and longer grains,and the eating value and amylase content are higher,the protein content,gel consistency and alkali apeeding value are lower.
There is closed correlation of panicle characters and grain yield,or quality.There is more ripened grains per panicle and spilikets per panicle with more branches,spiklets density is larger,so grain yield is higher.The quality is worse with longer panicle.The cultivars with high branches number,ripened grains per panicle,spilkilets per panicle and spiklets density have high milling quality,high chalkiness,high eating value,high protain content,and gel consistency of which is lower.There is little difference of other quality characters.The grain yield,milling quality,chalkiness,eating value,protein content and gel consistency reach superior value,when panicle is 55-57°,primary branches is 12-13.5,secondary branches is about 34,spiklets density is 8.2-9.7 grains per cm.
5.Leaf-cutting lowers the percentage of ripened grains and grain weight,especially influences greatly on the grains of late flowering.The order of the effect that leaves contributed to grain filling is the flag＞the second leave from the top＞other leaves.Cutting all leaves significantly increases empty grain percentage. Partially cutting leaf treatment have greater effect on percentage of shrunken grain.
The accumulation matter weight shows in "logistic" curve,which is low before heading and then entered into advancing rapidly accumulation stage at 7-14 days after heading,the speed lowers at 21-28 days after heading.The accumulation amount of dry matter in various positions' grains is different, upper＞middle＞bottom,primary rachis branches＞second rachis branches.The filling rate shows different law,which of Liaoyou20 shows 'double-peak' curve,others 'single-peak' curve.
The chlorollyll content reaches the highest 7-21 days after heading,then lowers.The leaf area and leaf area index show the same law:full heading stage＞filling stage＞booting stage＞ripening stage.Stomata conductance,stomata resistance,transpiration rate at full heading stage is high,leading to high net photosynthesis rate.There is closed correlation of leaf area index and grain yield,quality.In some extent increasing leaf area index could promoted grain yield and quality.
The transporting matter weight of panicle is the highest,then that of leaves,that of culm is the lowest. Leaf is the main exporting organ to panicle,culm is also the exporting organ to panicle.There is some matter accumulation in the culm of Liaojing294,Shennong315,Shennong8718,Shendao7 at latter stage. The ratio of weight of culm or leaf,showed gradually decreasing trend,and that of panicle and yellow leaf is opposite.
6.The accumulation weight of N,or P and K,at ripening stage is higher than full heading stage.Culm is the accumulation organ of K,The accumulation weight of K is higher than that of N,P.During filling stage all nutrients(except Cu) accumulated,and the accumulation weight of Mg is too high to the accumulation weight of N,or P.The accumulation weight order is Mg＞Mg＞Fe＞Cu.There is closed correlation between accumulation weight of N,P,K,Fe,Mn,and grain yield,quality.It is the way to improve grain yield and quality with increasing the nutrients.
引文
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