能源受限无线传感器网络高效时分机制研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络由大量分布于不同地理位置，具备传感、无线通信、计算、甚至执行能力的传感器节点组成，它们相互协作以监测并采集指定区域内的物理环境参数，如温度、湿度、亮度等。无线传感器网络可应用于环境监测、国防军事、医疗卫生及科学研究等各个领域，与其它无线网络不同，其具有节点数目众多且分布密集、成本敏感、能源和体积受限、专用性和定制性、以数据为中心等特点。这些特点以及无线传感器网络的特殊应用场景要求应用于该网络的协议具备能源利用率高、自组织、有延时保证以及容忍异常等品质。对于大多数能源受限的无线传感器网络应用场景而言，能源利用率是最重要的性能指标，原因在于它直接决定了网络的使用寿命。
论文首先分析了随机接入机制在能源利用率上的缺陷并指出了基于预约调度的有序接入机制，尤其是时分机制，能够从根本上解决制约能效的空闲侦听和串听问题，从而达到较高的能源利用率。因此，从提高能源利用率的角度出发，论文研究了能量高效时分机制的设计及其在周期性数据收集场景中的应用，研究内容主要包括时隙分配、时钟同步以及时帧结构三部分。
针对时分机制最核心的时隙分配问题，论文提出了一种无需控制包交互以及局部拓扑信息的分布式自协商时隙分配机制，该机制采用CSMA竞争接入的思想完成了分布式、并行化的时隙分配。主要贡献包括：
●分析了时隙分配机制设计所面临的挑战及存在的问题；
●提出了一种不依赖于局部拓扑信息且无需显式控制包交互的分布式自协商时隙分配机制，并证明了时隙分配收敛结果的无冲突性；
●对分布式自协商时隙分配机制进行了仿真，证实了其在能耗、收敛时间以及自适应能力上的优势；
针对时分机制所依赖的全网时钟同步，论文介绍了相关概念、基本的同步方式方法以及相应的参数估计算法并总结了现有时钟同步协议的主要分类方式及相关特点，随后提出了一种高效的时分洪泛全网时钟同步协议(TDFS)。该协议运用了单向延时估计方法进行时钟同步；利用时分结构及分布式自协商时隙分配机制进行同步扩散；采用更符合无线传感器节点硬件特性的全局时钟模型进行时钟资源管理。主要贡献包括：
●介绍了时钟同步协议的基础知识和主要原理；
●分析了全网时钟同步中同步报文数据流的主要特点；
●提出了基于分布式自协商时隙分配机制的时分洪泛全网时钟同步协议；
●提出了易于实现的全局时钟模型，并给出了时钟校准、频偏补偿以及全局时钟定时器的实现方法；
●对TDFS协议进行了硬件系统实现，并在实际系统中测试了传输延时的特性；
●从硬件系统测试和数值仿真两方面证实了相比FTSP协议，TDFS具有稍高的同步精度，更短的收敛时间，极低的能耗以及较强的自适应能力。
TDFS协议着重以最低的能耗、较简单的算法实现全网范围的时钟同步，但与其它同步协议一样存在一定程度的同步误差传递问题。为进一步提高同步精度，论文提出了利用多个同步父节点所提供的全局时钟信息，并采用卡尔曼滤波算法进行联合估计的KFMP协议。主要贡献包括：
●首次提出了利用多个同步父节点时钟信息提高同步精度的思想；
●推导了多跳网络下全局时钟的状态和测量模型；
●引入卡尔曼滤波算法对时钟偏差及频率偏差进行联合估计；
●对协议进行了硬件系统实现并测试了实际系统中的同步性能；
●从硬件测试与数值仿真结果两方面证实了本算法能够有效地减小全局时钟误差的均值及方差。
最后，由于时帧结构的设计与实际应用密切相关，因此论文针对无线传感器网络的主要应用模式，即周期性数据收集，提出了基于自协商时隙分配机制并整合了TDFS同步协议的自协商时分MAC协议。该协议按照节点所处层次对发送时间段次序进行安排，避免了数据转发停顿问题；采用了自适应的目标占有时隙数目调整策略；引入了报文重传机制以提高有效数据收集率；通过选择少数必要的子时隙进行监听基本上杜绝了空闲侦听及串听。主要贡献包括：
●分析了周期性数据收集应用中数据流的主要特点；
●提出了基于自协商时隙分配机制的高效自协商时分MAC协议；
●通过数据仿真，证实了该协议在有效数据收集率、能源利用率以及最大数据延时等方面的优势；
A wireless sensor network(WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatiallydistributed nodes with capabilities of sensing, wireless communicating, data processing, andeven executing, aiming to moniter or collect environmental conditions such as temperature,humidity and light. Due to the special properties of WSNs, protocols are expected to beenergy efficient, self-oragizing, delay guaranteed and fault tolerant, among which energyefficiency is of the most concern as it directly determines the life-time of the network.
We point out that widely adopted random access scheme is far from energy efficientwhile the scheduled-based scheme, especially the time-division access scheme, has greatpotential in reducing the idle listening and overhearing which are the major sources ofenergy wastage. From the perspective of improving energy efficiency, we dedicates onstudying high performance time-division access scheme and its application in periodicaldata gathering scenarios in this dissertation. The research mainly includes three parts: slotallocation scheme, time synchronization protocol and time frame design.
Firstly, we propose a distributed auto-negotiation slot allocation scheme whichaccomplishes the slot allocation in a distributed and parallel way by means of contentionaccess ideas used in CSMA, what's more important, without local topology information andpacket exchanging. The key contributions are:
●The confronted challenges and available problems in slot allocation are discussed.
●A distributed and parallel slot allocation scheme that does not depend on localtopology information and packet exchanging is proposed.
●The advantages of our auto-negotiation slot allocation scheme in energycomsuption, convergence time and adaptive ability are validated.
Secondly, we summarize the relavant concepts, basic synchronization approaches,corresponding parameter estimation algorithms and available protocols in timesynchronization. Then, an energy efficient time-division flooding time synchronizationprotocol(TDFS) is proposed, which employs the one-way delay estimation method tosynchronize nodes within one hop, adopts auto-negotiation slot allocation scheme to floodsynchronization packets and introduces new global clock model that tailored for resourceconstrained sensor nodes to manage time resources. The key contributions are:
●The fundamental principles of time synchronization protocols are introduced.
●The specific characteristics of data flows in network-wide time synchronization protocols are summarized.
●An energy efficient time-division flooding time synchronization protocol based onauto-negotiation slot allocation scheme is proposed.
●A ready-to-go global clock model that supports clock tuning, frequencycompensation and global clock timer is proposed.
●The protocol has been implemented with the off-the-shelf hardware and thesynchronization errors as well as the packet delay statistics are measured.
●Through both real-world testing and simulation, we have proved that TDFS hashigher energy efficiency, lower synchronization error, faster convergence speedand stronger adaptive ability than FTSP.
Thirdly, to further improve the synchronization precision, we claim to utilize globalclock informations provided by multiple parents and combine these observations withKalman Filter. The key contributions are:
●It's the first time as we know to introduce the idea of reducing synchronizationerrors using global clock informations from multiple parents.
●The state and measurement models of global clock in multihop sensor networksare derived.
●The Kalman Filter is introduced to jointly estimate clock offset and frequencydifference.
●It's validated through both real-world testing and simulation that our algorithm canlargerly reduce the synchronization error especially for nodes longer hops away.
Finally, considering the fact that time frame design is strongly associated withapplications, we illustrate how to design a practical MAC protocol for periodical datagathering scenario with auto-negotiation slot allocation scheme and TDFS synchronizationprotocol, which is the major application model of wireless sensor networks. The keycontributions are:
●The specific characteristics of data flows in periodical data gathering scenario aresummarized.
●A high efficient auto-negotiation MAC protocols based on auto-negotiation slotallocation scheme dedicated for periodical data gathering is proposed.
●The advantages of our protocol in delivery ratio, energy efficiency and maximumdata latency are validated through intensive simulation.
论文首先分析了随机接入机制在能源利用率上的缺陷并指出了基于预约调度的有序接入机制，尤其是时分机制，能够从根本上解决制约能效的空闲侦听和串听问题，从而达到较高的能源利用率。因此，从提高能源利用率的角度出发，论文研究了能量高效时分机制的设计及其在周期性数据收集场景中的应用，研究内容主要包括时隙分配、时钟同步以及时帧结构三部分。
针对时分机制最核心的时隙分配问题，论文提出了一种无需控制包交互以及局部拓扑信息的分布式自协商时隙分配机制，该机制采用CSMA竞争接入的思想完成了分布式、并行化的时隙分配。主要贡献包括：
●分析了时隙分配机制设计所面临的挑战及存在的问题；
●提出了一种不依赖于局部拓扑信息且无需显式控制包交互的分布式自协商时隙分配机制，并证明了时隙分配收敛结果的无冲突性；
●对分布式自协商时隙分配机制进行了仿真，证实了其在能耗、收敛时间以及自适应能力上的优势；
针对时分机制所依赖的全网时钟同步，论文介绍了相关概念、基本的同步方式方法以及相应的参数估计算法并总结了现有时钟同步协议的主要分类方式及相关特点，随后提出了一种高效的时分洪泛全网时钟同步协议(TDFS)。该协议运用了单向延时估计方法进行时钟同步；利用时分结构及分布式自协商时隙分配机制进行同步扩散；采用更符合无线传感器节点硬件特性的全局时钟模型进行时钟资源管理。主要贡献包括：
●介绍了时钟同步协议的基础知识和主要原理；
●分析了全网时钟同步中同步报文数据流的主要特点；
●提出了基于分布式自协商时隙分配机制的时分洪泛全网时钟同步协议；
●提出了易于实现的全局时钟模型，并给出了时钟校准、频偏补偿以及全局时钟定时器的实现方法；
●对TDFS协议进行了硬件系统实现，并在实际系统中测试了传输延时的特性；
●从硬件系统测试和数值仿真两方面证实了相比FTSP协议，TDFS具有稍高的同步精度，更短的收敛时间，极低的能耗以及较强的自适应能力。
TDFS协议着重以最低的能耗、较简单的算法实现全网范围的时钟同步，但与其它同步协议一样存在一定程度的同步误差传递问题。为进一步提高同步精度，论文提出了利用多个同步父节点所提供的全局时钟信息，并采用卡尔曼滤波算法进行联合估计的KFMP协议。主要贡献包括：
●首次提出了利用多个同步父节点时钟信息提高同步精度的思想；
●推导了多跳网络下全局时钟的状态和测量模型；
●引入卡尔曼滤波算法对时钟偏差及频率偏差进行联合估计；
●对协议进行了硬件系统实现并测试了实际系统中的同步性能；
●从硬件测试与数值仿真结果两方面证实了本算法能够有效地减小全局时钟误差的均值及方差。
最后，由于时帧结构的设计与实际应用密切相关，因此论文针对无线传感器网络的主要应用模式，即周期性数据收集，提出了基于自协商时隙分配机制并整合了TDFS同步协议的自协商时分MAC协议。该协议按照节点所处层次对发送时间段次序进行安排，避免了数据转发停顿问题；采用了自适应的目标占有时隙数目调整策略；引入了报文重传机制以提高有效数据收集率；通过选择少数必要的子时隙进行监听基本上杜绝了空闲侦听及串听。主要贡献包括：
●分析了周期性数据收集应用中数据流的主要特点；
●提出了基于自协商时隙分配机制的高效自协商时分MAC协议；
●通过数据仿真，证实了该协议在有效数据收集率、能源利用率以及最大数据延时等方面的优势；
A wireless sensor network(WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatiallydistributed nodes with capabilities of sensing, wireless communicating, data processing, andeven executing, aiming to moniter or collect environmental conditions such as temperature,humidity and light. Due to the special properties of WSNs, protocols are expected to beenergy efficient, self-oragizing, delay guaranteed and fault tolerant, among which energyefficiency is of the most concern as it directly determines the life-time of the network.
We point out that widely adopted random access scheme is far from energy efficientwhile the scheduled-based scheme, especially the time-division access scheme, has greatpotential in reducing the idle listening and overhearing which are the major sources ofenergy wastage. From the perspective of improving energy efficiency, we dedicates onstudying high performance time-division access scheme and its application in periodicaldata gathering scenarios in this dissertation. The research mainly includes three parts: slotallocation scheme, time synchronization protocol and time frame design.
Firstly, we propose a distributed auto-negotiation slot allocation scheme whichaccomplishes the slot allocation in a distributed and parallel way by means of contentionaccess ideas used in CSMA, what's more important, without local topology information andpacket exchanging. The key contributions are:
●The confronted challenges and available problems in slot allocation are discussed.
●A distributed and parallel slot allocation scheme that does not depend on localtopology information and packet exchanging is proposed.
●The advantages of our auto-negotiation slot allocation scheme in energycomsuption, convergence time and adaptive ability are validated.
Secondly, we summarize the relavant concepts, basic synchronization approaches,corresponding parameter estimation algorithms and available protocols in timesynchronization. Then, an energy efficient time-division flooding time synchronizationprotocol(TDFS) is proposed, which employs the one-way delay estimation method tosynchronize nodes within one hop, adopts auto-negotiation slot allocation scheme to floodsynchronization packets and introduces new global clock model that tailored for resourceconstrained sensor nodes to manage time resources. The key contributions are:
●The fundamental principles of time synchronization protocols are introduced.
●The specific characteristics of data flows in network-wide time synchronization protocols are summarized.
●An energy efficient time-division flooding time synchronization protocol based onauto-negotiation slot allocation scheme is proposed.
●A ready-to-go global clock model that supports clock tuning, frequencycompensation and global clock timer is proposed.
●The protocol has been implemented with the off-the-shelf hardware and thesynchronization errors as well as the packet delay statistics are measured.
●Through both real-world testing and simulation, we have proved that TDFS hashigher energy efficiency, lower synchronization error, faster convergence speedand stronger adaptive ability than FTSP.
Thirdly, to further improve the synchronization precision, we claim to utilize globalclock informations provided by multiple parents and combine these observations withKalman Filter. The key contributions are:
●It's the first time as we know to introduce the idea of reducing synchronizationerrors using global clock informations from multiple parents.
●The state and measurement models of global clock in multihop sensor networksare derived.
●The Kalman Filter is introduced to jointly estimate clock offset and frequencydifference.
●It's validated through both real-world testing and simulation that our algorithm canlargerly reduce the synchronization error especially for nodes longer hops away.
Finally, considering the fact that time frame design is strongly associated withapplications, we illustrate how to design a practical MAC protocol for periodical datagathering scenario with auto-negotiation slot allocation scheme and TDFS synchronizationprotocol, which is the major application model of wireless sensor networks. The keycontributions are:
●The specific characteristics of data flows in periodical data gathering scenario aresummarized.
●A high efficient auto-negotiation MAC protocols based on auto-negotiation slotallocation scheme dedicated for periodical data gathering is proposed.
●The advantages of our protocol in delivery ratio, energy efficiency and maximumdata latency are validated through intensive simulation.
引文
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