基于系统动力响应的锚固结构无损检测及模型试验研究
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摘要
岩土锚固技术的先进性、可靠性以及经济性是无可置疑的。然而由于材料、施工、地质条件等因素的影响,锚固结构系统在施工和使用过程中必然存在许多损伤。对于岩土工程中众多锚杆,其锚固质量如何、锚杆的长度是否与设计长度一致、其砂浆是否饱满,即锚杆是否起到了应有的作用等,这些问题对于岩土加固工程来说显得十分重要。因此,对锚固工程的损伤识别、质量诊断以及实时检测和补强等问题,一直是岩土工程界广泛关注的问题。目前,工程界锚杆锚固质量及受力状态的检测大多仍然停留在利用液压千斤项进行破坏性拉拔试验阶段,这种检测手段既费工又费时,更重要的是这种检测手段对经锚杆加固的岩体产生较强的扰动,降低了锚杆对围岩的加固作用,对软岩或较破碎岩层尤为不利,故需要一种新的检测锚杆锚固质量的方法弥补以至取代传统的锚固体系检测方法,以适应大规模工程施工需要,这也是目前岩土加固工程急需解决的关键技术问题。
本文在总结国内外文献资料的基础上,通过理论分析得出了波在锚杆体内传播、衰减的物理机制,锚固段内波的能量分配规律以及锚固段内波速发生改变和锚杆底端反射的主要原因,对锚杆锚固质量问题开展了多途径的讨论,研究了锚固系统的安全质量保障体系。本文主要结论如下:
(1)通过对波在锚固体系中传播规律的研究,得到了弹性波在锚固体系中的能量分配规律和衰减规律,为锚杆锚固质量的无损检测提供了重要的理论依据。
(2)首次使用有限差分软件FLAC对锚固系统动测信号进行模拟,通过开展特征激振频率和典型振动荷载条件下锚固体系的数值模拟研究,结果表明应力波在锚固体系的传播过程当中,其波形随激振频率的增大,衰减越快,随振动荷载的加大,衰减越快。
(3)通过试验研究,分析结果表明,锚杆杆体与粘结剂(砂浆)的粘结强度(即锚固的饱和度)和固结波速呈负相关性,锚固质量越好,则固结波速越慢,锚固质量越差,则固结波速越快,其倾向趋势值为钢筋的波速和锚固介质的波速。
(4)用小波分析和小波包分析分别对检测信号进行处理。在用小波分析处理信号时,分别应用“db4”、“coif4”、“sym4”小波对信号进行多尺度分解,结果表明采用“db4”小波对信号进行处理,所得的低频重构信号(降噪信号)与原始信号有最好的近似性,能较好地反映原始信号的特征;所得的最高尺度分解系数的高频重构信号对缺陷信息有一定反映。小波包分析是对小波分析手段的丰富,在高频信息细分方面有较好的发挥。
It is indubitable of advanced Nature, reliability and economy of geotechnical anchoring technology. However, because of materials, construction, geological conditions and other factors, there is bound to be much damage in anchor structure of the system during the construction process. For the most rock bolts in geotechnical engineering, the quality of anchorage, the anchor length is consistent to design length or not, the quality of grouting, that is, whether the bolt could play an efficient role is very important for geotechnical reinforcement project. Therefore, the problem of damage identification, quality diagnosis and real-time detection and reinforcement, are of widespread concern to the geotechnical field. At present, most detection on anchorage quality is stayed in the step of using fluid pressure operated jacks, which needs too much work and time, and of the most important thing is that this method will do a lot of perturbation turbulence on rock mass and weakens the reinforcement action. As a result, a new detection method of the quality of anchorage, which could meet the needs of large-scale construction, is required to make up or even replace traditional method, and this is also an urgent key technical issue of geotechnical strengthening engineering.
Based on summarizing literature information at home and abroad, the paper educed the physical mechanism of wave diffusion, attenuation in the bolt body, wave energy distribution in anchored section and the main reason of different wave velocity in anchored section and the reflection at the bolt bottom through theoretical analysis. The anchorage quality problem is discussed in many ways to study the safety quality assurance system of the anchorage system. The main conclusions of this paper include:
(1) According to studying wave diffusion rule at anchoring system, energy distribution and attenuation law of wave elastic in anchoring system is gained to provide an important theoretical basis for the nondestructive testing of anchorage quality.
(2) A finite difference software FLAC is used to simulate the dynamic testing signal of anchoring system for the first time. According to numerical simulation research on anchoring system under the conditions of the typical excitation frequency and representative vibration load, it is shown that when the stress wave transmits in anchoring system, its waveform attenuates faster along with rising excitation frequency, and also along with increasing vibration load.
(3) According to study on experiment, it is revealed that there was a negative correlation between the bond strength(saturation of the anchor) of bolt body with the adhesive (cement mortar) and concretion velocity, the concretion velocity is slower with the better anchorage quality, is faster with the worst anchorage quality, and its tendency values are the wave velocity of reinforcing steel bar and anchorage medium.
(4) Wavelet analysis and wavelet packet analysis are used to deal with the detect signal. When using wavelet analysis to dispose detect signal, "db4", "coif4", "sym4" wavelet are applied separately to multi-scale decompose signals, it is shown that low-frequency reconstruction signal (denoise signal), which used "db4" wavelet to process signals, has the best approximation to the original signal, and can reflect the characteristics of the original signal better; and the reconstruction signal of highest-scale decomposition coefficient could reflect the defect information. Wavelet packet analysis is an abundant means to wavelet analysis, and it played better at high-frequency information subdivision.
本文在总结国内外文献资料的基础上,通过理论分析得出了波在锚杆体内传播、衰减的物理机制,锚固段内波的能量分配规律以及锚固段内波速发生改变和锚杆底端反射的主要原因,对锚杆锚固质量问题开展了多途径的讨论,研究了锚固系统的安全质量保障体系。本文主要结论如下:
(1)通过对波在锚固体系中传播规律的研究,得到了弹性波在锚固体系中的能量分配规律和衰减规律,为锚杆锚固质量的无损检测提供了重要的理论依据。
(2)首次使用有限差分软件FLAC对锚固系统动测信号进行模拟,通过开展特征激振频率和典型振动荷载条件下锚固体系的数值模拟研究,结果表明应力波在锚固体系的传播过程当中,其波形随激振频率的增大,衰减越快,随振动荷载的加大,衰减越快。
(3)通过试验研究,分析结果表明,锚杆杆体与粘结剂(砂浆)的粘结强度(即锚固的饱和度)和固结波速呈负相关性,锚固质量越好,则固结波速越慢,锚固质量越差,则固结波速越快,其倾向趋势值为钢筋的波速和锚固介质的波速。
(4)用小波分析和小波包分析分别对检测信号进行处理。在用小波分析处理信号时,分别应用“db4”、“coif4”、“sym4”小波对信号进行多尺度分解,结果表明采用“db4”小波对信号进行处理,所得的低频重构信号(降噪信号)与原始信号有最好的近似性,能较好地反映原始信号的特征;所得的最高尺度分解系数的高频重构信号对缺陷信息有一定反映。小波包分析是对小波分析手段的丰富,在高频信息细分方面有较好的发挥。
It is indubitable of advanced Nature, reliability and economy of geotechnical anchoring technology. However, because of materials, construction, geological conditions and other factors, there is bound to be much damage in anchor structure of the system during the construction process. For the most rock bolts in geotechnical engineering, the quality of anchorage, the anchor length is consistent to design length or not, the quality of grouting, that is, whether the bolt could play an efficient role is very important for geotechnical reinforcement project. Therefore, the problem of damage identification, quality diagnosis and real-time detection and reinforcement, are of widespread concern to the geotechnical field. At present, most detection on anchorage quality is stayed in the step of using fluid pressure operated jacks, which needs too much work and time, and of the most important thing is that this method will do a lot of perturbation turbulence on rock mass and weakens the reinforcement action. As a result, a new detection method of the quality of anchorage, which could meet the needs of large-scale construction, is required to make up or even replace traditional method, and this is also an urgent key technical issue of geotechnical strengthening engineering.
Based on summarizing literature information at home and abroad, the paper educed the physical mechanism of wave diffusion, attenuation in the bolt body, wave energy distribution in anchored section and the main reason of different wave velocity in anchored section and the reflection at the bolt bottom through theoretical analysis. The anchorage quality problem is discussed in many ways to study the safety quality assurance system of the anchorage system. The main conclusions of this paper include:
(1) According to studying wave diffusion rule at anchoring system, energy distribution and attenuation law of wave elastic in anchoring system is gained to provide an important theoretical basis for the nondestructive testing of anchorage quality.
(2) A finite difference software FLAC is used to simulate the dynamic testing signal of anchoring system for the first time. According to numerical simulation research on anchoring system under the conditions of the typical excitation frequency and representative vibration load, it is shown that when the stress wave transmits in anchoring system, its waveform attenuates faster along with rising excitation frequency, and also along with increasing vibration load.
(3) According to study on experiment, it is revealed that there was a negative correlation between the bond strength(saturation of the anchor) of bolt body with the adhesive (cement mortar) and concretion velocity, the concretion velocity is slower with the better anchorage quality, is faster with the worst anchorage quality, and its tendency values are the wave velocity of reinforcing steel bar and anchorage medium.
(4) Wavelet analysis and wavelet packet analysis are used to deal with the detect signal. When using wavelet analysis to dispose detect signal, "db4", "coif4", "sym4" wavelet are applied separately to multi-scale decompose signals, it is shown that low-frequency reconstruction signal (denoise signal), which used "db4" wavelet to process signals, has the best approximation to the original signal, and can reflect the characteristics of the original signal better; and the reconstruction signal of highest-scale decomposition coefficient could reflect the defect information. Wavelet packet analysis is an abundant means to wavelet analysis, and it played better at high-frequency information subdivision.
引文
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