重大滑坡灾害应急处置理论与实践
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摘要
我国是地质灾害发生较为频繁的国家,每年因地质灾害造成的死亡和失踪人数约占自然灾害的三分之一,造成的直接经济损失达数十亿至上百亿元人民币。其中,滑坡灾害是地质灾害中发生频率和危害最大的一种,占地质灾害发生总数的50%-60%。随着我国国民经济的快速发展、人类工程活动日益加剧,对地质环境的改造和破坏日益严重,大型滑坡灾害发生的频率和规模亦呈逐年增加趋势。仅四川省境内,2004年发生了宣汉天台乡特大型滑坡、2005年丹巴县城后山滑坡险些使整个丹巴县城遭受毁灭性打击、2006年的绵阳白什乡滑坡出现剧烈的变形破坏迹象、2007年先后发生了达县青宁乡滑坡和杨柳垭滑坡,2008年5.12汶川地震,又诱发了数以万计的巨型、大型滑坡灾害。上述滑坡灾害的发生,都给当地群众生命财产安全构成了极大的威胁,加强重大滑坡灾害的防灾减灾工作已经成为坚持科学发展观、促进经济建设和构建和谐社会的国家需求。
为了有效地降低重大滑坡灾害损失,实现防灾减灾效益的最大化,滑坡灾害应急处置方法和手段显得十分重要。如果应急处置方法正确,灾害就会得到有效控制,就能最大限度地减少人民生命财产损失,但是如果应急处置方法不当,灾害险情就可能演变成灾情,而灾情不能得到有效控制,就将给当地群众生命财产带来巨大的损失。因此,探索重大滑坡灾害应急处置的理论和方法,建立科学、高效的重大滑坡灾害应急处置技术方法体系,对重大滑坡灾害的应急抢险和救灾工作具有重要的指导意义。
本文以我国近年来通过监测预警和应急处置成功避免发生重大灾情的数起重大滑坡灾害为研究实例,在全程参与其应急处置和灾后综合治理过程的基础上,通过大量的现场调查研究和室内研究,进一步对重大滑坡灾害监测预警和应急处置的理论和方法进行了系统地提炼,并取得以下几方面的主要研究成果:
(1)提出和建立重大滑坡灾害应急处置理论与技术方法体系。该体系具体由滑坡调查、防灾预案、群测群防、应急响应到监测预警、应急治理、抢险救灾、指挥调度等相互依赖的各个环节构成。论文对每一个环节的相应技术方法都进行了较为深入系统地研究。
(2)进一步深化和完善了重大滑坡灾害预防和群测群防体系。滑坡灾害预防体系主要包括滑坡灾害的调查(普查)和防灾预案编制两大组成部分。通过滑坡调查查明滑坡体的基本特征和危害性;通过防灾预案编制,构建滑坡预防的责任防护网,达到主动规避滑坡风险的目的。群测群防体系由组织体系、责任体系、制度体系、宣传培训体系、应急响应体系五部分构建而成。通过组织责任体系明确群测群防组织机构和责任主体,使群测群防工作有部门管,防灾责任有人担。通过制度体系规范群测群防工作具体内容与实施细节,保障群测群防各项措施得以顺利实施。通过宣传培训体系提高防灾责任人的防灾能力和受威胁群众的避灾能力。通过应急响应体系,进一步规范了群测群防应急行动程序,使防灾避险工作有条不紊地开展。
(3)建立了重大滑坡灾害监测预警体系。系统地研究了滑坡灾害的主要专业监测内容与对应的监测仪器和手段、监测点的布设原则及监测数据的分析处理。对滑坡灾害的时间和空间演化规律进行了深入系统地研究,提出了具有蠕变特点的滑坡时间演化的三阶段规律和空间裂缝分期配套规律,并系统地总结了滑坡演化阶段的判别方法。在技术方法上,将数字网络监控技术应用于重大滑坡灾害监测预警,初步实现了远程实时监测、自动预警预报。
(4)提出了系统成套的重大滑坡灾害应急治理工程技术。通过对数起重大滑坡灾害成功应急治理经验的归纳总结,提出了重大滑坡灾害应急治理的系统成套工程技术措施。具体包括砍头(削方减载)、压脚(堆载反压)、束腰(锚固)、挡腿(坡脚支档)、固体(坡体灌浆)、排水(地下与地表水的排放)。并对各类应急处置工程技术的适用条件、加固机理及主要工艺进行了较系统地研究。
(5)研制开发了重大滑坡灾害应急指挥系统。根据本文提出和建立的重大滑坡灾害应急处置理论与技术方法体系,研制开发了基于GIS的重大滑坡灾害应急指挥系统,通过计算机和网络技术实现重大滑坡灾害应急指挥与管理的智能化、模块化、系统集成、数字即时性,实现重大滑坡灾害应急处置快速、高效、科学、有序之目的。
China (our motherland)is a country where geological hazards take place very often. The number of the dead and the missing people caused by geological hazard is one third of the number caused by natural hazard every year, and the economic loss is up to billions of yuan RMB. Glide Slop hazard is the one of geological hazards which happens most frequently and causes the greatest damage, virtually 50% to 60% of the geological hazards is glide slop. With the rapid development of our national economy, there are more and more engineering programs. At the same time the change and destruction to the geological environment is very common, which is serious .The frequency of vital Landslide is on the rise every year. For example, only in Sichuan province ,there are Tiantaishan vital Landslide in Xuanhan county in 2004, Danba back mountain glide slop in 2005 which almost ruined the city of Danba county ,Bashi town Landslide in Mianyang city in 2006 which took on the look of deformation and destruction ,Qingning town Landslide and Yangliuya glide slop which caused ten thousands of vital Landslide disasters in succession after May 12 wenchuan earthquake in 2007.The Landslide disaster above threatened the local people and their properties.It is the urgent need to adhere to scientific development principle to promote economy development and build a harmonious society.
Monitoring the Landslide ,warning the people, and taking measures for emergency can be the most effective method to diminish the loss from vital slope hazard and the effective method to achieve the most benefit in resisting and diminishing disasters. Direct measures and good method can control the hazard effectively and diminish the loss of lives and property mostly. On the contrary ,hazard can turn into disasters, if nothing is done; the disaster can spread quickly, and the loss will be greater. Therefore ,it is undoubtedly a very important guild to deal with emergency and to provide disaster relief for which the theory and method are explored on how to deal with vital Landslide in emergency ,and on how to build up a scientific, efficient technological method system to deal with vital Landslide in emergency .
In this thesis several vital Landslide hazards in recent years have been taken as typical research example, all of which did not bring out vital disaster because the monitoring, warning and its respondent emergent treatment had been done. The researcher himself took part in the emergent treatment and complex management after the disasters and further investigated much, analyzed and calculated a lot, summarized and developed the theory and experience of vital Landslide disaster monitoring and of emergent treatment .So the following research results can be obtained .
(1)Propose and set up the theory and technological system to deal with vital Landslide in emergency. The system is specifically made up of the connected links including Landslide investigation, preparing plan combating hazard, mass survey, mass guard, emergency response to monitoring warning emergency treatment, rushing to deal with emergency and sending relief to the disaster place. Every link of technology and method is studied deeply in a systematic way.
(2)Vital Landslide prevention system and mass survey, mass guard system have been further studied and completed. Landslide prevention system consists of survey on Landslide disaster census, and compiling of preparing plan combating disaster. The basic features and danger degree are ascertained by glide investigation. The obligatory guard net against Landslide hazard is formed in order to prevent the risk of Landslide by compiling the preparing plan against disasters. Mass survey, mass guard system includes organization system, obligation system, institution system, and propaganda system, emergency response system. The organization institute and obligation of mass survey, mass guard should be clearly recognized and the specific unit can manage the job of mass survey, mass prevention, and someone can take the obligation. The institution system can stipulate the mass survey, mass guard job; especially stipulate the specific contents and the details to be taken, in order to ensure that all the measures can take its effect. The propaganda and training system can guarantee to have and improve the ability of combating disasters, avoiding danger. Emergency response system can keep the work of combating the disaster in order with good emergency action procedure.
(3)Set up vital Landslide hazard monitoring preparing system. The system includes the following studies: professional monitoring contents and the respondent monitoring instruments and means, monitoring spots’assignment principle and analysis on monitoring data. Time and space evolution regularity has been in deep and systematic research. Three periods of wriggle evolution and space crack by stages has been posed. The method of judging Landslide evolution period was especially summarized. In technological method, we suggest that digital net monitoring technology should be used for vital Landslide hazard monitoring and pre-warnings in order that telemetry instant monitoring and auto-pre-warning can be achieved.
(4)Advance series of sets of vital Landslide emergency technology of emergent harnessing, By a lot of experience and summaries of successful disaster treatment, a set of engineering technology measures are proposed for vital Landslide disaster harnessing system such as cutting off the head (lighting the head of the slope minus its earth ), weighing down the foot of the slope(piling the earth to make it steady) , tying waist(fixing anchor) , fending legs (racking support shelves at the foot of the slope) , consolidating body ( filling the thick cement liquid into the slope body), drainage (drainage of the underground water and the earth surface water).
(5)Develop disaster emergency command system. The theory and technology system are advanced and set up, dealing with vital Landslide hazard in this thesis, and the contingency command system is studied and developed based on CIS for the vital Landslide via computer and internet technology. We achieve the intelligentization , modulization, system intergration, digital instant of vital Landslide disaster emergent command and management so that we can deal with the vital slope hazard (esp. disaster) contingency quickly, efficiently ,scientifically and orderly.
为了有效地降低重大滑坡灾害损失,实现防灾减灾效益的最大化,滑坡灾害应急处置方法和手段显得十分重要。如果应急处置方法正确,灾害就会得到有效控制,就能最大限度地减少人民生命财产损失,但是如果应急处置方法不当,灾害险情就可能演变成灾情,而灾情不能得到有效控制,就将给当地群众生命财产带来巨大的损失。因此,探索重大滑坡灾害应急处置的理论和方法,建立科学、高效的重大滑坡灾害应急处置技术方法体系,对重大滑坡灾害的应急抢险和救灾工作具有重要的指导意义。
本文以我国近年来通过监测预警和应急处置成功避免发生重大灾情的数起重大滑坡灾害为研究实例,在全程参与其应急处置和灾后综合治理过程的基础上,通过大量的现场调查研究和室内研究,进一步对重大滑坡灾害监测预警和应急处置的理论和方法进行了系统地提炼,并取得以下几方面的主要研究成果:
(1)提出和建立重大滑坡灾害应急处置理论与技术方法体系。该体系具体由滑坡调查、防灾预案、群测群防、应急响应到监测预警、应急治理、抢险救灾、指挥调度等相互依赖的各个环节构成。论文对每一个环节的相应技术方法都进行了较为深入系统地研究。
(2)进一步深化和完善了重大滑坡灾害预防和群测群防体系。滑坡灾害预防体系主要包括滑坡灾害的调查(普查)和防灾预案编制两大组成部分。通过滑坡调查查明滑坡体的基本特征和危害性;通过防灾预案编制,构建滑坡预防的责任防护网,达到主动规避滑坡风险的目的。群测群防体系由组织体系、责任体系、制度体系、宣传培训体系、应急响应体系五部分构建而成。通过组织责任体系明确群测群防组织机构和责任主体,使群测群防工作有部门管,防灾责任有人担。通过制度体系规范群测群防工作具体内容与实施细节,保障群测群防各项措施得以顺利实施。通过宣传培训体系提高防灾责任人的防灾能力和受威胁群众的避灾能力。通过应急响应体系,进一步规范了群测群防应急行动程序,使防灾避险工作有条不紊地开展。
(3)建立了重大滑坡灾害监测预警体系。系统地研究了滑坡灾害的主要专业监测内容与对应的监测仪器和手段、监测点的布设原则及监测数据的分析处理。对滑坡灾害的时间和空间演化规律进行了深入系统地研究,提出了具有蠕变特点的滑坡时间演化的三阶段规律和空间裂缝分期配套规律,并系统地总结了滑坡演化阶段的判别方法。在技术方法上,将数字网络监控技术应用于重大滑坡灾害监测预警,初步实现了远程实时监测、自动预警预报。
(4)提出了系统成套的重大滑坡灾害应急治理工程技术。通过对数起重大滑坡灾害成功应急治理经验的归纳总结,提出了重大滑坡灾害应急治理的系统成套工程技术措施。具体包括砍头(削方减载)、压脚(堆载反压)、束腰(锚固)、挡腿(坡脚支档)、固体(坡体灌浆)、排水(地下与地表水的排放)。并对各类应急处置工程技术的适用条件、加固机理及主要工艺进行了较系统地研究。
(5)研制开发了重大滑坡灾害应急指挥系统。根据本文提出和建立的重大滑坡灾害应急处置理论与技术方法体系,研制开发了基于GIS的重大滑坡灾害应急指挥系统,通过计算机和网络技术实现重大滑坡灾害应急指挥与管理的智能化、模块化、系统集成、数字即时性,实现重大滑坡灾害应急处置快速、高效、科学、有序之目的。
China (our motherland)is a country where geological hazards take place very often. The number of the dead and the missing people caused by geological hazard is one third of the number caused by natural hazard every year, and the economic loss is up to billions of yuan RMB. Glide Slop hazard is the one of geological hazards which happens most frequently and causes the greatest damage, virtually 50% to 60% of the geological hazards is glide slop. With the rapid development of our national economy, there are more and more engineering programs. At the same time the change and destruction to the geological environment is very common, which is serious .The frequency of vital Landslide is on the rise every year. For example, only in Sichuan province ,there are Tiantaishan vital Landslide in Xuanhan county in 2004, Danba back mountain glide slop in 2005 which almost ruined the city of Danba county ,Bashi town Landslide in Mianyang city in 2006 which took on the look of deformation and destruction ,Qingning town Landslide and Yangliuya glide slop which caused ten thousands of vital Landslide disasters in succession after May 12 wenchuan earthquake in 2007.The Landslide disaster above threatened the local people and their properties.It is the urgent need to adhere to scientific development principle to promote economy development and build a harmonious society.
Monitoring the Landslide ,warning the people, and taking measures for emergency can be the most effective method to diminish the loss from vital slope hazard and the effective method to achieve the most benefit in resisting and diminishing disasters. Direct measures and good method can control the hazard effectively and diminish the loss of lives and property mostly. On the contrary ,hazard can turn into disasters, if nothing is done; the disaster can spread quickly, and the loss will be greater. Therefore ,it is undoubtedly a very important guild to deal with emergency and to provide disaster relief for which the theory and method are explored on how to deal with vital Landslide in emergency ,and on how to build up a scientific, efficient technological method system to deal with vital Landslide in emergency .
In this thesis several vital Landslide hazards in recent years have been taken as typical research example, all of which did not bring out vital disaster because the monitoring, warning and its respondent emergent treatment had been done. The researcher himself took part in the emergent treatment and complex management after the disasters and further investigated much, analyzed and calculated a lot, summarized and developed the theory and experience of vital Landslide disaster monitoring and of emergent treatment .So the following research results can be obtained .
(1)Propose and set up the theory and technological system to deal with vital Landslide in emergency. The system is specifically made up of the connected links including Landslide investigation, preparing plan combating hazard, mass survey, mass guard, emergency response to monitoring warning emergency treatment, rushing to deal with emergency and sending relief to the disaster place. Every link of technology and method is studied deeply in a systematic way.
(2)Vital Landslide prevention system and mass survey, mass guard system have been further studied and completed. Landslide prevention system consists of survey on Landslide disaster census, and compiling of preparing plan combating disaster. The basic features and danger degree are ascertained by glide investigation. The obligatory guard net against Landslide hazard is formed in order to prevent the risk of Landslide by compiling the preparing plan against disasters. Mass survey, mass guard system includes organization system, obligation system, institution system, and propaganda system, emergency response system. The organization institute and obligation of mass survey, mass guard should be clearly recognized and the specific unit can manage the job of mass survey, mass prevention, and someone can take the obligation. The institution system can stipulate the mass survey, mass guard job; especially stipulate the specific contents and the details to be taken, in order to ensure that all the measures can take its effect. The propaganda and training system can guarantee to have and improve the ability of combating disasters, avoiding danger. Emergency response system can keep the work of combating the disaster in order with good emergency action procedure.
(3)Set up vital Landslide hazard monitoring preparing system. The system includes the following studies: professional monitoring contents and the respondent monitoring instruments and means, monitoring spots’assignment principle and analysis on monitoring data. Time and space evolution regularity has been in deep and systematic research. Three periods of wriggle evolution and space crack by stages has been posed. The method of judging Landslide evolution period was especially summarized. In technological method, we suggest that digital net monitoring technology should be used for vital Landslide hazard monitoring and pre-warnings in order that telemetry instant monitoring and auto-pre-warning can be achieved.
(4)Advance series of sets of vital Landslide emergency technology of emergent harnessing, By a lot of experience and summaries of successful disaster treatment, a set of engineering technology measures are proposed for vital Landslide disaster harnessing system such as cutting off the head (lighting the head of the slope minus its earth ), weighing down the foot of the slope(piling the earth to make it steady) , tying waist(fixing anchor) , fending legs (racking support shelves at the foot of the slope) , consolidating body ( filling the thick cement liquid into the slope body), drainage (drainage of the underground water and the earth surface water).
(5)Develop disaster emergency command system. The theory and technology system are advanced and set up, dealing with vital Landslide hazard in this thesis, and the contingency command system is studied and developed based on CIS for the vital Landslide via computer and internet technology. We achieve the intelligentization , modulization, system intergration, digital instant of vital Landslide disaster emergent command and management so that we can deal with the vital slope hazard (esp. disaster) contingency quickly, efficiently ,scientifically and orderly.
引文
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